Chapter 5: Classes and Objects

in Depth

Information Hiding
 Objectives
•Information hiding principle
•Modifiers and the visibility
•UML representation of a class
•Methods
•Message passing principle
•Passing parameters
•Getters and setters
•Constructors
•Overloading

Page 2 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Object Oriented Basic Principles

• Abstraction • Inheritance
• Encapsulation • Overriding
• Information Hiding • Polymorphism
• Message Passing • Dynamic Binding
• Overloading
• Information hiding and Message passing are
discussed in this chapter.
• Overloading is discussed in chapter 6.
• Inheritance, Polymorphism, Overriding and
Dynamic binding are discussed in CSC 113.
Page 3 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Abstraction Principle
• Data Abstraction • Functionality Abstraction
– In order to process – Modeling functionality
something from the real suffers from
world we have to extract • unnecessary functionality
the essential characteristics may be extracted,
of that object. • or alternatively, an
– Data abstraction is the important piece of
process of: functionality may be
omitted.
• Refining away the
unimportant details of an – Functionality abstraction is
object, the process of determining
• Keeping only the useful which functionality is
characteristics that define important. view
the object.
– For example, depending on
how a car is viewed (e.g. in
terms of something to be
registered, or alternatively
something to be repaired, view view
etc.) different sets of
characteristics will emerge
as being important.
Page 4 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Encapsulation Principle
• Abstraction involves reducing a real world
entity to its abstraction essential defining
characteristics.

• Encapsulation extends this idea by also

modeling and linking each data of an entity
to the appropriate functionality of that
entity.

Page 5 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Encapsulation Gives Classes
• OOP makes use of • Encapsulation is the OO
encapsulation to ensure that principle that allows objects
data is used in an appropriate containing the appropriate
manner. operations that could be applied
– by preventing from on the data they store.
accessing data in a non-
intended manner (e.g. asking – My Nokia-N71 cell-phone
if an Integer is true or false, stores:
etc.). • My contacts,
• Missed calls
• Through encapsulation, only a • … etc.
predetermined appropriate
group of operations may be – My Nokia-N71 may perform the
applied (have access) to the following operations on the data
data. it contains:
• Edit/Update/Delete an existing
contact
• Place data and the operations • Add a new contact
that act on that data in the • Display my missed calls.
same class. • …etc.

Page 6 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Information Hiding Principle

• Limit access to data only to internal

operations that need it.

• OO classes hide the data as private

data members and use public accessor
operations to get at it.
• The scope of the data is limited to the class.

Page 7 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Information Hiding Objectives

• Information hiding protects from

exposing:
• data items (attributes).
• the difference between stored data and
derived data.
• the internal structure of a class.
• implementation details of a class.

Page 8 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Encapsulation and
Information Hiding
• Encapsulation (is a language construct that )
facilitates the bundling of data with the
operations acting on that data.
• Place data and the operations that perform on
that data in the same class
• Information hiding is a design principle that
strives to shield client classes from the
internal workings of a class.
• Encapsulation facilitates, but does not
guarantee, information hiding.
• Smearing the two into one concept prevents
a clear understanding of either.

Page 9 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 public and private modifiers
• Let’s consider a class X.
• Let’s consider Y a client class of X.
• Y is a class that uses X.
• Attributes (and methods) of X declared with the
public modifier are accessible from instances of
Y.
• The public modifier does not guarantee the information
hiding.
• Attributes (and methods) of X declared with the
private modifier are not accessible from
instances of Y.
• The private modifier guarantee the information hiding.

Page 10 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Accessibility from Inside
(the Instance itself)
object:X

public
- Accessible
- Inaccessible
private

All members of an instance

are accessible from the
instance itself.

Page 11 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Accessibility from
an Instance of another Class
object:X
Accessibility from public
- Accessible
The Client class. - Inaccessible
private
:Y(client)

Only public members

Are visible from outside.
All else is hidden from
Outside.

Page 12 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Accessibility from
an Instance of the same Class
one:X
Accessibility from public
- Accessible
The Client class. - Inaccessible
private
two:X

If a member is accessible
from an instance, it is also
accessible from other
instances of the same
class.

Page 13 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 UML Representation of a Class
(UML Class Diagram)
• UML uses three symbols to represent the visibility
of the class’ members.
• + : mentions that the member is public.
• - : mentions that the member is private.
• # : introduced in the CSC 113.

ClassName
- att1: dataType1
-… Attributes
- atti: dataTypei

+ m1(…): dataType1 Methods

+ ... (Services)
+ mj(…): dataTypej

Page 14 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Declaring Private Attributes

<modifiers> <data type> <attribute name> ;

Modifiers
Modifiers Data
DataType
Type Name
Name

private String studentName ;

Page 15 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Example of a Class with
Private attributes
ClassName
- studentName: String
- courseCode: String

public class Course {

// Attributes
private String studentName;
private String courseCode ;
// No method Members
}

Page 16 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 class Course {
// Data Member
private String studentName;
private String courseCode ;
}

public class CourseRegistration {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Course course1, course2;
//Create and assign values to course1
course1 = new Course( );
course1.courseCode= “CSC112“;
course1.studentName= “Majed AlKebir“;

//Create and assign values to course2

course2 = new Course( );
course2.courseCode= “CSC107“;
course2.studentName= “Fahd AlAmri“;

System.out.println(course1.studentName + " has the course “+

course1.courseCode);
System.out.println(course2.studentName + " has the course “+
course2.courseCode);

}
}

Page 17 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Accessibility Example

… class Service {
public int memberOne;
Service obj = new Service();
private int memberTwo;

obj.memberOne = 10; public void doOne() {

…
obj.memberTwo = 20; }
private void doTwo() {
obj.doOne(); …
}
obj.doTwo();
}
…

Client Service

Page 18 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP