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Networking Note 2

The document discusses signal transmission impairments, including attenuation, noise, and distortion, which affect both analog and digital signals. It explains modulation techniques used to transmit information by altering the characteristics of electromagnetic signals, with a focus on analog modulation types such as Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation, and Phase Modulation. Each modulation type modifies the carrier signal's properties based on the modulating signal's characteristics.

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22 views5 pages

Networking Note 2

The document discusses signal transmission impairments, including attenuation, noise, and distortion, which affect both analog and digital signals. It explains modulation techniques used to transmit information by altering the characteristics of electromagnetic signals, with a focus on analog modulation types such as Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Modulation, and Phase Modulation. Each modulation type modifies the carrier signal's properties based on the modulating signal's characteristics.

Uploaded by

amiru2005212
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Signal Transmission Impairments

With any communications system, the signal received may differ from the signal transmitted due to
various transmission impairments.
• For analog signals, these impairments can degrade the signal quality.
• For digital signals, bit errors may be introduced. (A binary 1 is transformed into a binary 0 & vice
versa)
The most significant impairments are: Attenuation, Noise and Distortion

Attenuation
Attenuation is the reduction of the signal strength as it travels through the given medium.

Noise
Noise is the additional signals inserted
between transmitter and receiver.

Distortion
Distortion is alteration (distort) of properties of a transferred signal.

Encoding Digital Data


Both analog and digital information can be encoded and transmitted as either analog or digital signals.
The particular encoding that is chosen depends on the requirements and communication facilities
available.

Modulation
Modulation is a technique used to send information by modifying the basic characteristics of an
electromagnetic signal (modulating signal) such as amplitude, frequency and phase, by attaching it to a
high frequency signal (carrier signal).

Imalka Dissanayaka 1
Modulating Signal

This is the useful signal. This can be an analog signal or a digital signal. If the modulating signal is
analog it is called analog modulation. If the modulating signal is digital, it is called digital modulation.

Carrier Signal

A carrier signal is a transmitted electromagnetic pulse or wave at a constant frequency.

Modulated Signal

The three characteristics of any signal are amplitude, frequency and phase. One of these
characteristics is changed according to the shape of the input analog signal or the bit pattern of the input
digital signal.

Analog Modulation
(Analog data, analog signals)

Why modulate analog signals?


 Modulation can be used to convert a low frequency analog signal to a high frequency analog signal

Types of analog modulation


 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Phase Modulation (PM)

Imalka Dissanayaka 2
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude of carrier signal varies according to the amplitude of modulating signal. The envelop of
modulated signal is same as the shape of modulating signal. The frequency or phase of the carrier signal
is not changed.

Imalka Dissanayaka 3
Frequency Modulation

The carrier signal frequency changes according to the amplitude of the modulating signal. When
amplitude increases, the modulated carrier signal’s frequency increases. If the modulating signal
amplitude is negative, the frequency of the modulated carrier signal is decreased.
The amplitude and phase of the carrier signal is not changed.

Imalka Dissanayaka 4
Phase Modulation
Phase of carrier signal varies according to the phase of modulating signal. The amplitude or frequency of
the carrier signal is not changed.

Imalka Dissanayaka 5

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