PROJECT

APPLIED PHYSICS
(UPH013)

SUBMITTED BY:-
1) Akshat Maithani (102303344) A36
2) Dev (102303342) A36
3) Krishna Agarwal (102317102) A36
4) Pratham Handa (102317106) A36
5) Ronit Raj (102315088) A36
 COPYRIGHT NOTICE

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

reserves all rights under Copyright 2024. This material
may not be duplicated for any profit-driven purpose.
 INDEX

 Acknowledgement
 Cer ficate
 Objec ve
 Introduc on
 Apparatus Required
 Principle
 Methodology
 Working
 Applica ons
 Advantages
 Limita ons
 Scope for future
 Results and Conclusion
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To successfully complete this project, we have been

fortunate enough to receive abundant blessings and
unwavering support from many individuals. We would
like to take this opportunity to express our sincere
gra tude to each and every one of them for their
involvement in this project.

We extend our hear elt thanks to our teacher, Mr. Raj

Kumar (DR.), whose clear guidance and valuable
sugges ons have been instrumental in facilita ng the
comple on of this report.

We are also grateful for the kind coopera on and

encouragement provided by our fellow mates, whose
contribu ons have played a crucial role in the successful
comple on of this project. We truly appreciate their
support and collabora on throughout the process.
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby cer fy that the project report tled "WIRELESS

POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM" submi ed by Akshat
Maithani, Dev, Krishna Agarwal, Pratham Handa and
Ronit Raj, is a genuine work carried out by them under
my supervision and guidance.
To the best of my knowledge, the content presented in
the project has not been submi ed to any university or
ins tute for the purpose of obtaining any degree.

18th April, 2024

Pa ala
Mr. Raj Kumar
 OBJECTIVE

The main aim of our project is to design and develop a

Wireless Power Transmission System. This involves the
study and demonstra on of the fundamental concept of
mutual induc on, which is an important principle in
electromagne sm and electrical engineering. The
objec ve of our project is to showcase the phenomenon
where a changing magne c field in one circuit or coil
induces a voltage in another nearby circuit or coil
without any direct electrical connec on. This concept
forms the basis for the func oning of transformers and
various other electrical devices.
 INTRODUCTION
Wireless Power Transmission System or Mutual Inductance
refers to a circuit between two coils that are magne cally
coupled. It defines the ra o of a me-varying magne c flux
created by one copper coil that is induced into a second copper
coil located nearby. When an electromo ve force (emf) is
generated in an adjacent coil located in the shared magne c
field, it is termed as being induced magne cally. This
characteris c is known as Mutual Inductance, which is the
basic opera ng principle of transformers, motors, generators,
and any other electrical component that interacts with a
magne c field. Mutual induc on can be defined as the current
flowing in one coil that induces a voltage in an adjacent copper
coil.

The degree of mutual inductance between two coils is

significantly influenced by how they are posi oned rela ve to
each other. When the coils are placed closely, a substan al
por on of the magne c flux generated by the first coil
effec vely interacts with the turns of the second coil. This
close proximity results in the induc on of a rela vely high emf,
leading to the manifesta on of a large mutual inductance
value.
 APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Cardboard: This is o en used as a base or structure

for the setup. It’s non-conduc ve, easy to work with,
and can hold the components in place.
2. LED: In a wireless power transmission system, an LED
can be used as a simple indicator to show whether
power is being received. The LED will light up when it
receives power wirelessly from the transmi er.
3. Connec ng Wires: These are used to establish
electrical connec ons between the components in the
circuit. In a wireless power transmission system, wires
are typically used to connect components like the
transistor, resistor, and ba ery.
4. Transistor (2N2222A): This is a type of semiconductor
device commonly used in amplifying or switching
electronic signals and electrical power. In a wireless
power transmission system, the 2N2222A transistor is
used with the transmi er coil to convert DC into pulsed
DC, crea ng a varying electromagne c field.
5. Resistor (27k ohm): Resistors are used to limit the
flow of electric current in a circuit. In this context, a 27k
ohm resistor could be used to control the current
flowing through the circuit.
6. DC Ba ery (9V): This is the power source for the
system. It provides the ini al electrical energy that will
be wirelessly transmi ed.
7. Ba ery Connector: This is used to connect the
ba ery to the circuit. It ensures a reliable electrical
connec on between the ba ery and the other
components.
8. Copper Wire: In a wireless power transmission
system, copper wire is o en used to create the coils for
the transmi er and receiver. When the transmi er coil
is powered, it creates a magne c field that can induce a
current in the receiver coil.
 PRINCIPLE
Mutual inductance refers to the emf (electromo ve force)
induced due to the magne c field in one coil, which opposes
the change of current and voltage in another coil. This means
that the two coils are linked together magne cally due to the
change in magne c flux. The magne c field or flux of one coil
is linked with the other coil.

When current flows through one coil, it induces voltage in

another coil, due to the change in magne c flux. The amount
of magne c flux linked with the two coils is directly
propor onal to the mutual inductance and current change.
The posi oning of two coils in a circuit determines the amount
of mutual inductance that links them together. Assuming
perfect flux linkage between the two coils, the mutual
inductance that exists between them can be given as:
M= (μ N1. N2. A) / L
Where:
• µo is the permeability of free space (4π*10-7 )
• N1 and N2 are the number of coil turns
• A is in the cross-sec onal area in m2
• L is the length of the coils in meters
 METHODOLOGY
We have divided the circuit into two parts: the receiver circuit and the
sender circuit. The receiver circuit comprises only two components: a
red LED and a coil (secondary coil). The coil with copper coa ng is
constructed using a cylindrical object, forming a coil of 30 turns. The
two ends of the coil are then connected to the red LED.

For the sender circuit, a similar coil (primary coil) with 30 turns is
created, but this me featuring three ends. A 2N2222A transistor is
employed, with its middle end linked to a 27K ohm resistor and further
connected to one of the extreme ends of the coil. Then, one end of the
transistor is connected to the other extreme end of the coil, while the
third end of the transistor is linked to the nega ve terminal of the
ba ery. The circuit is finalized by a aching the middle end of the coil
to the posi ve terminal of the ba ery.

When the circuit is completed and the ba ery is connected, the

2N2222A transistor used offers constant DC collector current.
Therefore, it is necessary to use where low to medium current is
necessary and thus is used to supply current to the primary coil
through a 27k ohm resistor which is used to limit the current. Here,
the current flowing in the primary coil generates a magne c field, and
a por on of these magne c field lines permeate through the
secondary coil, causing the LED to illuminate. This phenomenon
exemplifies mutual inductance.

The brightness of the LED fluctuates with changes in the distance

between the two coils. When the coils are brought closer, the flux at
the secondary coil intensifies, resul ng in a brighter glow of the LED.
 WORKING

1. Sender Circuit (Transmi er): The sender circuit consists of a

primary coil, a transistor (2N2222A), and a resistor (27k ohm). The
primary coil is made by winding copper wire around a cylindrical
object to form a coil with 30 turns. This coil has three ends: one end
is connected to the collector of the transistor, the middle end is
connected to the base of the transistor through a 27k ohm resistor,
and the other end is connected to the emi er of the transistor. The
base of the transistor is also connected to the posi ve terminal of the
ba ery, and the emi er is connected to the nega ve terminal of the
ba ery. When the ba ery is connected, the transistor allows a
constant DC collector current to flow through the primary coil. This
current generates a magne c field around the coil.

2. Receiver Circuit: The receiver circuit consists of a secondary coil

and a red LED. The secondary coil is made in the same way as the
primary coil, but it only has two ends. These ends are connected to
the anode and cathode of the LED, respec vely.

3. Wireless Power Transmission: When the sender circuit is powered

on, the current flowing through the primary coil generates a
magne c field. This magne c field induces a voltage in the secondary
coil due to the principle of mutual inductance. The induced voltage
causes a current to flow through the LED, causing it to light up. This is
how power is transmi ed wirelessly from the sender circuit to the
receiver circuit.
4. Distance Dependence: The strength of the induced voltage in the
secondary coil (and therefore the brightness of the LED) depends on
the distance between the primary and secondary coils. As the coils
are brought closer together, more of the magne c field lines from the
primary coil intersect the secondary coil, resul ng in a stronger
induced voltage and a brighter LED. Conversely, as the coils are
moved further apart, fewer magne c field lines intersect the
secondary coil, resul ng in a weaker induced voltage and a dimmer
LED.
 APPLICATIONS
1. Transformers: Transformers are devices made of two or
more inductors, one of which is powered by AC, inducing an
AC voltage across the second inductor. The principle of
mutual inductance is at the heart of a transformer’s
opera on. When an alterna ng current flows through the
primary coil, it creates a changing magne c field. This
changing magne c field induces a voltage in the secondary
coil. This allows the transformer to step up or down the
voltage, making it a crucial component in the distribu on of
electrical power.
2. Pacemakers: A pacemaker is an implanted medical device
that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to
one or more of the chambers of the heart. These pulses
cause the targeted chambers to contract and pump blood,
thus regula ng the func on of the heart’s electrical
conduc on system. The principle of mutual induc on is used
here, where minor electrical and magne c currents
generated keep the pacemaker in ac on.
[Link] c Resonance Imaging (MRI): In MRI, mutual
inductance plays a crucial role in crea ng magne c fields and
capturing the reac ons emi ed by nuclear magne c
moments within the body. The coils in an MRI machine
generate a strong magne c field that causes protons in the
body to align with that field. When a second electromagne c
field is briefly turned on, the protons are excited and spin out
of equilibrium. As they relax back into alignment when the
field is turned off, they emit a radio signal that can be
measured and used to construct an image of the body.
4. Eddy Current Tes ng: Eddy current tes ng is a non-
destruc ve tes ng method that makes use of the principle of
electromagne c induc on to detect flaws in conduc ve
materials. In this method, an alterna ng current is passed
through a coil, crea ng an alterna ng magne c field. When
this coil is brought close to a conduc ve test material, it
induces eddy currents in the material. These eddy currents
create their own magne c field, which can be detected by
the coil. Changes in the eddy current and its magne c field
can indicate the presence of flaws in the material.
5. Induc ve Coupling in Wireless Communica on Systems:
Induc ve coupling is a method used in wireless
communica on systems for power transfer and data
communica on. It involves two coils - a transmi er coil and a
receiver coil. The transmi er coil generates a magne c field,
which induces a voltage in the receiver coil. This allows for
the wireless transfer of power and data between devices.
This principle is used in various applica ons, including
wireless charging of devices, near-field communica on (NFC),
and radio-frequency iden fica on (RFID).
 ADVANTAGES
1. It allows efficient energy transfer because mutual
inductance allows for the effec ve transfer of energy between
coils, minimizing losses in various applica ons.
2. Mutual inductance is fundamental in wireless power
systems, facilita ng the transmission of energy without direct
electrical connec ons.
3. One of the func ons of mutual induc on is the forma on of
eddy current and genera on in the test material.
4. It has versa lity in applica ons as mutual inductance finds
applica ons in a diverse range of technologies, including
transformers, electric motors, audio equipment, and sensor
systems, showcasing its versa lity.
5. It Provides isola on in electrical systems that is because
mutual inductance provides a degree of isola on between
coupled coils, preven ng direct electrical connec ons and
enhancing safety in certain applica ons.
6. It is compa ble with renewable energy since mutual
inductance supports the integra on of renewable energy
sources by facilita ng the efficient transfer and transforma on
of power generated from sources like solar or wind.
7. Unlike some other methods, mutual inductance is also
effec ve in non-ferrous materials, broadening its applicability
in diverse scenarios.
 LIMITATIONS
1. Distance Dependence: Mutual inductance effec veness decreases
with increased distance between coils, limi ng its range and efficiency
in wireless power transfer.
2. Interference with Nearby Systems: Mutual inductance systems may
interfere with nearby electronic devices or communica on systems
due to the genera on of magne c fields, posing challenges in
coexistence.
3. Self-Inductance: The presence of self-inductance in the coils can
complicate the analysis and interpreta on of results. Self Inductance
can influence the measurements and may need to be accounted for
when analyzing the data.
4. Hea ng Effects: Intense magne c fields during mutual inductance
can cause hea ng in nearby conduc ve materials, poten ally posing
safety risks and efficiency challenges. These varia ons are o en
ignored in simplified experiments but can impact the accuracy of
results in prac cal applica ons.
5. Coil Quality and Construc on: The quality of the coils, their
construc on, and the materials used can influence the results.
Imperfec ons or inconsistencies in the coils can lead to varia ons in
the induced voltage.
6. Size and Weight Considera ons: Achieving strong mutual
inductance o en requires larger and heavier coils, impac ng the
prac cality and portability of devices, especially in compact
electronics.
 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORKS
Research in mutual induc on holds great promise due to its
founda onal significance in electromagne sm and its pivotal
role in various technologies. There are several poten al
avenues for upcoming research and advancements in this
field:
1. Enhanced Wireless Power Transfer Technologies: Research
in this area could focus on refining wireless power transfer
systems by op mizing mutual inductance for increased
efficiency and longer ranges. This involves advancing the
capabili es, variety, and maturity of solu ons greatly in recent
years. The main challenges reside in the efficiency and range
of the transfer.
2. Adap ve Control Strategies: This involves developing
adap ve control strategies for mutual inductance systems to
dynamically respond to changing condi ons, ensuring op mal
performance in various environments. Adap ve control
strategies can help stabilize output power and improve system
performance.
3. Energy Harves ng Efficiency: Research could inves gate
ways to maximize energy harves ng efficiency through mutual
inductance, especially in scenarios where ambient energy
sources are sporadic or variable. This involves op mizing the
efficiency of a wireless power transmission system in terms of
mutual inductance.
4. Biomedical Applica ons: Mutual inductance can be u lized
for innova ve biomedical applica ons, such as advanced
imaging techniques or targeted drug delivery systems. For
instance, wireless power transfer technology is u lized to
supply power for wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE), a non-
invasive, painless, and riskless detec on method for
gastrointes nal disease.
5. Security Applica ons: Mutual inductance can be explored
for secure communica on and data transfer applica ons,
considering its poten al in crea ng unique and tamper-
resistant informa on exchange systems. For instance, sensors,
which are well known and used especially in the area of
security, are devices that are used to detect fluctua ons and
changes that take place in an environment.
6. Mul -Coil Systems: Research could explore the op miza on
and prac cal implementa on of systems involving mul ple
coils with intricate mutual inductance rela onships, enabling
more complex and versa le applica ons. Mul -coil wireless
power transfer systems require mutual inductance
informa on between coils to increase the power transmission
efficiency.
The possibili es for future research on mutual induc on are
extensive. Advancements in this field have the poten al to
drive innova on in various industries, increase energy
efficiency, and facilitate the development of emerging
technologies. Researchers, engineers, and innovators will
con nue to explore new applica ons and methods to harness
the power of mutual induc on in novel and impac ul ways.
 RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Our project on wireless power transmission, which is based on

the principle of mutual inductance, has uncovered numerous
insights and advancements in the field of electromagne sm.
By exploring the fundamental concept of mutual inductance,
we have discovered its essen al role in enabling efficient
energy transfer between coils, which forms the basis of
wireless power transmission systems. Our project has shown
that mutual inductance is a versa le technology that extends
beyond tradi onal transformer setups, being cri cal in
powering devices without physical connec ons in the realm of
wireless technologies.

Our findings highlight the importance of mutual inductance,

which is a crucial technology and forms a cornerstone element
in transforming voltage and its wide-ranging applica ons
across various domains, including medical devices and the
connec vity framework of the Internet of Things (IoT). Its
significance goes beyond mere voltage manipula on,
demonstra ng its versa lity as a pivotal force in diverse
technological landscapes.
As we con nue to navigate the constantly evolving technology
landscape, this project not only deepens our understanding of
mutual inductance but also paves the way for further research
and development in harnessing its poten al for more efficient,
sustainable, and widespread wireless power transmission
solu ons.