Boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the
liquid become equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Boiling point curves for ideal binary solution
(i) The boiling point of ideal solution always lie in between the boiling points
of pure liquids.
(ii) Below liquidous curve, the system in 100% liquid and above vaporous
curve, the system is 100% vapour. Both the physical states exists only in
between the curves.
(iii) At any composition, the physical state of system may be changed by
changing the temperature.
(iv) At any temperature in between TA° and TB° , the physical state of system
may be changed by changing the composition.
100 % vapour
TA°
T
°
TB
100 % liquid
0 Mole Fraction of B 1
It is the method of separation of liquids by converting them into vapors
(boiling).
(i) The separation of liquid by distillation occurs because at any T or P, the
composition of distillate or condensate is different than the composition of
original liquid.
(ii) With the elimination of vapor above the liquid, the boiling point of
residual liquid increases.
(iii) The boiling point of distillate is less than that of original liquid.
01 Some liquids on mixing, form azeotropes which are binary mixtures
having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at a
constant temperature, the liquid and vapour have the same composition,
and no further separation occurs.
02 Components form azeotrope can't be separated by fractional distillation
but can be separated by azeotropic distillation.
Note
Ideal solutions never form azeotrope but non- ideal solution form azeotrope.
03 There are two types of azeotropes :
A. Azeotropes showing positive deviation (minimum boiling azeotrope)
B. Azeotropes showing negative deviation (maximum boiling azeotrope)
A. Large positive deviation (minimum boiling azeotrope)
The solution of large positive deviation can not be seperated by distillation
because at composition 'x', the liquid & vapour composition becomes identical.
Such solution which can not be separated by distillation are called azeotropic
mixture or constant boiling solution.
At any composition less than X, traces of pure A may be obtained but not pure
B. Similarly at composition greater than X, traces of pure B may be obtained but
not pure A.
L °
TA
L V
P PB° °
V V TB
L
L
°
PA
0 X 1 0 X 1
Mole Fraction of B Mole Fraction of B
Maximum Vapour Pressure Minimum Boiling Point
Minimum boiling point Azeotropic
% composition Boiling point
Mixture
of azeotrope (pressure = 1 atm)
Water-Ethanol 96 Ethanol 78.15° C
Pyridine-Water 57 Pyridine 92.60° C
Ethanol-Benzene 32.4 Ethanol 67.80° C
Acetic acid-Toluence 28 Acetic Acid 105.40° C
B. Large negative deviation (maximum boiling azeotrope)
°
° TA
PB
P L
°
° L V TB
PA T
0.0 X 1.0 0.0 X 1.0
Mole Fraction of B Mole Fraction of B
Minimum Vapour Pressure Maximum Boiling Point
Maximum boiling point azeotrope
% composition Boiling point
Mixture
of azeotrope (pressure = 1 atm)
Nitric acid-Water 68% Nitric acid 125.5° C
Acetic acid-Pyridine 65% Pyridine 139.0° C
Chloroform-Acetone 80% Chloroform 65.0° C
Hydrogen chloride-Water 79.8% Water 108.6° C
“ Example “
10 ml of liquid A (B.P. = 368K) and 10 mL of liquid B (B.P. = 415 K) are
mixed to obtain 19.92 ml of a constant boiling mixture then B.P. of the
solution is
(A) < 368 K (B) > 368 K but < 415 K
(C) > 415 K (D) Unpredictable
“ Solution “
“ Example “
Consider the following vapour pressure - composition graph, SP is
equal to
(A) PQ + RS
(B) QR + RS PA∘
P
(C) SR + SQ
Vapour Pressure
(D) PQ + QR Q
PB∘
“ Solution “
R
S
XA=0 Mole Fraction XA=1
XB=1 XB=0
“ Example “
Among the following that forms an ideal solution ?
(A) Water and methanol (B) Acetone and ethanol
(C) Benzene and toluene (D) Water and HCl
“ Solution “
“ Example “
The mixture of n-hexane and n-heptane is an example of
(A) Ideal solution
(B) Non-ideal solution
(C) Dilute solution
(D) None
“ Solution “
“ Example “
An azeotropic mixture of two liquids boil at a lower temperature then
either of them when
(A) It is saturated.
(B) It does not deviate form Raoult’s low.
(C) It shows negative deviation from Raoult’s low.
(D) It shows positive deviation from Raoult’s low. `
“ Solution “
“ Example “
Total vapour pressure of mixture of 1 mol of volatile component A
(𝐏𝐀° = 100 torr) and 3 mol of volatile component B (𝐏𝐁° = 60 torr) is 75
torr. What is correct :
(A) There is positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
(B) Boiling point has been lowered.
(C) Force of attraction between A and B is smaller than that between
A & A or B & B.
(D) All are correct.
“ Solution “
Home Work
LIQUID SOLUTION
LEC-3
Read LIQUID SOLUTION sheet from page 89-110.
Also practice illustrations given on these pages.
Solve RACE-03 : Complete
Solve: Exercise 1 (JEE Main Pattern) : Section A : Q
Section B : Q
Exercise 2 (JEE Main PYQs) : None
Exercise 3 (JEE Advanced Pattern) : None
Exercise 4 (JEE Advanced PYQs) : None
Read NCERT book
NCERT- Solve In Text Questions : None
Exercises Questions : None
