AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD
Branch - ECE
Communication Basics Part-2
Dr. Neelesh Kumar Gupta
Professor and Head
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad
Digital Modulation
• Digital modulation is a technique employed in modern communication systems
for transmitting digital information.
• Digital modulation involves encoding discrete bits, representing data, onto a
carrier signal for transmission through different communication channels.
• Most practical signals are analog, so three processes—
Sampling, Quantization & Encoding—
used to convert them into digital signals.
Types of Digital Modulation
Digital
Modulation
Binary Modulation M-ary Modulation
BASK BFSK BPSK
Modulation Modulation Modulation
M-ary ASK M-ary FSK M-ary PSK
QAM
Fig. 1 Classification of Digital Modulation Modulation Modulation Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• In binary ASK, one binary digit is represented by the
presence of the carrier, and another binary digit is
represented by the absence of the carrier.
• Frequency remains constant.
Application:
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification): ASK is used in
RFID systems for tracking and identification.
Fig. 2 ASK Modulation
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• In binary FSK, two binary digits are represented by two
frequencies around the carrier frequency.
• Amplitude remains constant.
Application:
Wireless Data Transmission: FSK is commonly used in
wireless data transmission, such as in modems and early
versions of Wi-Fi.
Fig. 3. FSK Modulation
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• In binary PSK, two binary digits are represented by two
different phase angles of the carrier wave.
Application:
• Digital Communication Systems: PSK is widely used in
digital communication systems, including satellite
communication and digital modems.
• Bluetooth Communication: Some Bluetooth protocols
use PSK for data transmission.
Fig. 4 PSK Modulation
M-ary Modulation
M-ary alphabets are used to improve the spectral efficiency of a telecommunications
system by sending multiple data bits using one symbol.
In M-ary modulation schemes, the source produces one of M symbols mi for i = 1, 2, 3, · ·
·, M.
• In M-ary ASK, there are M different amplitude values of the carrier.
• In M-ary FSK, M different carrier frequencies are used to represent the M alphabet
symbols.
• In M-ary PSK, there are M different carrier phases that represent the M alphabet
symbols.
Comparison of Various Modulation Schemes
Feature ASK PSK FSK QPSK M-ary
Parameter Phase & Multiple
Amplitude Phase Frequency
varied Amplitude parameters
Noise
Low Medium High Medium Variable
resistance
Bandwidth
Low Medium High Medium High
efficiency
Complexity Low Medium Low High High
Wireless
GPS, digital High-speed data
IR remote Bluetooth, keyboards,
radio, Satellite transmission,
Applications controls, simple Wi-Fi, mobile garage door
communication, digital TV, Wi-
sensors networks openers, RFID
WLAN, DVB. Fi.
systems.
BPSK, QPSK, and their variants:
Satellite Communication: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK) are commonly used in satellite communication for reliable data
transmission.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• Digital Cable Television: QAM transmits digital cable television signals.
• Broadband Internet: QAM is used in cable modems for high-speed internet access.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
• Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi): OFDM is a key technology in Wi-Fi standards for high-speed
wireless communication.
• Digital Television Broadcasting: OFDM is used in digital television broadcasting to
improve robustness against channel impairments.
References
1. Lathi, B. P., and Zhi Ding. "Modern analog and digital communication
systems." Third generation OXFORD University Press,1998.
2. Haykin, Simon, and Michael Moher. Introduction to analog and digital
communications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
THANK YOU
