Module 1: Introduction to Computers and Operating Systems
1.0 Introduction to Computers
1.1 What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that takes input (data), processes it using a set of
instructions (called a program), stores the result, and produces output (information) to the
user.
Simple Definition: A computer is a machine that accepts data, processes it into meaningful
information, stores it, and presents it when needed.
In the context of Health Information Management, a computer is used to:
- Manage patient records and medical histories
- Monitor and track appointments
- Automate billing and insurance claims
- Analyze health trends and data (e.g., for disease surveillance)
- Provide access to digital health libraries and research
1.2 Basic Components of a Computer
A computer has two main components:
A. Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer that you can see and touch. Examples
include input devices (keyboard, mouse), CPU, memory, and output devices (monitor,
printer).
B. Software
Software is the set of instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do. It includes
system software, application software, and utility software.
1.3 Characteristics of a Computer
Key characteristics include:
- Speed: Fast record retrieval during emergencies
- Accuracy: Reduces errors in lab report processing
- Automation: Automatically schedules appointments
- Storage: Stores vast amounts of information securely
- Versatility: Performs a wide range of tasks
- Diligence: Works without fatigue or distraction
- Multitasking: Runs multiple programs at once
1.4 Functional Units of a Computer System
Computers operate through four functional units:
1. Input Unit: Allows the entry of data into the system
2. Processing Unit (CPU): Processes and converts input data into useful output
3. Storage Unit: Stores data and instructions before, during, and after processing
4. Output Unit: Displays results after processing
1.5 Types of Computers
Types include:
- Supercomputer: Used for simulations and medical research
- Mainframe: Used for high-volume processing such as insurance claims
- Minicomputer: Used in older hospital systems
- Microcomputer (PC): Most common in daily health information tasks
- Embedded Computer: Found in medical devices like digital thermometers
1.6 Classification by Operation
Based on operation:
- Analog Computers: Deal with continuous data (e.g., ICU monitors)
- Digital Computers: Deal with discrete values and are most common
- Hybrid Computers: Combine analog and digital (e.g., ECG machines)
1.7 Importance of Computers in Health Information Management
Applications include:
- Patient Registration
- Electronic Health Records (EHR)
- Medical Billing Systems
- Inventory Management
- Health Surveillance
- Data Analysis and Research
- Telemedicine
Summary
A computer is a digital tool that performs input, processing, storage, and output functions. It
consists of hardware and software. In healthcare, computers improve patient care, data
accuracy, record-keeping, and decision-making.
