GIT HORMONES BOX
MD KAWSAR AKAND SABBIR
GIT HORMONES BOX
Hormone Origin Stimulus Action
Gastrin Predominantly stomach (G cells) Products of protein Stimulates gastric acid
digestion secretion
Suppressed by acid Stimulates growth of
and somatostatin gastrointestinal mucosa
Somatostatin Throughout gastrointestinal tract Fat ingestion Inhibits gastrin and insulin
(D cell) secretion
Decreases acid secretion
Decreases absorption
Inhibits pancreatic secretion
Cholecystokinin Duodenum and jejunum (I cells); Products of protein Stimulates pancreatic enzyme
(CCK) also ileal and colonic nerve digestion secretion
endings
Fat and fatty acids Stimulates gallbladder
contraction
Suppressed by Relaxes sphincter of Oddi
trypsin
Modulates satiety
Decreases gastric acid
secretion
Reduces gastric emptying
Regulates pancreatic growth
Secretin Duodenum and jejunum (S cells) Duodenal acid Stimulates pancreatic fluid and
bicarbonate secretion
Fatty acids Decreases acid secretion
Reduces gastric emptying
Motilin Duodenum, small intestine, and Fasting Regulates peristaltic activity,
colon (M cells) including migrating motor
complexes (MMCs)
Dietary fat
Gastric Duodenum (K cells) and jejunum Glucose and fat Stimulates insulin release (also
inhibitory known as glucose-dependent
polypeptide insulinotropic polypeptide)
(GIP)
Inhibits acid secretion
Enhances satiety
Glucagon-like Ileum and colon (L cells) Carbohydrates, Stimulates insulin release
peptide-1 (GLP- protein and fat
1)
Inhibits acid secretion and
gastric emptying
Enhances satiety
Vasoactive Nerve fibers throughout Unknown Has vasodilatory action
intestinal gastrointestinal tract
peptide (VIP)
Relaxes smooth muscle
Stimulates water and
electrolyte secretion
Ghrelin Stomach Fasting Stimulates appetite, acid
secretion, and gastric emptying
Inhibited by eating
Peptide YY Ileum and colon Feeding Modulates satiety
Gut Hormones
1. Gastrin
• Origin: Stomach (G cells)
• Stimulus: Protein digestion products
• Action: Stimulates gastric acid secretion and promotes gastrointestinal mucosa growth.
2. Somatostatin
• Origin: Gastrointestinal tract (D cells)
• Stimulus: Fat ingestion
• Action: Inhibits gastrin and insulin secretion, reduces acid secretion and absorption, and
inhibits pancreatic secretion.
3. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
• Origin: Duodenum and jejunum (I cells); also in nerve endings
• Stimulus: Protein digestion products, fat, and fatty acids
• Action: Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, modulates satiety,
and decreases gastric acid secretion.
4. Secretin
• Origin: Duodenum and jejunum (S cells)
• Stimulus: Duodenal acid and fatty acids
• Action: Stimulates pancreatic fluid secretion, reduces gastric emptying.
5. Motilin
• Origin: Duodenum, small intestine, colon (M cells)
• Stimulus: Fasting, dietary fat
• Action: Regulates peristalsis and motor complexes.
6. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
• Origin: Duodenum (K cells) and jejunum
• Stimulus: Glucose and fat
• Action: Stimulates insulin release, inhibits acid secretion, enhances satiety.
7. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
• Origin: Ileum and colon (L cells)
• Stimulus: Carbohydrates, protein, and fat
• Action: Stimulates insulin release, inhibits gastric emptying, enhances satiety.
8. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
• Origin: Nerve fibers in the gastrointestinal tract
• Stimulus: Unknown
• Action: Vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, and electrolyte secretion.
9. Ghrelin
• Origin: Stomach
• Stimulus: Fasting
• Action: Stimulates appetite, gastric secretion, and emptying.
10. Peptide YY
• Origin: Ileum and colon
• Stimulus: Feeding
• Action: Modulates satiety.
Here’s a simplified mnemonic focusing on the actions of the gut hormones:
1. G - Gastrin
Action: Grows mucosa, Gets acid
2. S - Somatostatin
Action: Stops secretion, Slows absorption
3. C - Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Action: Contracts gallbladder, Cuts gastric emptying, Controls satiety
4. S - Secretin
Action: Secretes pancreatic fluid, Stops acid
5. M - Motilin
Action: Moves peristalsis
6. G - Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
Action: Gets insulin, Gets satiety, Gets acid down
7. G - Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
Action: Gets insulin, Gets satiety, Gets gastric emptying down
8. V - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Action: Vasodilation, Velvets smooth muscles
9. G - Ghrelin
Action: Gets appetite, Gets acid, Gets emptying
10. P - Peptide YY
Action: Promotes satiety
Gut Hormones Summary
1. Gut Hormones Secreted in Fasting Condition:
• Motilin
• Ghrelin
2. Gut Hormones That Reduce Gastric Emptying:
• Cholecystokinin (CCK)
• Secretin
3. Gut Hormones That Modulate Satiety:
• Cholecystokinin (CCK)
• Peptide YY
4. Gut Hormones That Enhance Satiety:
• Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
• Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP-1)
5. Gut Hormones Regulating Peristaltic Activity:
• Motilin
Here are mnemonic phrases to remember the different gut hormones based on their actions:
1. Gut Hormones Secreted in Fasting Condition:
o Mighty Gorillas
▪ Mighty = Motilin
▪ Gorillas = Ghrelin
2. Gut Hormones That Reduce Gastric Emptying:
o Calm Cows
▪ Calm = Cholecystokinin (CCK)
▪ Cows = Secretin
3. Gut Hormones That Modulate Satiety:
o Cool Peppers
▪ Cool = Cholecystokinin (CCK)
▪ Peppers = Peptide YY
4. Gut Hormones That Enhance Satiety:
o Good Guys
▪ Good = Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
▪ Guys = Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP-1)
5. Gut Hormones Regulating Peristaltic Activity:
o Mighty Moves
▪ Mighty = Motilin
Gut Hormones Summary
1. Gastric Emptying:
• Stimulated by: Ghrelin
• Inhibited by: Secretin
2. Insulin Regulation:
• Stimulated by: CCK, GLP-1, GIP
• Inhibited by: Somatostatin
3. Satiety Regulation:
• Modulation: CCK, Peptide YY
• Enhancement: GLP-1, GIP
Additional Key Facts of Gut Hormones:
• Stimulate Gastric Acid Secretion: Gastrin, Ghrelin, and vagal activity.
• Inhibit Gastric Acid Secretion: Somatostatin, CCK, Secretin, GIP, GLP-1, VIP.
• Stimulate Appetite + Gastric Emptying: Ghrelin.
• Stimulate Gastric Mucus Growth: Gastrin.
• Stimulate Pancreatic Growth: CCK.
• Stimulate Insulin Release: GIP, GLP-1.
• Throughout the GIT: Somatostatin (D Cell), VIP.
Gut Hormones and Peptides Origin:
1. Stomach: Gastrin (G), Ghrelin
2. Ileum and Colon: GLP-1, Peptide YY
3. Small Intestine (SI) and Colon (Colonic Nerve Endings): CCK (I), Motilin (MO)
4. Duodenum and Jejunum: Secretin (S), GIP (G)
5. Throughout GI Tract: Somatostatin (S)
Stimulatory and Inhibitory Factors
Stimuli:
1. CHO (Carbohydrates):
• Stimulates: GIP and GLP-1.
2. Protein:
• Stimulates: Gastrin, CCK, and GLP-1.
3. Fat:
• Stimulates: Somatostatin (S) → inhibits Gastrin.
• Stimulates: Secretin (S) → inhibits acid secretion.
• Stimulates: Motilin (M) → stimulates peristalsis.
• Stimulates: CCK (C) → stimulates gallbladder contraction.
4. Fasting:
• Stimulates: Motilin, Ghrelin, and Peptide YY.
5. Feeding:
• Stimulates: Peptide YY (regulates feeding responses).
Inhibition:
1. Gastrin:
• Inhibited by: Acid and Somatostatin.
2. CCK:
• Inhibited by: Trypsin.
3. Ghrelin:
• Inhibited by: Long eating (satiety).
4. Universal inhibition:
• Somatostatin inhibits all.
