Protocols & TCP/IP Configuration (For 4 Marks)
1. SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol)
- Used to send internet data over serial (telephone) lines.
- Works between two computers only.
- Sends data in simple format without error checking.
- Does not support multiple protocols.
- Very old and replaced by better protocols like PPP.
2. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
- Sends data over phone lines and serial links.
- Supports error detection and authentication.
- Can carry many types of internet traffic (IP, etc.).
- Works better than SLIP.
- Commonly used in dial-up and broadband.
3. IP (Internet Protocol)
- Breaks data into small packets for sending.
- Assigns an IP address to each device.
- Sends data to the correct destination.
- Does not check if data is received safely.
- Used by all devices on the internet.
4. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
- Finds MAC address using a device's IP address.
- Works inside local networks (LAN).
- Helps devices communicate on the same network.
- Stores results in a table (ARP cache).
- Needed for sending data to the right hardware.
5. RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
- Finds IP address from a known MAC address.
- Used by computers without stored IP addresses.
- Mostly used by diskless computers.
- Sends request to a RARP server.
- Not commonly used today.
6. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
- Used to send error and control messages.
- Helps test if a device is reachable (e.g., ping).
- Reports network problems like unreachable host.
- Works with IP.
Protocols & TCP/IP Configuration (For 4 Marks)
- Helps diagnose connection issues.
8. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
- Used to upload and download files.
- Connects to a remote server.
- Requires username and password.
- Can transfer multiple files or folders.
- Not secure unless used with encryption.
9. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- Used to open and view websites.
- Transfers web pages, images, and text.
- Works between browser and web server.
- Uses port 80.
- Not secure by default.
10. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- Sends emails over the internet.
- Transfers email from sender to mail server.
- Uses port 25.
- Only for sending, not receiving.
- Works with other protocols like POP3 or IMAP.
11. TELNET
- Connects to remote computers using text commands.
- Used to control computers from far away.
- Works in command-line mode.
- Not secure (sends data in plain text).
- Uses port 23.
12. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
- Gives IP address to devices automatically.
- Saves time compared to manual setup.
- Works when you connect to Wi-Fi or LAN.
- Also gives gateway and DNS info.
- Uses ports 67 and 68.
13. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
- Secure version of HTTP.
- Encrypts data for safe browsing.
Protocols & TCP/IP Configuration (For 4 Marks)
- Used for online shopping, banking, etc.
- Uses port 443.
- Shows a padlock symbol in browser.
TCP/IP Configuration - Short Procedure (For 4 Marks)
1. Go to Network Settings on your computer.
2. Select your network (Wi-Fi or Ethernet).
3. Open properties of 'Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)'.
4. Choose either 'Obtain IP Automatically' or enter Static IP, Subnet Mask, Gateway, and DNS.
5. Save settings and test using 'ping' or check with 'ipconfig'.
