Passage 1 The Cacao: a Sweet History
(34/40)=>7.5
SECTION 1
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-14 which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.
The Cacao: a Sweet History
A Chapter 1
Most people today think of chocolate as something sweet to eat or drink than can be
easily found in stores around the world. It might surprise you that chocolate was once
highly treasured. The tasty secret of the cacao (Kah Kow) tree was discovered 2,000
years ago in the tropical rainforests of the Americas. The story of how chocolate grew
from a local Mesoamerican beverage into a global sweet encompasses many cultures
and continents.
B Chapter 2
Historians believe the Maya people of Central America first learned to farm cacao plants
around two thousand years ago. The Maya took cacao trees from the rainforests and
grew them in their gardens. They cooked cacao seeds, the crushed them into a soft
paste. They mixed the paste with water and flavorful spices to make an unsweetened
chocolate drink. The Maya poured the chocolate drink back and forth between two
containers so that the liquid would have a layer of bubbles, or foam.
Cacao and chocolate were an important part of Maya culture. There are often images
of cacao plants on Maya buildings and art objects. Ruling families drank chocolate at
special ceremonies. And, even poorer members of the society could enjoy the drink
once in a while. Historians believe that cacao seeds were also used in marriage
ceremonies as a sing of the union between a husband and a wife.
The Aztec culture in current-day Mexico also prized chocolate. But, cacao plants could
not grow in the are where the Aztecs lived. So, they traded to get cacao. They even
used cacao seeds as a form of money to pay taxes. Chocolate also played a special role
in both Maya and Aztec royal and religious events. Priests presented cacao seeds and
offerings to the gods and served chocolate drinks during sacred ceremonies. Only the
very wealthy in Aztec societies could afford to drink chocolate because cacao was so
valuable. The Aztec ruler Montezuma was believed to drink fifty cups of chocolate
every day. Some experts believe the word for chocolate came from the Aztec word
“xocolatl”
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Passage 1 The Cacao: a Sweet History
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Passage 1 The Cacao: a Sweet History
which in the Nahuatl language means “bitter water.” Others believe the word
“chocolate” was created by combining Mayan and Nahuatl words.
C Chapter 3
The explorer Christopher Columbus brought cacao seeds to Spain after his trip to
Central America in 1502. But it was the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes who
understood that chocolate could be a valuable investment. In 1519, Cortes arrived
in current-day Mexico. He believed the chocolate drink would become popular with
Spaniards. After the Spanish soldiers defeated the Aztec empire, they were able to seize
the supplies of cacao and send them home. Spain later began planting cacao in its
colonies in the Americans in order to satisfy the large demand for chocolate. The
wealthy people of Spain first enjoyed a sweetened version of chocolate drink. Later,
the popularity of the drink spread throughout Europe. The English, Dutch and French
began to plant cacao trees in their own colonies. Chocolate remained a drink that
only wealthy people could afford to drink until the eighteenth century. During the
period known as the Industrial Revolution, new technologies helped make
chocolate less costly to produce.
D Chapter 4
Farmers grow cacao trees in many countries in Africa, Central and South America.
The trees grow in the shady areas of the rainforests near the Earth’s equator. But
these trees can be difficult to grow. They require an exact amount of water, warmth,
soil and protection. After about five years, cacao trees start producing large fruits
called pods, which grow near the trunk of the tree. The seeds inside the pods are
harvested to make chocolate. There are several kinds of cacao trees. Most of the
world’s chocolate is made from the seed of the forastero tree. But farmers can also
grow criollo or trinitario cacao plants. Cacao trees grown on farms are much more
easily threatened by diseases and insects than wild trees. Growing cacao is very
hard work for farmers. They sell their harvest on a futures market. This means that
economic conditions beyond their control can affect the amount of money they will
earn. Today, chocolate industry officials, activists, and scientists are working with
farmers. They are trying to make sure that cacao can be grown in a way that is fair
to the timers and safe for the environment.
E Chapter 5
To become chocolate, cacao seeds go through a long production process in a factory.
Workers must sort, clean and cook the seeds. Then they break off the covering of the
seeds so that only the inside fruit, or nibs, remain. Workers crush the nibs into a soft
substance called chocolate liquor. This gets separated into cocoa solids and a fat called
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Passage 1 The Cacao: a Sweet History
cocoa butter. Chocolate makers have their own special recipes in which they
combine chocolate liquor with exact amounts of sugar, milk and cocoa fat. They
finely crush this “crumb” mixture in order to make it smooth. The mixture then
goes through two more processes before it is shaped into a mold form.
Chocolate making is a big business. The market value of the yearly cacao crop around
the world is more than five billion dollars. Chocolate is especially popular in Europe
and the United States. For example, in 2005, the United States bought 1.4 billion
dollars worth of cocoa products. Each year, Americans eat an average of more than
five kilograms of chocolate per person. Specialty shops that sell costly chocolates are
also very popular. Many offer chocolate lovers the chance to taste chocolates grown in
different areas of the world.
Questions 1-5
Reading passage 1 has 5 chapters.
Which chapter contains the following information?
Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet
1 the part of cacao trees used to produce chocolate D
2 average chocolate consumption by people in the US per person per year E
3 risks faced by fanners in the cacao business. D
4 where the first sweetened chocolate drink appeared B=> C
(The wealthy people of Spain first enjoyed a sweetened version of chocolate drink.)=> Ta nói
Spain là nước đầu tiên uống nước Socola đầu tiên.
5 how ancient American civilizations obtained cacao
C=> B
( Historians believe that the Maya people of Central America first learned to farm cacao plants
around two thousand years ago. The Maya took cacao trees from the rainforests and grew them in
their gardens.)=> Làm sao có được Ca Cao- Trồng cây -> lấy hạt -> ra Ca cao .
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Passage 1 The Cacao: a Sweet History
Question 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
6 use cacao and chocolate in ceremonies was restricted Maya royal families False
7 The Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes invested in chocolate and chocolate drinks.
Not Given
8 The forastero tree produces the best chocolate. Not Given
9 some parts in cacao seed are get rid of during chocolate process True
10 Chocolate is welcomed more in some countries or continents than other
parts around the world. False => True
Questions 11-14
The flow chart below shows the steps in chocolate making.
Complete the flow chart using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
passage for each blank
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
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Passage 1 The Cacao: a Sweet History
Cacao seeds
↓ sorting, cleaning and cooking ridding seeds of their 11 covering
Nibs
↓ crushing
12 cocoa butter
↓ Add sugar, milk and 13 cocoa fat
Crumb mixture
↓ Crush finely then come into a shape in a 14 mold form.
chocolate
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Passage 1 The Cacao: a Sweet History
ANSWER
1. D
2. E
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. FALSE
7. NOT GIVEN
8. NOT GIVEN
9. TRUE
10. TRUE
11. Covering
12. Chocolate liquor
13. Cocoa fat
14. Mold (form)
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Passage 2 Cosmetics in Ancient Past
SECTION 2
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 15-27 which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Cosmetics in Ancient Past
Since cosmetics and perfumes are still in wide use today, it is interesting to compare
the attitudes, customs and beliefs related to them in ancient times to those of our
own day and age. Cosmetics and perfumes have been popular since the dawn of
civilization; it is shown by the discovery of a great deal of pertinent archeological
material, dating from the third millennium BC. Mosaics, glass perfume flasks, stone
vessels, ovens, cooking- pots, clay jars, etc., some inscribed by the hand of the
artisan. Evidence also appears in the Bible and other classical writings, where it is
written that spices and perfumes were prestigious products known throughout the
ancient world and coveted by kings and princes. The written and pictorial
descriptions, as well as archaeological findings, all show how important body care
and aesthetic appearance were in the lives of the ancient people. The chain of
evidence spans many centuries, detailing the usage of cosmetics in various cultures
from the earliest period of recorded history.
B
In antiquity, however, at least in the onset, cosmetics served in religious ceremonies and
for healing purposes. Cosmetics were also connected with cultic worship and
witchcraft: to appease the various gods, fragrant ointments were applied to the
statuary images and even to their attendants. From this, in the course of time,
developed the custom of personal use, to enhance the beauty of the face and the
body, and to conceal defects.
C
Perfumes and fragrant spices were precious commodities in antiquity, very much in
demand, and at times even exceeded silver and gold in value. Therefore they were
luxury products, used mainly in the temples and in the homes of the noble and
wealthy. The Judean kings kept them in treasure houses (2 Kings 20:13). And the Queen
of Sheba brought to Solomon “camels laden with spices, gold in great quantity and
precious
stones.” (1 Kings 10:2, 10). However, within time, the use of cosmetics became the
custom of that period. The use of cosmetics became widespread among the lower
classes as well as among the wealthy; in the same way they washed the body, so they
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Passage 2 Cosmetics in Ancient Past
used to care for the body with substances that softened the skin and anoint it with
fragrant oils and ointments.
D
Facial treatment was highly developed and women devoted many hours to it. They
used to spread various scented creams on the face and to apply makeup in vivid
and contrasting colors. An Egyptian papyrus from the 16th century BC contains
detailed recipes to remove blemishes, wrinkles, and other signs of age. Greek and
Roman
women would cover their faces in the evening with a “beauty mask” to remove
blemishes, which consisted mainly of flour mixed with fragrant spices, leaving it on
their face all night. The next morning they would wash it off with asses’ milk. The
very common creams used by women in the ancient Far East, particularly important
in the hot climate and prevalent in that area of the globe, were made up of oils and
aromatic scents. Sometimes the oil in these creams was extracted from olives,
almonds, gourds, sesame, or from trees and plants; but, for those of limited means,
scented animal and fish fats were commonly used.
E
Women in the ancient past commonly put colors around their eyes. Besides
beautification, its purpose was also medicinal as covering the sensitive skin of the
lids with colored ointments that prevented dryness and eye diseases: the eye-paint
repelled the little flies that transmitted eye inflammations. Egyptian women colored
the upper eyelid black and the lower one green, and painted the space between the
upper lid and the eyebrow gray and blue. The women of Mesopotamia favored
yellows and reds. The use of kohl for painting the eyes is mentioned three times in
the Bible, always with disapproval by the sages (2 Kings, 9:30; Jeremiah 4:30; Ezekiel
23:40). In contrast, Job named one of his daughters “Keren Happukh”- “horn of eye
paint” (Job 42:14)
F
Great importance was attached to the care for hair in ancient times. Long hair was
always considered a symbol of beauty, and kings, nobles and dignitaries grew their
hair long and kept it well-groomed and cared for. Women devoted much time to the
style of the hair; while no cutting, they would apply much care to it by arranging it
skillfully in
plaits and “building it up” sometimes with the help of wigs. Egyptian women
generally wore their hair flowing down to their shoulders or even longer. In
Mesopotamia, women cherished long hair as a part of their beauty, and hair flowing
down their backs in a thick plait and tied with a ribbon is seen in art. Assyrian
women wore their hair shorter, braiding and binding it in a bun at the back. In
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Passage 2 Cosmetics in Ancient Past
Ancient Israel, brides would wear
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Passage 2 Cosmetics in Ancient Past
their hair long on the wedding day as a sign of their virginity. Ordinary people and
slaves, however, usually wore their hair short, mainly for hygienic reasons, since they
could not afford to invest in the kind of treatment that long hair required.
G
From the Bible and Egyptian and Assyrian sources, as well as the words of classical
authors, it appears that the centers of the trade in aromatic resins and incense were
located in the kingdoms of Southern Arabia, and even as far as India, where some
of these precious aromatic plants were grown. “Dealers from Sheba and Rammah
dealt with you, offering the choicest spices…” (Ezekiel 27:22). The Nabateans
functioned as the important middlemen in this trade; Palestine also served as a very
important
component, as the trade routes crisscrossed the country. It is known that the Egyptian
Queen Hatsheput (15th century BC) sent a royal expedition to the Land of Punt
(Somalia) in order to bring back myrrh seedlings to plant in her temple. In Assyrian
records of tribute and spoils of war, perfumes and resins are mentioned; the text from
the time of Tukulti-Ninurta II (890-884 BC) refers to balls of myrrh as part as part of
the tribute brought to the Assyrian king by the Aramaean kings. The trade in spices
and perfumes is also mentioned in the Bible as written in Genesis (37:25-26),
“Camels
carrying gum tragacanth and balm and myrrh”.
Questions 15-21
Reading Passage 2 has 7 paragraphs A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.
15 recipes to conceal facial defects caused by aging D
16 perfumes were presented to conquerors in war G
17 long hair of girls had special meanings in marriage F
18 evidence exists in abundance showing cosmetics use in ancient times A
19 protecting eyes from fly-transmitted diseases B
20 from witchcraft to beautification
C
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Passage 2 Cosmetics in Ancient Past
21 more expensive than gold
Questions 22-27
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
22 The written record for cosmetics and perfumes dates back to the third
millennium BC. True=> Not given-> Date back to: Xuất hiện ở…
… materials: tài liệu chứ không phải đoạn ghi chép được lưu lại.
23 Since perfumes and spices were luxury products, their use was exclusive to
the noble and the wealthy. False
24 In ancient Far East, fish fats were used as cream by woman from poor households.
True
25 The teachings in the Bible were repeatedly against the use of kohl for painting
the eyes. True
26 Long hair as a symbol of beauty was worn solely by women of ancient cultures.
False
27 The Egyptian Queen Hatsheput sent a royal expedition to Punt to establish a trade
route for myrrh. Not given
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Passage 2 Cosmetics in Ancient Past
ANSWER
15. D
16. G
17. F
18. A
19. E
20. B
21. C
22. NOT GIVEN
23. FALSE
24. TRUE
25. TRUE
26. FALSE
27. NOT GIVEN
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Passage 3 The Secrets of
Persuasion
SECTION 3
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3
below.
The Secrets of Persuasion
A
Our mother may have told you the secret to getting what you ask for was to say please.
The reality is rather more surprising. Adam Dudding talks to a psychologist who has
made a life’s work from the science of persuasion. Some scientists peer at things through high-
powered microscopes. Others goad rats through mazes, or mix bubbling fluids in glass beakers.
Robert Cialdini, for his part, does curious things with towels, and believes that by doing so he is
discovering important insights into how society works.
B
Cialdini’s towel experiments (more of them later), are part of his research into how we persuade
others to say yes. He wants to know why some people have a knack for bending the will of
others, be it a telephone cold-caller talking to you about timeshares, or a parent whose children
are compliant even without threats of extreme violence.
While he’s anxious not to be seen as the man who’s written the bible for snake-oil salesmen, for
decades the Arizona State University social psychology professor has been creating systems for
the principles and methods of persuasion, and writing bestsellers about them. Some people seem
to be born with the skills; Cialdini’s claim is that by applying a little science, even those of us
who aren’t should be able to get our own way more often. “All my life I’ve been an easy mark for
the blandishment of salespeople and fundraisers and I’d always wondered why they could get me
to buy things I didn’t want and give to causes I hadn’t heard of,” says Cialdini on the phone from
London, where his is plugging his latest book.
C
He found that laboratory experiments on the psychology of persuasion were telling only part of
the story, so he began to research influence in the real world, enrolling in sales- training
programmes: “I learnt how to sell automobiles from a lot, how to sell insurance from an office,
how to sell encyclopedias door to door.” He concluded there were six general “principles of
influence” and has since put them to the test under slightly more
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Passage 3 The Secrets of
Persuasion
scientific conditions. Most recently, that has meant messing about with towels. Many hotels leave
a little card in each bathroom asking guests to reuse towels and thus conserve water and
electricity and reduce pollution. Cialdini and his colleagues wanted to test the relative
effectiveness of different words on those cards. Would guests be motivated to co-operate simply
because it would help save the planet, or were other factors more compelling? To test this, the
researchers changed the card’s message from an environmental one to the simple (and truthful)
statement that the majority of guests at the hotel had reused their towel at least once. Guests
given this message were 26% more likely to reuse their towels than those given the old message.
In Cialdini’s book “Yes! 50 Secrets from the Science of Persuasion”, co-written with another
social scientist and a business consultant, he explains that guests were responding to the
persuasive force of “social proof”, the idea that our decisions are strongly influenced by
what we believe other people like us are doing.
D
So much for towels. Cialdini has also learnt a lot from confectionery. Yes! Cites the work of
New Jersey behavioural scientist David Strohmetz, who wanted to see how restaurant patrons
would respond to a ridiculously small favour from their food server, in the form of an after-
dinner chocolate for each diner. The secret, it seems, is in how you give the chocolate. When the
chocolates arrived in a heap with the bill, tips went up a miserly 3% compared to when no
chocolate was given. But when the chocolates were dropped individually in front of each diner,
tips went up 14%. The scientific breakthrough, though, came when the waitress gave each diner
one chocolate, headed away from the table then doubled back to give them one more each, as if
such generosity had only just occurred to her. Tips went up 23%. This is “reciprocity” in action:
we want to return favours done to us, often without bothering to calculate the relative value of
what is being received and given.
E
Geeling Ng, operations manager at Auckland’s Soul Bar, says she’s never heard of Kiwi waiting
staff using such a cynical trick, not least because New Zealand tipping culture is so different
from that of the US: “If you did that in New Zealand, as diners were leaving they’d say ‘can we
have some more?” ‘ But she certainly understands the general principle of reciprocity. The way
to a diner’s heart is “to give them something they’re not expecting in the way of service. It
might be something as small as leaving a mint on their plate, or it might be remembering that
last time they were in they wanted their water with no ice and no lemon. “In America it would
translate in to an instant tip. In New Zealand it translates into a huge smile and thank you.” And
no doubt, return visits.
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Passage 3 The Secrets of
Persuasion
THE FIVE PRINCIPLES OF
PERSUASION F
Reciprocity: People want to give back to those who have given to them. The trick here is to get in
first. That’s why charities put a crummy pen inside a mailout, and why smiling women in
supermarkets hand out dollops of free food. Scarcity: People want more of things they can have
less of. Advertisers ruthlessly exploit scarcity (“limit four per customer”, “sale must end soon”),
and Cialdini suggests parents do too: “Kids want things that are less available, so say ‘this is an
unusual opportunity; you can only have this for a certain time’.”
G
Authority: We trust people who know what they’re talking about. So inform people honestly
of your credentials before you set out to influence them. “You’d be surprised how many people
fail to do that,” says Cialdini. “They feel it’s impolite to talk about their expertise.” In one
study, therapists whose patients wouldn’t do their exercises were advised to display their
qualification certificates prominently. They did, and experienced an immediate leap in patient
compliance.
H
Commitment/consistency: We want to act in a way that is consistent with the commitments we
have already made. Exploit this to get a higher sign-up rate when soliciting charitable donations.
First ask workmates if they think they will sponsor you on your egg-and-spoon marathon. Later,
return with the sponsorship form to those who said yes and remind them of their earlier
commitment.
I
Linking: We say yes more often to people we like. Obvious enough, but reasons for “linking”
can be weird. In one study, people were sent survey forms and asked to return them to a named
researcher. When the researcher gave a fake name resembling that of the subject (eg, Cynthia
Johnson is sent a survey by “Cindy Johansen”), surveys were twice as likely to be completed. We
favour people who resemble us, even if the resemblance is as minor as the sound of their name.
J
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Passage 3 The Secrets of
Persuasion
Social proof: We decide what to do by looking around to see what others just like us are doing.
Useful for parents, says Cialdini. “Find groups of children who are behaving in a way that you
would like your child to, because the child looks to the side, rather than at you.” More
perniciously, social proof is the force underpinning the competitive
materialism of “keeping up with the Joneses”
Questions 28-31
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
28 The main purpose of Cialdini’s research of writing is to
A explain the reason way researcher should investigate in person
B explore the secret that why some people become the famous sales person
C help people to sale products
D prove maybe there is a science in the psychology of persuasion
29 Which of statement is CORRECT according to Cialdini’s research methodology
A he checked data in a lot of latest books
B he conducted this experiment in laboratory
C he interviewed and contract with many sales people
D he made lot phone calls collecting what he wants to know
(The line tells us “he began to research influence in the real world, enrolling in sales-training
programmes”=> Tham gia thực tập, nên liên hệ và phỏng vấn)
30 Which of the following is CORRECT according to towel experiment in the passage?
A Different hotel guests act in a different response
B Most guests act by idea of environment preservation
C more customers tend to cooperate as the message requires than simply act
environmentally
D people tend to follow the hotel’s original message more
(the researchers changed the card’s message from an environmental one to the
simple (and truthful) statement that the majority of guests at the hotel had reused
their towel at least once. Guests given this message were 26% more likely to reuse
their towels than those given the old message”.=> Khách hang sử dụng lại cái khăn
khi khách sạn sử dụng cai card theo thông điệp bảo vệ môi trường)
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Passage 3 The Secrets of
Persuasion
31 Which of the following is CORRECT according to the candy shop experiment in the
passage?
A Presenting way affects diner’s tips
B Regular customer gives tips more than irregulars
C People give tips only when offered chocolate
D Chocolate with bill got higher tips
Questions 32-35
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
32 Robert Cialdini experienced “principles of influence” himself in realistic life. True
33 Principle of persuasion has different types in different countries. Not given
34 In New Zealand, people tend to give tips to attendants after being served a
chocolate. False
35 Elder generation of New Zealand is easily attracted by extra service of restaurants by
principle of reciprocity. Not Given
Questions 36-40
Use the information in the passage to match the category (listed A-E) with correct description
below.
Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 36-40 on answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
A Reciprocity of scarcity
B Authority
C previous comment
D Linking
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Passage 3 The Secrets of
Persuasion
E Social roof
36 Some expert may reveal qualification in front of clients. B
37 Parents tend to say something that other kids are doing the same. E
38 Advertisers ruthlessly exploit the limitation of chances. A
39 Use a familiar name in a survey. D
40 Ask colleagues to offer a helping hand C
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Passage 3 The Secrets of
Persuasion
ANSWER
28. D
29. C
30. C
31. A
32. YES
33. NOT GIVEN
34. NO
35. NOT GIVEN
36. B
37. E
38. A
39. D
40. C
