Signal Processing I
(23ECE112)
Ms. Latha S
Assistant Professor
Room no B-206, ECE department
Email id: s_latha@[Link]
Introduction
• Till now we have studied basics of signals and elementary signals
• Systems are used for processing the information contained in signals.
• A system takes one or more signals as its input, processes/manipulates it and produces
another signal as output.
Input Signal Output Signal
System
Introduction
• A system can be viewed as an interconnection of several components together which
achieves a goal.
Classification of systems
• Systems can be broadly classified into two types: Continuous and discrete
• A continuous time system, inputs and outputs a continuous time signal
Input Signal Output Signal
𝑥(𝑡) Continuous- 𝑦(𝑡)
time System
• We represent it as 𝑥 𝑡 → 𝑦 𝑡 .
Examples of continuous time systems
• Example 1: Amplifier
• Input output relation: 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑡
• Example 2: RC circuit
• Input output relation:
1 𝑡
• 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑡 𝑅 + 0 𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶
𝑑 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡)
• 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡) 1 1
• + 𝑣𝑜 (𝑡)= 𝑣𝑖 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶
• Here the input output relation is a differential equation.
Discrete time systems
• A system that processes discrete time signals. Both input and output signals are discrete
time signals.
Input Signal Output Signal
𝑥[𝑛] Discrete-time 𝑦[𝑛]
System
• We represent it as 𝑥[𝑛] → 𝑦[𝑛]
Examples of discrete time systems
• Example 1: Delay element
• Input output relation 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]
Examples of discrete time systems
• Example 2: Echo effect in audio
• Input output relation: 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑠 𝑛 + 𝛼1 s n − 𝑛0 + 𝛼2 s n − 2𝑛0 + 𝛼3 s n − 3𝑛0
Interconnection of systems
• Several smaller systems (subsystems) can be interconnected together to form large complex
systems.
• There are some basic ways of interconnecting subsystems
• The first approach is called Cascade connection/series connection
• Another approach is the parallel connection
Interconnection of systems
• Series Parallel connection
• Feedback form
Properties and Classification of systems
• Memoryless systems:- Present output value depends only on the present value of the input
• E.g: 𝑦 𝑡 = 2𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦 𝑡 = log(𝑥(𝑡)), 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 2 [𝑛], 𝑦 𝑛 = 3 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 3 [𝑛]
• Identity system 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑣(𝑡)
𝑖 𝑡 =
𝑅
• Memory Systems: If the present output value depends on the past or future
values of the input and/or the past or future values output, then we say that the
system has memory.
• E.g: 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ), 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥[𝑛 + 3]
1 𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 = න𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 0
Accumulator 𝑦 𝑛 = σ𝑛𝑘=−∞ 𝑥[𝑘]
• A system with memory stores/ retains information about the values of
the input signal other than the current time
Memory and memoryless systems
• Is the system 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥[𝑛] memoryless?
• 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 = 𝑦 𝑛 − 2 + 𝑥[𝑛 − 1].
• Substituting the value of 𝑦 𝑛 − 1 in 𝑦 𝑛 we see that 𝑦 𝑛 depends on 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]. Hence it
has memory.
• A system has memory if it depends on past or future values of the input or output.
Practice problems
• Check if the following systems have memory or not?
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑥(𝑡)
𝑦 𝑛 = 2𝑛 + 2 𝑥[𝑛]
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑐
𝑦 𝑛 = 2𝑥 𝑛 + 3
𝑡
𝑦 𝑡 =𝑥
2
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 3𝑛
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 2𝑡 + 3
𝑦 𝑛 =𝑥 𝑛+5
𝑦 𝑡 = 2𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑦(𝑡 − 2)
𝑦 𝑛 = 3𝑦 𝑛 − 1 + 4𝑥 𝑛
