The Problem of Discrimination in LGBTQ+ in Philtech Tanay, Rizal 2024-

2025

A Quantitative Research
Presented to the Faculty of
Philippine Technological Institute of Science Arts and Trade Inc.
Senior High School
Tanay, Rizal

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Practical Research 2

Humanities and Social Sciences Strand

ABANO, CYRUS C.
CABSILIN, JOEVANY M.
CAMU, VIANCA FATE S.
GRAFIA, KEITH MERYLL V.
MANALO, REGINA J.
HUMSS3M7

ALEXI F. ALVAREZ
RESEARCH TEACHER/LPT
 CHAPTER 1:

1.1 Introduction

Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals remains a pressing issue in modern

society, affecting various aspects of their lives. In the Philippines, the LGBTQ+

community often faces prejudice, ranging from small insults to clear acts of exclusion

and violence. According to the 2023 Global Equality Index, the Philippines ranks

moderately in terms of LGBTQ+ inclusion, but many members of the community still

report feeling unsafe in schools, workplaces, and public spaces. This study aims to

explore the specific challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in Philtech Tanay, Rizal,

during the academic year 2024-2025.

The legal framework in the Philippines offers limited protections for LGBTQ+

individuals. While the 1987 Philippine Constitution guarantees equal protection under

the law (Article III, Section 1), there is no comprehensive anti-discrimination law at the

national level. However, local ordinances, such as the Anti-Discrimination Ordinance

of Quezon City, serve as models for promoting inclusivity. This research highlights the

need to strengthen legal protections and ensure that LGBTQ+ individuals in Philtech

Tanay, Rizal, experience equitable treatment.

Existing literature emphasizes the detrimental effects of discrimination on the

mental health, physical well-being, and social inclusion of LGBTQ+ individuals. The

findings presented by the organizations like Human Rights Watch (2022) and the

reports from regional counseling groups have been the evidence that the deliberate

discrimination is the main reason for mental problems that are too often the case with

the LGBTQ+ people. This synthesis of current research underscores the importance of
creating safe and inclusive environments, particularly in educational institutions like

Philtech Tanay.

The primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the forms of

discrimination experienced by LGBTQ+ individuals in Philtech Tanay, Rizal. More

precisely, the study first attempts: (1) to investigate the consequences of the victim for

their mental and physical health by discrimination; (2) to evaluate the contribution of

bias to their social inclusion; and (3) provide the institutional answers to the rights and

backing the included LGBTQ+ community.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals continues to be a serious issue,

affecting their rights and well-being. In Philtech Tanay, Rizal, LGBTQ+ individuals face

various forms of prejudice, from subtle forms of bias to outright acts of exclusion and

hostility. These experiences not only harm their mental and physical health but also limit

their ability to feel included and supported within their community. Despite constitutional

guarantees of equality, the lack of a national anti-discrimination law exacerbates the

problem. This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents:

1.1 Name

1.2 Age;

1.3 Section

2. How does prejudice affect their social participation?

3. What can be done to support the LGBTQ+ community in Philtech Tanay?

4. What specific discriminatory practices do LGBTQ+ individuals face in Philtech

Tanay, Rizal, and how do these manifest in terms of:

4.1 Bullying

4.2 Stereotyping

4.3 Exclusion

4.4 Violence

1.3 Objective of the Study

The study aims to analyze the forms of discrimination faced by LGBTQ+

individuals in Philtech Tanay, Rizal, during the academic year 2024-2025.

Specifically, it seeks to:

1. To describe the profile of the respondents in terms of name, age, and section.

2. To evaluate how prejudice affects the social participation and acceptance of

LGBTQ+ individuals in Philtech Tanay.

3. Propose actionable measures to address discrimination and support the LGBTQ+

community in Philtech Tanay.

4. To identify common discriminatory practices, particularly in terms of bullying,

stereotyping, exclusion, and violence.

1.4 Theoretical Framework of the Study

This study on discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals in Philtech

Tanay, Rizal, draws upon several key theoretical perspectives to explain the

patterns and impacts of discrimination on the LGBTQ+ community. These

perspectives not only help in understanding the nature of discrimination but also in

identifying potential interventions to reduce prejudice and promote inclusivity.

Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1986) is one of the most

important theories that we use to analyze the research or studies in this study.

According to the theory, people are part of their self-concept of membership in social

groups. In such cases, marginalized status of LGBTQ+ individuals within society

may occur mostly when social norms are not compatible with their orientation or

gender identity. This theory helps explain how LGBTQ+ individuals in Philtech Tanay

may experience discrimination and prejudice, leading to mental health struggles,

exclusion, and limited social participation. The theory digs deep into the

psychological aspects of in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination, which are

particularly relevant in educational environments where LGBTQ+ individuals may be

stigmatized.

This research also covers the Ecological Systems Theory

(Bronfenbrenner, 1979), mostly connecting us to the idea that individuals interact

with multiple levels of their environment, i.e. the immediate settings like family and

school to very broad societal contexts. Looking at the application of LGBTQ+

discrimination in Philtech Tanay in a similar fashion, we find that school microsystem

interactions are unto wider societal norms macrosystem. The framework sheds light

on the fact that in the filling up inclusion or exclusion in society, both social and

institutional systems play their part, hence, the bullying, stereotyping, and violence

are expressions of a deeper societal bias.

Lastly, Human Rights Theory, rooted in the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights (1948), advocates for the protection of the rights of all individuals,
 regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity. It should work because the

Philippine Constitution is promised to the equality of all before the law, but the

absence of a more inclusive anti-discrimination legislation only makes LGBTQ+

individuals more exposed to discrimination. Human Rights Theory emphasizes the

need for legal protections to ensure LGBTQ+ individuals are treated equally and

fairly in all areas of life, particularly in educational institutions.

1.5 Conceptual Framework of the Study

This study employs the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model to analyze the

problem of discrimination faced by LGBTQ+ students in Philtech Tanay, Rizal. The

IPO model as a structured approach called the components that were included in

input, the course of the data in collection, and the expectancy of outcomes. This

framework helps in exploring how factors like societal attitudes, legal frameworks,

and institutional settings contribute to the experiences of discrimination. It also aims

to assess the effects of discrimination on LGBTQ+ students' mental and physical

health, social participation, and overall well-being. Ultimately, the study seeks to

propose actionable recommendations for fostering a more inclusive environment

within the school.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Respondents' profiles  Data collection  Assessment of how
-Name -Survey discrimination impacts
-Age -Interview LGBTQ+ students’
-Gender  Identification of forms
mental health and
-Section of discrimination
 Analysis using social participation
 Relevant literature on  Recommendations for
relevant theories
the impact of creating an inclusive
discrimination on school environment
LGBTQ+ individuals
 Legal context, such as
the absence of
comprehensive anti-
 This IPO framework outlines the research approach from the initial inputs

through the data collection and analysis process, leading to the final outputs that

aim to provide valuable insights and practical steps for creating a more inclusive

environment for LGBTQ+ students in Philtech Tanay.

4o mini

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this study focuses on the problem of discrimination faced by

LGBTQ+ students at Philtech Tanay, Rizal, during the academic year 2024-2025.

The research aims to investigate various forms of discrimination, including bullying,

stereotyping, exclusion, and violence, that LGBTQ+ individuals experience within

the school environment. It also seeks to examine how these discriminatory practices

affect the mental and physical health, social participation, and overall well-being of

LGBTQ+ students. The study will explore the impact of prejudice on their sense of

inclusion in the community and provide recommendations for institutional actions to

support LGBTQ+ students. The research will involve LGBTQ+ students from

Philtech Tanay, and data will be collected through surveys, interviews, and a review

of existing literature.

However, there are several limitations to the study. Firstly, the study is

restricted to LGBTQ+ students in Philtech Tanay, Rizal, and it is possible that the

participants do not represent LGBTQ+ people in other parts of the country or in

other educational settings. The sample size is also limited by issues such as time

and the availability of participants; thus, the results may be incomplete.

Furthermore, the study is conducted within a single academic year (2024-2025),

limiting the ability to examine long-term trends in discrimination. Lastly, while the

focus is on LGBTQ+ discrimination, the study does not address other potential

forms of discrimination that may exist within the school, such as racial or economic

bias.

1.7 Significance of the Study

This study holds significant value for several key groups of people,

including LGBTQ+ students, educational institutions, policymakers, and the broader

community.

LGBTQ+ Students: This study highlights their experiences, fostering

understanding and advocating for their inclusion and well-being.

Educational Institutions: This study provides insights to improve policies and

create safer, more inclusive school environments.

Teachers and Administrators: This study helps educators address

discrimination and promote equality in their classrooms and programs.

Parents: This study raises awareness about the challenges LGBTQ+ students

face, encouraging better support and acceptance at home.

Policymakers: This study offers data to guide the creation of local policies that

protect and support LGBTQ+ students.

 Mental Health Professionals: This study identifies the psychological impacts of

discrimination, aiding in designing effective support strategies.

Peers and Classmates: This study promotes understanding and acceptance,

fostering positive relationships and reducing stigma.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Discrimination: Unjust treatment based on characteristics like sexual orientation or

gender identity, especially in educational settings.

LGBTQ+: An acronym for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and

Queer/Questioning, with "+" representing other sexual orientations and gender

identities.

Bullying: Repeated aggressive behavior that harms others, including physical,

verbal, or emotional abuse targeting LGBTQ+ individuals.

Stereotyping: Oversimplified and biased generalizations about a group, often

leading to negative assumptions about LGBTQ+ individuals.

Exclusion: Deliberate isolation of individuals, such as leaving LGBTQ+ students out

of social activities or opportunities.

 Violence: Physical harm directed at LGBTQ+ individuals due to their sexual

orientation or gender identity.

Inclusivity: Creating environments where all individuals, including LGBTQ+

students, are accepted and valued.

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes some related literature and studies of foreign and local

presented in following paragraphs:

Foreign Literature

Equal Opportunities Commission (2017) defined discrimination as the

treatment to a person unfairly because of who they are or because they possess certain

characteristics. One’s sexual orientation is enough for a person to experience

discrimination. According to Attorney Sachi Barreiro(2019),sexual orientation

discrimination is the unequal treatment of the community because of one's sexual

orientation. It includes being harassed and treated differently because of his/her real or

perceived sexual orientation. Discrimination is a part of the school experiences of many

students, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. But the experience can be
more difficult for LGBT students, who often struggle to make sense of their identities,

lack support from family and friends, and encounter negative messaging about LGBT

people at school(Human Rights Watch,2016).According to Mental Health in Lesbian,

Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth (2016) by Stephen Russel and Jessica Fish,

LGBT youth members come out at younger ages and that public support for LGBT

issues has dramatically increased but still LGBT youth continue to be at a high risk for

compromised mental health and discrimination. Family and peer acceptance of LGBT

adolescents results to positive young adult mental and physical health. Interventions

that promote mental parental acceptance of LGBT are needed to reduce health

disparities (Rosario etal.,2009). Based on “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender

Youth Talk about Experiencing and Coping with School Violence: A Quantitative Study”

(Grossman et al., 2009), most members of the LGBT community disclosed and hide

their sexual orientation for years. It took this long for them to accept themselves and to

disclose it to other people because they know that not all people are open minded to

this topic. In schools, people were aware of the happenings and still continued to ignore

the problem, which made it harder for the members of the LGBT Community to cope up

with their feelings. All members of LGBT’s subgroups are subjected to similar prejudices

rooted in beliefs and traditions about sexuality and gender. They are more likely to

experience intolerance, discrimination and harassment (Chatterjee Subharajit,2014).

According to Darrel Higa et al., (2014), LGBT youth experiences verbal and

physical harassment, youth described verbal harassment such as being called names,

hearing derogatory labels or phrases, while physical harassment includes being

pushed, bullied, beaten up, or having food thrown at them. According to Blackman

(2016) many people are guilty of discrimination against LGBT youths, whether
consciously or unconsciously. These discrimination affect the LGBT youths in ways

which can lead them to depression, their downfall and their death. Discrimination is

accounted to the increase depressive symptomatology among LGBT males or females,

and accounted for an elevated risk of self-harm and suicidal ideations. Discrimination

like this is likely a contributor to emotional distress among LGBT youth (Almedia et

al.,2008).

The present study examines the intersection of race and sexual orientation in the

experience of discrimination among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer

(LGBTQ) people. The results of the study suggest that while a majority of LGBTQ

individuals report being victims of anti-LGBTQ discrimination, racial minorities

experience even greater levels of anti-LGBTQ discrimination than do White LGBTQ

people. The findings suggest that the intersection of race and sexual orientation creates

elevated levels of discrimination risk beyond the already elevated rates of discrimination

experienced by members of the LGBTQ community for LGBTQ racial minorities.

Decades after the start of the movement against lesbian, gay, transgendered,

bisexual, and queer LGBTQ discrimination LGBTQ citizens have finally earned a long-

sought victory. In its recent decision on June 26 2015, the Supreme Court ruled in a 5-

to-4 decision that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Although

this was undoubtedly a huge win for the LGBTQ community, the question still remains:"

how, if at all, will this decision affect the larger problems with LGTBQ discrimination As

further explained below, the answer to this question may not be as apparent as the

Obergefell decision suggests. Although seldom reported in the news, LGBTQ

discrimination by police officers has been a significant problem for members of the

LGBTQ community. This discrimination has been present for quite some time, perhaps
most obviously when looking at the enactment and selective enforcement of certain

laws, such as anti-sodomy laws and” crime against.

LGBTQ+ discrimination: distortions in occupational allocation and

macroeconomic effects José Daniel Palacio Murillo Universidad de los Andes, 2024

Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals is a societal issue that has led to an

overrepresentation of these workers in unemployment when compared to their non-

LGBTQ+ counterparts in the Colombian labor market. To comprehend the effects and

mechanisms underlying the resulting inefficiencies in occupational allocation, I introduce

a heterogeneous agent model set within a multisectoral economy and uncertainty on

discriminated households’ productivity and compare it to a baseline model with

complete information. Using macroeconomic data from the Colombian economy, and

when compared to non-LGBTQ+ households, I find an upper limit of unemployment and

informal employment for LGBTQ+ households of 3.5 and 23.6 percentage points higher,

respectively.

Customer attributions for LGBT-friendly branding hotels and skepticism Heejung

Ro, Juhee Kang International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2024.

Purpose, This paper aims to examine the relationships between motives, skepticism

and brands evaluations in the LGBT-friendly branding hotels context.

Design/methodology/approach, An online survey is created and 278 LGBT participants

are recruited through a consumer panels firm. The research model is tested through

structural equation modeling. Findings, Values-, stakeholder- and strategic-driven

motives are negatively related to skepticism, while egoistic-driven motive is positively

related to skepticism. Also, sexual orientation openness moderates the relationship

between stakeholder-driven motives and skepticism. Finally, skepticism is negatively

related to brands evaluations. Research limitations/implications, The research findings

are limited to the LGBT-friendly hotels. However, this research contributes to the CSR

and LGBT consumer research by examining the relationships between the four motives

and skepticism considering LGBT customers’ sexual orientation openness level.

Practical implications, Hotels should devote greater efforts to communicating that their

LGBT-friendly branding efforts are genuine by acknowledging both the social benefits

and the business interests. Social implications, As more and more hotels promote

themselves as LGBT-friendly brands, a key challenge is reducing skepticism by

appropriately conveying their motives. This research sheds light on this critical issue.

Originality/Value, Although existent research on LGBT-friendliness has established its

importance; there is a lack of understanding as to how customers perceive LGBT-

friendly branding hotels. This research examines the four motives of hotels presenting

themselves as being LGBT-friendly and their relationships to skepticism.

Love is (not) love? exploring Chinese university teachers’ agency in translating

rainbow works Xiaoming Tian, Yunxuan Rao, Ziyang Chen, Gender and Education, 1-

18, 2024. This study employs Emirbayer and Mische’s concept of ‘agency’ as a

theoretical tool to examine the impact of the subjective agency exhibited by 11 Chinese

university teacher translators on the translation of rainbow works. The analysis

examines the iterational, projective, and practical-evaluative dimensions of their agency,

uncovering the mechanisms associated with each. Findings show that external

pressures in the iterational dimension led to negative agency, discouraging the

translation of rainbow works. In contrast, the projective dimension fostered positive

agency, with translators advocating for these works. The practical-evaluative dimension

revealed twisted agency, leading to ambivalence in translation decisions. The study

advocates for fostering positive agency through the projective dimension to enhance

societal understanding of sexual minorities and promote inclusive translation practices.

Cultural Threat, Outgroup Discrimination, and Attitudes toward Transgender

Rights. Daniel C Lewis, Andrew R Flores, Donald P Haider-Markel, Patrick R Miller,

Jami K Taylor. Political Behavior, 1-26, 2024. Scholars often highlight the roles that

group threat and intergroup solidarity play in shaping attitudes toward outgroups.

Competition among social groups, including over values and culture, can underlie

negative attitudes toward outgroups. Meanwhile, perceptions of discrimination against

outgroups can drive feelings of solidarity, sympathy, or empathy, which may foster more

positive attitudes. These social identity concepts are often studied in the context of

racial, ethnic, and religious prejudice, with less attention to how they apply to attitudes

toward transgender and gender diverse people. Using a 2022 national survey, we

assess how respondents’ perceptions of cultural threat from the LGBTQ community and

perceptions of discrimination among a range of outgroups are related to attitudes about

transgender rights policies, including access to public restrooms, participation in school

sports, and medical transition care. We find that cultural threat is consistently

associated with support for policies that restrict the rights of transgender people, but

perceived outgroup discrimination tends not to show a significant relationship with these

attitudes.

The blue of the rainbow: Queerness and hiring discrimination in blue-collar

occupations. Maryam Dilmaghani, Margaret Robinson. Review of Social Economy 82

(3), 367-395, 2024. The extant literature and anecdotal evidence suggest that blue-

collar workers who are openly queer (an inclusive term for sexual and gender

minorities) are among the most marginalized in the labour market. This article reports
the results of a correspondence audit of hiring discrimination in entry-level positions in

the Canadian blue-collar sector. Creating four fictitious job candidates with welding

skills, 2000 applications were sent to openings across Canada. Applications were

identical except for gender-specific first names and volunteer activities, which were

designed to signal some applicants as queer and others as straight and cisgender. The

straight cisgender male received the highest number of callbacks; almost twice as many

as the queer male, who was the least favoured among the four candidates. There was

no statistically significant difference in callback rates between the two female applicants

by queer status.

Local Literature

in the visibility and recognition of LGBTQ+ identity have been accompanied by an

evolution in understanding how educational policies, curricula, and environments impact

well-being, health, and academic success. Since 2015, landmark decisions by the U.S.

Supreme Court recognizing same-sex marriage and expansively defining sex under

employment law have been joined by a retrenchment in public opinion as well as federal

and state policy. This paradox of both increasing LGBTQ+ visibility and resistance

toward LGBTQ+ acceptance has centered LGBTQ+ youth in political debates, with a

particular focus on issues related to transgender and nonbinary youth. Historically, the

literature on LGBTQ+ students in schools has focused on discrimination and poor social

relationships, such as bullying, harassment, and victimization. While situated in a deficit-

based framing, students' reports of negative school environments and their connection

to poor academic and health outcomes provide the motivation for policymakers

educators parents, and other educational stakeholders to invest in structural and social

reform efforts. The law has played a prominent role in both the expansion and
retrenchment of students' civil rights in schools and this has been true for LGBTQ+

students. LGBTQ+ students have experienced many favorable but fluctuating rulings in

many courts, so school officials would be wise to keep apprised of the evolving

decisions in their jurisdictions. Educational stakeholders should familiarize themselves

with the legal landscape, advocate for inclusive and protective state and local policies,

ensure that local district practices protect LGBTQ+ students from discrimination and

harassment in schools leverage LGBTQ+-inclusive community organizations and

resources participate in trainings to improve inclusive school practices and build

LGBTQ+-inclusive facilities, teaching practices, and social supports for youth.

The LGBT or Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender in the Philippines are

known for having a distinctive, influential culture however they are bounded to

discrimination(San BedaCollege,2017).Throughout Philippine history, homosexual

behavior has already existed and people are discriminated for loving a person in the

opposite sex. Homosexuality can be traced back in the ancient Greece. During those

times, however, homosexuality has been seen as a sin and has been widely

condemned. Judaism and Christianity view homosexuality as a sin. During the Spanish

era, homosexuality was seen as a sin and during the Americans; it is regarded as an

illness (Revadulla,2011). According to the research made by Human Rights Watch

(2017) in the Philippines, whether it takes physical, verbal, in person or on social

media, bullying endangers the safety, health, and education of LGBT youth. It is stated

in this study that among young LGBT people, “low self -esteem and poor self

acceptance, combined with discrimination was also linked to destructive coping

behaviors such as isolation and depression.” The most common form of bullying that

LGBT students reported in interviews with Human Rights Watch was verbal
harassment. This included chants of “bakla, bakla,” “bayot, bayot,” “tomboy,” or “tibo,”

using local terms for gay, lesbian, or transgender students in a mocking fashion.

According to Ginolos (2017), members of the LGBT Community have become

uncomfortable of who they are and some are shutting themselves from society due to

verbal abuse. He also stated that this is the most common form of harassment

(discrimination) LGBT encounters.

From the bathroom to a national discussion of LGBTQ+ rights: A case of

discrimination in the Philippines Luis Emmanuel A Abesamis, Rowalt Alibudbud Journal

of Lesbian Studies 28 (1), 84-99, 2024 Despite the Philippines’ progress in gender

equality, contemporary evidence suggests that Filipinos continue to possess negative

attitudes toward lesbian and gay individuals. Likewise, discrimination and violence

toward bisexual, transgender, and queer Filipinos have been documented. Despite

cases of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (SOGIE) based

discrimination, national-level anti-discrimination legislation remains unpassed in the

Senate. This study explores the national discussions on the SOGIE Equality Bill

triggered by a bathroom discrimination experienced by a Filipino transgender woman

in 2019. Taking cues from Richardson’s sexual citizenship framework, we investigate

the diverse rights discourses among sectoral groups, such as local lesbian, gay,

bisexual, transgender, queer, and other individuals of marginalized sexualities and

genders (LGBTQ+) organizations and their allies, high-ranking Filipino politicians, and

religious organizations.

Behavioural responses to SOGIE-based harassment among university students:

a qualitative study on bystander intervention in the Philippines Luis Emmanuel A

Abesamis Psychology & Sexuality 15 (2), 147-157, 2024 In the Philippines, rising
incidences of harassment directed at Filipinos who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual,

trans, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI+) are part and parcel of the systemic prejudice and

discrimination based on an individual’s sexual orientation, gender identity, and

expression (SOGIE). In the absence of a national anti-discrimination legislation, the

burden to confront SOGIE-based harassment (SBH) rests upon the LGBTQI+

community and their allies. In-depth interviews with five (5) Filipino university students

foreground how those with salient distinct identities from targets of harassment surfaced

hesitations and barriers to successfully intervening (e.g. cisgender and heterosexual

bystanders vis-à-vis LGBTQI+ targets of harassment), while bystanders who associate

with victims of SBH, either by acknowledging them as friends or as fellow human

beings, articulated substantial motivation and greater ease in intervening.

Acceptance and Attitude of Filipinos Towards LGBTQIA+ Community Shane

Brian Dec P Esmabe, Jeanne Yvesh P Francisco, Sherylynn H Pelayo, Angelika B

Profeta The battle for equality by the LGBTQIA+ community has been going on for a

while, but it has gotten better as more people have come to believe that LGBTQIA+

individuals should be treated with the same respect and rights as everyone else. The

social struggle towards the acceptance and attitudes of LGBTQIA+ community in the

Philippines is still on topic since then until now.

Enhancing Nursing Education to Address LGBTQ+ Healthcare Needs:

Perspectives from the Philippines Rowalt Alibudbud SAGE Open Nursing 10,

23779608241251632, 2024 Enhancing healthcare professionals’ education and training

to effectively manage the healthcare needs of People Identifying as Lesbian, Gay,

Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and other Sexual and Gender Minorities (LGBTQ+) is

imperative. Recognizing the importance of mitigating LGBTQ+ health disparities,

healthcare associations have affirmed their commitment to providing inclusive and

culturally competent healthcare. However, despite these efforts, there is still a gap in

LGBTQ+-specific teaching within nursing and other healthcare professionals’ schools,

resulting in healthcare professionals being ill-equipped to meet the unique needs of

LGBTQ+. To address this gap, we suggest integrating LGBTQ+ health content into

healthcare training programs, focusing on the Philippine nursing curriculum. Drawing

from various reports, including insights from discussions with the local LGBTQ+, the

suggested topics include LGBTQ+ identities, sexual health, trans health, mental health,

and social determinants of LGBTQ+ health.

Trans visibility: A look into filipinos’ attitudes toward transgender individuals Marc

Eric S Reyes, Valerie Faith C Cabanilla, Alessandra Jae S Gavino, Rozann Ishbel S

Gonzaga, Mitzi Louise H Hojilla, Maria Kristine R Isidro, Darielle Morine C Mesina,

Angeli Charmaine C Tan, Karolina Konopka Sexuality & Culture 28 (2), 509-533, 2024

People’s attitudes toward members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender

(LGBT) community have been an important issue that has persisted in society through

time. Researchers have conducted numerous studies to understand members of this

sexual minority group. However, studies geared toward an understanding of

transgender individuals have been minimal compared to other members of the LGBT

community, especially in the Philippines, where there has been increased visibility of

transgender people in mainstream media.

Through the Eye of a Needle: Understanding the Identities of LGBTQ+ Teachers

Within Catholic Institutions in the Philippines Juan Gabriel I Jacinto, Janine Ysabelle C

Odulio, Sabine Dominique B Sison, Ma Elizabeth J Macapagal Journal of

Homosexuality, 1-27, 2024 The pervasive Catholic culture permeates through the social
fabric of the Philippines and exerts unique pressures on Filipinos. This study highlighted

the unique experiences of Filipino LGBTQ+ educators of private Catholic schools. Using

the grounded theory approach, seven participants who identified as LGBTQ+ and

taught in private Catholic schools in the Philippines for a minimum of one year were

interviewed. Semi-structured interviews with the participants illustrated that these

LGBTQ+ educators had to contend with negotiating their identities while carefully

navigating through their work environment. This yielded three key themes: (1)

Recognizing the political dimension of private schools, (2) Threading the Needle, and

(3) Obtaining and Optimizing Safe Spaces. As a result, the Constricting Contexts Model

was proposed to better understand and contextualize such factors and emphasize the

role that environments and expectations play into the identities of marginalized groups

such as the LGBTQ+ community.

Foreign Studies

Development of Ethical Dilemma Distress Scale for Mental Health Practitioners

(EDDS-MHP) Mugadas Fatima, Uzma Ilyas Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research

39 (3), 613-637, 2024 An ethical dilemma arises when a psychologist encounters a

situation where it is unable to find an immediate resolution. In psychotherapy, this

situation can act as an" ethical canary," similar to a canary in a mineshaft serving as an

early sign of trouble. This study aimed to create a scale for measuring the ethical

dilemma distress that is experienced by mental health practitioners when dealing with

ethical dilemmas in their practice. The study was conducted in three phases: Phase I

involved generating items, followed by Phase II, which encompassed constructing the

scale, and in Phase III, the scale underwent reliability and validity analysis. Expert

review was sought from 8 experts on 75 items developed in the item generation stage.
The assumptions for factor analysis were satisfied as KMO and Bartlett's test of

sphericity were significant and significant correlations were found within the items. An

exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with principal component analysis (PCA) was

conducted on 27 items, employing Promax rotation. EFA suggested the retention of four

factors, which included ethical distress in clinical practice, ethical quandaries concerning

professional boundaries, ethical disclosure dilemmas, and conflicts of values leading to

distress. The Ethical Dilemma Distress Scale for Mental Health Practitioners

(EDDSMHP) was thus found to be a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of ethical

dilemma distress among mental health practitioners. The instrument developed can be

a crucial step in timely and accurately assessing ethical dilemma distress among mental

health practitioners. It may also help to develop a tailored ethical training program as

well as design interventions to inculcate ethical decision-making skills. Sexual Stigma,

Depressive Symptoms, and HIV Vulnerability Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men

Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya.

Christine J Korhonen University of Washington, 2024 The studies within this

dissertation address sexual stigma and its associations with HIV behavioral vulnerability

among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). GBMSM

experience stigma and discrimination due to their sexual minority status. This work: 1)

establishes the magnitude of reported depressive symptoms and alcohol use among

GBMSM at three sites in Kenya, 2) assesses the validity and reliability of a sexual

stigma scale targeted toward GBSMSM in Kenya, 3) describes the association between

depressive symptoms and sexual behaviors, and 4) assesses associations between

sexual stigma, depressive symptoms, alcohol use and sexual behaviors.

Local Studies
 Preferences and Travel Motivations of Pink Tourists Among Filipinos Mary

Christine E De Luna, Rachelyn Ruth L Santiago, Irvin N Villaceran Journal of Tourism

and Hospitality Studies 2 (1), 25-29, 2024 The purpose of this study was to determine

the preferences and driving forces behind LGBT, or pink, tourism. LGBT tourism is

referred to as" pink tourism."(Greenberg, Peter (2007). This abbreviation, which stands

for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, is frequently used to refer to the LGBT

community. The motivations behind Pink Tourists' travel choices will be examined in this

study. The research was split up into four sections: Phase 1 dealt with determining the

demographic profile of the correspondents in terms of sexual orientation/gender, age,

status, income, travel frequency, travel companion, and accommodation preference.

Pagpanapas (Sugarcane Harvesting): A Semantic Analysis Towards the

Terminologies of Toboso's Sugarcane Laborers Diana Marie Tudara, Ronnie John

Castellano, Precious Pearl Tacugue, Riva Belangel Available at SSRN 4832492, 2024

The study explored the distinct terminologies used by the sugarcane laborers of San

Isidro, Toboso during the harvesting season. It aims to understand and document the

language used by the laborers to successfully formulate a glossary of terms for the

purpose of terminology accessibility, awareness and preservation. The study used a

semantic analysis approach and ethnolinguistic design in analyzing the data gathered

using interview guides and recorders. The study used random sampling, criteria

checking and data saturation in determining the respondents, in which 7 out of 15

qualified laborers age ranging from 27 to 51 years old with 5 years above field work

experience are chosen to be respondents. Results showed that there were a total of 56

terminologies used during harvesting season which is derived mostly from Cebuano

language; Few Spanish terms were also found.

 “How Green Do We Have to Be?” Reading Laudate Deum in the Lenses of

Inclusivity James Loreto Piscos Scientia-The International Journal on the Liberal Arts 13

(2), 29-43, 2024 Reading Laudate Deum in the Lenses of Inclusivity is not just an

academic exercise. It is a commitment to walk with Pope Francis’ call to act immediately

to address the issues of climate change and global environmental crisis. The paper

aims to present the key concepts of his apostolic exhortation that advance the theme of

inclusivity. It shall include a trace in the development of his concepts of inclusivity in his

writings and programs, identify them in the text itself of Laudate Deum, and examine

them within the framework of intersectionality. Pope Francis has been highly vocal

about the technocratic paradigm that dominates and causes havoc to the harmony that

the people of this world can enjoy. He urges world leaders to do something since his

encyclical is at the best time to influence the United Nations Climate Summit (COP28).

But beyond the rhetoric are issues that need to be responded to.

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of Research

This study employs a descriptive research design to explore the problem of

discrimination faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in Philtech Tanay, Rizal, during the

academic year 2024-2025. This method is appropriate for identifying and describing the

forms of discrimination and understanding its impact on the mental health, social

participation, and overall well-being of LGBTQ+ students.

3.2 Population, Sample Size, and Sample Technique

The population of this study consists of all LGBTQ+ students enrolled at Philtech

Tanay, Rizal. A sample of 50 respondents is selected using purposive sampling,

ensuring that participants have relevant experiences and insights into the research

topic.

3.3 Description of Respondents

The respondents are LGBTQ+ students of varying age groups, academic

sections, and social backgrounds. They provide diverse perspectives on the

discrimination they face and its effects on their lives.

3.4 Research Instruments

The study utilizes survey questionnaires to gather quantitative data and semi-

structured interviews to collect qualitative insights. The survey measures the prevalence

of discrimination, while the interviews explore personal experiences and coping

mechanisms.

3.5 Data Gathering

Data is collected through a combination of surveys distributed to respondents,

interviews conducted with willing participants, and a review of institutional policies and

documents related to inclusion and diversity.

3.6 Statistical Treatment

Quantitative data is analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency and

percentage distributions, to summarize the prevalence and types of discrimination.

Qualitative data is subjected to thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and

unique experiences.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

 The study adheres to strict ethical guidelines, including obtaining informed

consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity, and allowing

voluntary participation. The researchers also prioritize sensitivity to the respondents’

comfort and well-being throughout the data collection process.

References

Human Rights Watch (2016). Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals: A Global

Perspective. Retrieved from [Link]

Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and
Transgender Youth. Retrieved from [Link]

Grossman, A. H., & D'Augelli, A. R. (2009). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender
Youth: Experiences of Violence and Coping Mechanisms. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 38(6), 897-907. Retrieved from
[Link]

San Beda College (2017). The Struggles of LGBTQ+ Community in the Philippines: A
Historical Overview. Retrieved from [Link]
Human Rights Watch (2017). The Impact of Bullying on LGBTQ+ Youth in the
Philippines. Retrieved from [Link]

Singh, S., & Durso, L. E. (2017, May 2). Widespread DiscriminationContinues to Shape
LGBT People’s Lives in Both Subtle and Significant Ways. Center for American
Progress.[Link]
continues-shape-lgbt-peoples-lives-subtle-significant-ways/