Statistics
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of collecting, analyzing, interpreting,
presenting, and organizing data in a particular manner. Statistics is defined as the process of collection
of data, classifying data, representing the data for easy interpretation, and further analysis of data.
Data Representation in Statistics
Pie Chart Representation : The pie chart is a type of graph in which a circle is divided into
Sectors where each sector represents a proportion of the whole.
Bar Graph Representation
A group of data represented with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values is a bar graph.
The bars can either be vertically or horizontally plotted.
Line graph Representation : The line graph represents the data in a form of series that is connected
with a straight line. These series are called markers.
Pictograph Representation: Data shown in the form of pictures is a pictograph. Pictorial symbols for
words, objects, or phrases can be represented with different numbers.
Histogram Representation: The histogram is a type of graph where the diagram consists of rectangles,
the area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and the width is equal to the class interval. Here is
an example of a histogram.
Frequency Distribution: The frequency distribution table in statistics showcases the data in ascending
order along with their corresponding frequencies. The frequency of the data is often represented by f.
Mean, Median and Mode in Statistics
Mean of Ungrouped Data
The arithmetic mean of a given data is the sum of all observations divided by the number of
observations.
Example: If the heights of 5 people are 142 cm, 150 cm, 149 cm, 156 cm, and 153 cm.
Find the mean height.
Solution : Mean height, x̄ = (142 + 150 + 149 + 156 + 153)/5
= 750/5
= 150
Mean, x̄ = 150 cm
Mean of Grouped Data
Example 1: Find the mean of the following distribution:
Solution :
Median
Median represents the middle value for any group. It is the point at which half the data is more and half
the data is less. Median helps to represent a large number of data points with a single data point. The
median is the easiest statistical measure to calculate.
The following steps are helpful while applying the median formula for ungrouped data.
Step 1: Arrange the data in ascending or descending order.
Step 2: Secondly, count the total number of observations 'n'.
Step 3: Check if the number of observations 'n' is even or odd.
Median Formula
Example: The age of the members of a weekend poker team has been listed
below. Find the median of the above set.
{42, 40, 50, 60, 35, 58, 32}
Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the data items in ascending order.
Original set: {42, 40, 50, 60, 35, 58, 32}
Ordered Set: {32, 35, 40, 42, 50, 58, 60}
Step 2: Count the number of observations. In this the number of observations
are odd, then we will use the following formula: Median = [(n + 1)/2]th term
Step 3: Calculate the median using the formula.
Median = [(n + 1)/2]th term
= (7 + 1)/2th term = 4th term = 42
Median = 42
Mode
In statistics, the mode formula is used to calculate the mode or modal value of
a given set of data. It is defined as the value that is repeatedly occurring in a
given set. That means, the value or number in a data set, which has a high
frequency or appears more frequently is called mode or modal value. Mode is
one of the three measures of central tendency, apart from mean and median.
Example : The mode of the following data 4, 6, 5, 9, 3, 2, 7, 7, 6, 5,4, 9, 10, 3,
4, 7, 6, 9, 9, 10 is ?
Solution : Here, 4 appears 3 times
6 appears 3 times
5 appears 2 times
9 appears 4 times
3 appears 2 times
2 appears 1 time
7 appears 3 times
10 appears 2 times
Since, 9 occurs the maximum number of times
The mode is 9.
Relation Between Mean Median and Mode
The formula to define the relation between mean, median, and mode in a
moderately skewed distribution is
3 (median) = mode + 2 mean.
Example : The median is 20 and the mean is 22.5. Using these values, find
the approximate value of the mode.
Solution: Given, Mean = 22.5, Median = 20, Mode = x
Now, using the relationship between mean mode and median we get,
(Mean – Mode) = 3 (Mean – Median)
So, 22.5 – x = 3 (22.5 – 20)
22.5 – x = 7.5
∴ x = 15
So, Mode = 15.
Example : Study the pie chart and answer the given questions.
The total expenditure of a company for a particular month is Rs. 60000. The
various heads of expenditure I to IV are indicated in a pie chart given below.
These heads are:
Total expenditure on conveyance is?
Solution : Corresponding angle for conveyance = 90°
∵ 360° ≡ Rs. 60000
∴ Total expenditure of conveyance
= (90 /360)×60000=Rs. 15000
Example : The following pie- chart shows the study- time of different
subject of a student in a day. Study the pie chart and answer the
following questions.
Find the central angle of Mathematics ?
Solution :
(30/100) × 3600
1080
