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CE : CIVIL ENGINEERING
Module - 4 : Structural Engineering
Index
Ch. Pg.
Contents Topics
No. No.
1. Structural Analysis
Static and Kinematic Indeterminancy 1
Methods of Structural Analysis 22
Slope Deflection Method 28
Notes Moment Distribution Theorem 35
Analysis of Cables and Arches 50
Influence Line Diagram 70
Basic Concept of Matrix Method 93
Assignment1 99
Assignment2 103
Assignments
Assignment3 107
Assignment4 110
Test Paper1 115
Test Paper2 118
Test Papers Test Paper3 121
Test Paper4 124
Test Paper5 127
Practice Problems Questions 130
2. Concrete Structure
Concrete, Workmanship, Inspection and Testing 144
Notes Working Stress Method of Design 150
Limit State Method of Design 158
Ch. Pg.
Contents Topics
No. No.
Limit State in Singly Reinforced Beam 161
Limit State in Doubly Reinforced Beam 169
Limit State of Collapse in Shear 178
Limit State of Collapse in Bond 185
Limit State of Collapse in Torsion 189
Limit State of Collapse in Compression 192
Footings 202
Limit State of Serviceability 205
PreStressed Concrete Structures 208
Assignment1 223
Assignment2 225
Assignment3 228
Assignments
Assignment4 230
Assignment5 232
Assignment6 234
Test Paper1 236
Test Papers Test Paper2 239
Test Paper3 242
Practice Problems Questions 244
3. Steel Structure
Materials and Specification 252
Riveted and Bolted Connection 254
Welded Connections 268
Eccentric Connections 276
Notes Analysis and Design of Tension Members 281
Design and Analysis of Compression Members 293
Beams and Beam Columns 302
Girders, Truss 310
Plastic Analysis and Design 316
Assignment1 338
Assignments Assignment2 340
Assignment3 343
Ch. Pg.
Contents Topics
No. No.
Test Paper1 347
Test Papers Test Paper2 350
Test Paper3 352
Practice Problems Questions 355
4. Construction Material and Management
Pert 369
CPM 370
Crashing of Networks 373
Resource Allocation & CPM Updating 376
Notes
Engineering Economy 377
Cement 385
Mortar 388
Concrete 389
Assignment1 396
Assignments Assignment2 399
Assignment3 402
Test Paper1 404
Test Papers
Test Paper2 406
Practice Problems Questions 408
SOLUTIONS
Structural Analysis
Answer Key 411
Assignments
Model Solutions 413
Answer Key 428
Test Papers
Model Solutions 430
Answer Key 448
Practice Problems
Model Solutions 449
Concrete Structure
Answer Key 457
Assignments
Model Solutions 459
Answer Key 469
Test Papers
Model Solutions 470
Answer Key 480
Practice Problems
Model Solutions 481
Ch. Pg.
Contents Topics
No. No.
Steel Structure
Answer Key 486
Assignments
Model Solutions 487
Answer Key 500
Test Papers
Model Solutions 501
Answer Key 510
Practice Problems
Model Solutions 511
Construction Material and Management
Assignments Answer Key 524
Test Papers Answer Key 525
Practice Problems Answer Key 526
Topic 1 : Structural Analysis
STATIC AND KINEMATIC INDETERMINANCY
Structural engineering is a field engineering dealing with the analysis and design of
structures that support or resist loads. Structural engineering is usually considered a
specialty within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right. Structural
engineering theory is based upon physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural
performance of different materials and geometries. Structural engineering design utilizes
a number of simple structural elements to build complex structural systems. A structure
may be defined as an assemblage of load bearing elements in a construction.
Structural Analysis
Structural analysis is the application of solid mechanics to predict the response (in terms
of force and displacements) of a given structure subjected to specified loads.
3D Structural view of an element
Structural Elements
Structural elements are used in structural analysis to split a complex structure into simple
elements. Within a structure, an element cannot be broken down (decomposed) into
parts of different kinds {e.g., beam or column). Structural elements can be linear, surface
or volumes as given below.
Line element Beams, columns, truss, frame, cable.
Surface element Slabs, shear walls etc.
Planar Structures
When all the line elements of skeletal structure lie in a single plane and the loading is
also in this plane, the structure is called planar structure otherwise, it is called a space
structure.
Some example of the Planar Structures are
Beams
Simply supported, fixed or continuous.
Simply supported beams
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.1
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Plane Trusses
In plane trusses, all the members lie on a plane, while the loads carried by the truss, are
only concentrated forces that act on the joints and lie on the same plane.
Developed plane trusses
Plane Frames
In the case of plane frame, all the members lie in the same plane and are interconnected
by rigid joints.
Plane frames
Cables
Cables carry applied load and develop mostly tensile stresses. Loads applied through
hangers. Cables near the end supporting structures experience bending moments and
shear forces.
Load acting on cables
Arches
Arches carry applied loads and develop mainly in-phase compressive stresses; three
hinged, two hinged and fixed arches.
Load acting on arches
Joints
Various elements in a skeletal structure are interconnected at joint.
Every joint serves two important functions
Kinematic function At joint, different connecting parts should be displaced identically
(rotate or translate).
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.2
Notes on Structural Analysis
Static function Joint should provide appropriate transmission of internal forces (axial,
shear, bending moment, twisting) from one connecting member to other.
Types of Joints
Joints are divided into various types as given below
Rigid Joints At rigid joint, there can be no relative rotation or translation occur between
connecting member.
Thus, this joint fully transmits all types of internal forces. Joint itself may move or
translate.
Rigid joint B
In above figure, joint B is rigid, under the application of load frame deflects as shown,
with rigid joint B rotating B and translates B. The rigidity of joint B ensures that the
included angle between connecting member (AB and BC) remains unchanged (right
angle in this case).
Both members (AB and BC) will undergo same clockwise rotation B.
Pinned Joints The pinned joint permits free relative rotation between interconnecting
members, while ensuring that the translation is the same. Freedom of rotation, ensures
the bending moment is zero at pin joint. Transmission of axial and shear forces is
possible. e.g., Natural pinned (hinged) joints in our own physical bodies shoulder joint
(permits free movements in all directions), elbow and knee joints (limits the freedom of
rotation in one plane).
Frames
Frames are assemblies of elements that resist force through a stiffness of the beam-to-
column joints or which contain additional diagonal elements to brace motion against
collapse.
In given frame, providing a pinned joint at B, internal angle between AB and BC is no
longer required to remain a right angle. Column AB behaves like a vertical cantilever, with
no flexural participation from connecting beam B.
(a) Simple frame ABC
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Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
(b) Rigid joint B in frame ABC
Rigid joint B in frame ABC
Beams
Beams are slender members used for supporting transverse loading.
(a) Internal hinge at B in a beam
(b) Load transfer mechanism
FBD
Shear force diagram of a beams
Pinned joint, provided to interconnect two beams is called internal hinge. The hinge
(internal pin) releases moment at B in above beam. Load transmission from AB to BC
takes place via shear force.
Supports (for a planar structure)
The different types of supports generally used to balance a beam are given below
Fixed Support (or built in)
All three degrees of freedom arrested, i.e., for plane x-y no translation as well as rotation.
No translation i.e., x = 0, y = 0
No rotation i.e., z = 0
where, x = translation in xplane
y = translation in yplane
z = rotation in zplane
Fixed support
(i.e., three restraints)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.4
Notes on Structural Analysis
Hinged Support (for pinned)
No translation, but rotation is possible (i.e., two restrains)
x = 0, y = 0, z 0
Hinged support
Roller Support
Free to translate in horizontal direction only.
i.e., y = 0 (one restraint)
x, z 0
Roller support
Guided Fixed Support
Only translation in vertical direction is possible.
y 0
Guided support
Internal Link
It is a short bar with pin at each end. A link is capable of transmitting moment as well as
horizontal reaction.
Internal link support
Thus, it provides two additional equations of equilibrium.
M = 0
and H = 0
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.5
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
In statically determinate structures, reactions and internal forces can be determinated
solely from free-body diagrams and equations of equilibrium. While in statically
indeterminate structures, reactions and internal forces cannot be found by statics alone.
Statically Determinate Structures
Structures that can be analysed with the help of equations of static equilibrium alone i.e.,
All the forces in the structure can be strictly determined from the static equilibrium
equations.
Equations of Static Equilibrium
For spaced structure (i.e. in three dimensions)
Mx = 0, MY = 0, MZ = 0
FX = 0, FY = 0, FZ = 0
For planar structure (i.e. having all members in one plane)
FX = 0, FY = 0, M0 = 0 (XY plane)
where, MX = moment in x-plane
MY = moment in y-plane
MZ = moment in z-plane
FX = force acting on x-plane
FY = force acting on y-plane
FZ = force acting on z-plane
e.g., Simply supported beam
Total number of unknowns = 3
Total available equations of equilibrium = 3
So, we can find out R1, R2, R3
Three hinged arch
Reactions on points A and B while C as fixed point
Total number of unknowns = 4
Total available equations of static equilibrium = 3
Extra equation of equilibrium = 1(MC = 0)
where, MC = Moment of point C.
Thus, we can find out R1, R2, R3, R4
Other examples are cantilever beam, overhang beam, a suspension cable.
Statically Indeterminate Structure
These are structures which cannot be fully analysed by using the equations of static
equilibrium alone. The number of unknown forces are more than the number of
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.6
Notes on Structural Analysis
equilibrium equations. For complete analysis additional equations based on conditions of
compatibility are used.
e.g.,
Fixed beam Total number of unknown forces = 6
Available equations of static equilibrium = 3
Fixed Beam
Two hinged arch Total number of unknown forces = 4
Available equations of static equilibrium = 3
Hinged Arch
Other examples are continuous beams, fixed end frame etc.
Degree of Static Indeterminacy
Degree of static indeterminacy also known as degree of redundancy. The word
redundant means extra, not needed etc. Thus, when we provide more supports than
minimum required for external stability, we make the structure externally redundant.
e.g.,
Simple support beam with extra support
When we provide more internal constraints that, minimum required to make the system
rigid we make the structure internally redundant.
Bending moment diagram
Therefore, extra support reactions are unknown forces in externally redundant system
and are called degree of external redundancy or external indeterminacy (DSe).
Extra member forces are unknowns in internally redundant system and are called degree
of internal redundancy or internal indeterminacy (Dsi). Overall static indeterminacy
(DS) = DSe + DSi.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.7
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Determinations of DSe and DSi
The external indeterminacy (DSe) and internal indeterminacy (DSi) can be calculated in
different section by considering the following calculations.
Trusses A truss is composed of bar elements. A bar element can have only one
unknown force either compression or tension, (i.e., only axial force)
e.g.,
Simply supported planar truss
Simply supported planar truss
Unknown support reaction = 3
Unknown member forces = 3 {Number of members)
Total unknown forces acting on truss = 3 + 3 = 6
Now, at each joint there are equations of equilibrium
FX = 0, FY = 0
i.e., two equilibrium equation per joint
For given truss, total number of joints = 3
Thus, total equilibrium equations = 3 x 2 = 6
Hence, above structure is statically determinate (DS = 0)
e.g.,
Unknown reactions =4
Unknown member forces =3
Total unknown forces =7
Equation of equilibrium per joint =2
Number of joints =3
Total equilibrium equations =2x3=6
Therefore, degree of static indeterminacy =76=1
General Expressions (Planar truss)
Let, r = number of unknown support reactions
m be number of members i.e. (unknown member forces)
Total number of unknown forces = m + r
Let, J be the number of joints in truss.
The number of equilibrium equations = 2J
as (2 equilibrium equations per joint)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.8
Notes on Structural Analysis
Thus, degree of static indeterminacy
= Unknown forces Equilibrium equations
DS = (m + r 2J)
Example 1. What is the degree of static indeterminacy of the plane structure as shown in
the figure below?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
Soln. (B)
Number of unknown support reactions = 4
Number of unknown member forces = 10
Total unknown forces = 4 + 10 = 14
Number of joints = 5
Available equations per joint = 2
{FX = 0, FY = 0}
Total equilibrium equations = 5 x 2 = 10
Thus, DS = Total unknown forces Total equilibrium equations
= 14 10 = 4
Example 2. What is the total degree of static indeterminacy of the triangular planar truss
shown in the figure?
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.9
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Soln. (B)
Number of unknown support reactions, r = 4
Number of unknown member forces, m = 18
Total unknown forces, m + r = 18 + 4
= 22
Number of joints, J = 9
Available equations of equilibrium = 2J
= 18
Therefore, degree of static indeterminacy
DS = (m + r) 2J
= 22 18
=4
Example 3. What is the total degree of indeterminacy of cantilever planar truss shown in
the figure?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
Soln. (A)
m = 12
r =4
J =7
DS = (m + r) 2J
= (12 + 4) 2 x 7
=2
Planar Frame
It is structure made up of the combination beam and column generally with each other by
rigid joints.
Kinds of Planar Frame
Planar Frame for Columns
Planar frame of two columns
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.10
Notes on Structural Analysis
Planar frame for a truss
Truss in triangular form
Ring Concept
Let us take a general plane frame member. It may be a generalized ring and is subjected
to loads and because of loads, it deforms. Therefore, internal forces are developed in the
ring.
Forces developed ring
Now, these internal forces can be find out by making a cut.
Force make cut ring
A cut release three internal forces shear (V), axial force (P) and bending moment (M) at a
section.
Hence, total unknown member forces = 3
Now, applying this concept in planar frame.
Here, we cannot use truss formula for degree of static indeterminacy
DS = (m + r) 2J
Make a Planar Frame into a Ring
Planar frame ring
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.11
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
At a fixed end three unknown forces are developed, so ends A and B can treated as cut
of a ring i.e.,
Planar frame cutring
Hence, degree of static indeterminacy of above frame = 3
Ring Concept for Beams
For converting a beam into a ring, all supports of the beam have to be made fixed, then
subsequently required release are found out.
Degree of static indeterminacy (DS)
= (3 x Number of rings) (Number of releases)
Example 4. What is the degree of static indeterminacy of the planar frame as shown in
figure?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0
Soln. (D)
To convert the given frame into a ring. End supports A and B should be fixed.
Therefore, DS = 3 Number of releases
=33=0
Original structure has end A hinged (So one release) end B roller. (So two release)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.12
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 5. What is statical indeterminacy for the frame shown in figure?
(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 11 (D) 15
Soln. (C)
Converting the given framed structure into ring structure; Number of rings = 4
Number of unknown forces per ring = 3
Total unknown forces = 4 x 3 = 12
Number of releases = 1 (hinge)
Thus, DS = 12 1 = 11
Example 6. The total degree of static indeterminacy of the plane frame shown in the
given figure is
(A) 18 (B) 16 (C) 14 (D) 13
Soln. (B)
Converting the given frame into a ring structure
Number of rings = 6
Number of unknown forces per ring = 3
Total unknown forces = 6 x 3 = 18
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.13
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Number of releases = 2 [(each from support (2) and (3)]
Therefore, DS = Total unknown forces Number of releases
= 18 2 = 16
Example 7. The degree of static indeterminacy of the rigid frame having two internal
hinges in the figure below is
(A) 8 (B) 7 (C) 6 (D) 5
Soln. (D)
Converting the given framed structure into a ring structure
Number of rings = 4
Number of unknown forces per ring = 3
Total unknown forces = 4 x 3 = 12
Number of releases = 2 (internal hinge) + 1 (hinged support G)
+ 4 [roller supports (F) and (E)]
=7
Therefore, DS = 12 7 = 5
Example 8. The degree static determinacy of the rigid frame as shown in the figure.
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 10
Soln. (D)
Converting the given frame into a ring structure.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.14
Notes on Structural Analysis
Number of rings = 5
Number of unknown forces per ring = 3
Total unknown forces = 5 x 3 = 15
Number of releases = 1 (internal hinge) + 1 (hinged support) + 2 (roller support)
+ 1 (fixed roller)
=5
Therefore, DS = 15 5 = 10
Cantilevered beam should not develop any unknown forces (No ring).
Example 9. The degree of static indeterminacy of the following continuous beam is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Soln. (B)
Converting the given beam into a ring structure
Total unknown forces = 3 x Number of rings
=3x2=6
Number of releases = 2 (roller B) + 2 (roller C)
=4
Thus, DS = 6 4 = 2
Example 10. What is the degree of static indeterminacy in the continuous prismatic
beams shown in the figure? (ignore axial deformation)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Soln. (D)
Ring structure
Total unknown forces = 3 x Number of rings
=3x3=9
Number of releases = 1 (hinged support) + 2 (roller support) + 1 (internal hinge)
=4
Thus, DS = 9 4 = 5
As loading is vertical we can ignore axial deformation of the beam,
So one more release (axial force) i.e.,
DS = 4
Unless and until it is specified that axial deformation of beam is ignored. We will not
assume it. So, here in above problem [DS = 4].
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.15
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Example 11. The degree of static indeterminacy for the beam as shown in figure will be
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Soln. (B)
An internal link provides two equations of equilibrium i.e.,
Two release (M = 0, H = 0)
Ring structure
Total unknown forces = 3 x Number of rings = 3 x 2 = 6
Number of releases = 2 (roller support) + 1 (hinged support) + 2 (internal link) = 5
Therefore, DS = 6 5 = 1
Stability of Structure
To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its member, it is not only necessary to satisfy
the equations of equilibrium, but also the members must be held (constrained) by their
supports.
Two situations may occur which should be avoided
Partial Constraints
This is the condition when the structure is not stable then it is free to move horizontally
(i.e., the structure is subjected to roller supports). This condition can be avoided when,
Available support reactions < Equation of equilibrium
e.g.,
Partial constraints
(FX = 0) is not satisfied for above structure. Therefore, structure is not stable as it is free
to move horizontally.
Improper Constraints
All support reactions are concurrent at a point.
Improper constraints
In this case summation of moments about point O will not be zero. (Moment of w 0)
And we know that for a planar structure summation of moments about all points should
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.16
Notes on Structural Analysis
be zero. Thus, in above structure rotation will take place about point O {Rotationally
unstable}. All support reactions are parallel.
Support section are parallel
If an inclined load is applied in above structure. It will move in horizontal direction (as
FX 0)
An unstable structure is avoided whether it is statically determinate or indeterminate.
Degree of Freedom for Structure
When a structure is loaded, specified points on it, called nodes, will undergo unknown
displacements. The displacements are referred to as the degrees of freedom for structure.
It is the minimum number of independent coordinates required to define the structure in
the displaced configuration, relative to the original configuration.
Kinematic Indeterminacy
It is the total number of degrees of freedom at the various joints in a skeletal structure. To
determine the kinematic indeterminacy, we can imagine the structure to consist of a
series of members connected to nodes, which are usually located at joints, supports, as
the ends of a member, or where the members have a sudden change in cross-section.
The degree of freedom for some individual frame is described below.
Degree of Freedom of Space Frame
Every joint has 6 degrees of freedom (3 translations and 3 rotations).
For space truss only 3 degree of freedom (only translation per joint).
Degree of Freedom for Plane Frame
Every joint has 3 degree of freedoms (2 translation and 1 rotation).
Degree of Freedom for Plane Truss
Only 2 degree of freedom (only translation) per joint.
Degree of Freedom for Various Supports
Types of Support Diagram DOF Restrains
(a) Fixed support Zero 3
(b) Pinned support 1 2
(c) Roller support 2 1
(d) Free end 3 0
Direction of arrows shows that movement is restricted in both right and left directions.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.17
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
KI of Truss [Planar Truss]
A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points.
The members common by used in construction consist of wooden struts, metal bars,
angles or channels.
Find out the total number of joints, let it be J.
Total degrees of freedom = 2J (as two degree of freedom per joint)
Find out number of restraints at each joint.
Kinematic Indeterminacy (KI) = Total degree of Freedom number of restraints
e.g.,
Planar truss
Number of joints = 4
Total degree of freedom = 4 x 2 = 8
Number of restraints = 2 (hinged support) + 1 (roller support)
=3
KI = 8 3 = 5
A hinged support restraints both vertical and horizontal movement.
A roller support restraints only vertical movement.
A truss is always loaded at its joints.
Example 12. For the truss shown in the figure, the kinematic indeterminacy is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 8
Soln. (D)
Number of joints, J =6
Total degree of freedom = 2 x 6 = 12
Number of restraints
= 2 (hinged support) + 2 (1 from each roller support)
=4
Therefore, K = 12 4 = 8
Example 13. The kinematic indeterminacy of the following truss will be
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.18
Notes on Structural Analysis
Soln. (C)
Number of joints, J = 5
Total degree of freedom = 5 x 2 = 10
Number of restraints = 4 (two from each hinged support) + 1 (roller support)
Thus, KI = degrees of freedom restraints = 10 5 = 5
Kl of Framed Structure (Planar frame)
The degree of freedom of a structural system is represented by the number of the
possible unknown displacements that the different joints of a structures can have.
Let us consider a simple plane frame,
(a) Count number of node (joint) = J
Each node has three degree of freedom's in a planar frame.
Thus, total number of degree of freedom’s
= 3J = 3 x 4 = 12
(b) find out number of restraints at fixed support has all three restraints = 6 (three from
each fixed support)
Therefore, KI of frame
= Total degree of freedom restraints
= 12 6 = 6
Now, a general behaviour of all members of a frame is that they are axially rigid i.e.,
columns and beams have no axial deformations. These are called constraints.
Thus, KI of frame
= Total degree of freedom Number of restraints Number of constraints
Each member has one constraint (axial deformation)
Therefore, KI = (3 x 4) (3 x 2) (1 x 3)
= 12 6 3
KI = 3
Kinematic Indeterminacy of Beam
Same procedure as followed in finding out KI of framed structure.
KI = Total degree of freedom Number of restraints Number of constraints
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.19
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Example 14. Considering beam as axially rigid, the degree of freedom of a plane frame
shown in figure below
(A) 9 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 6
Soln. (B)
Number of joints = 4
Degree of freedom per joint in a planar frame = 3
Total degree of freedom = 3 x 4 = 12
Number of restraints = 2 (hinged support) + 1 (roller support)
=3
Number of constraints = 1 (axial deformation in beam)
Thus, KI = 12 3 1
=8
Example 15. For the plane frame with an overhang as shown below, assuming negligible
axial deformation, the degree of kinematic indeterminacy, K are
(A) 10 (B) 13 (C) 11 (D) 9
Soln. (B)
Number of joints, J = 10
Total number of degree of freedom = 3 × 10 = 30
Number of restraints = 3 (fixed support) + 2 (hinged support) + 1 (roller support)
Number of constraints = 11 (one from each member)
Thus, KI = Total degree of freedom Number of constraints Number of restraints
= 30 11 6
= 13
Free cantilever end is also a node.
Example 16. Neglecting axial deformation, the kinematic indeterminacy of the structure
shown in the figure below is
(A) 12 (B) 14 (C) 20 (D) 22
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.20
Notes on Structural Analysis
Soln. (B)
Number of joints, J = 11
Total degree of freedom = 3 x 11 = 33
Number of restraints= 3 (fixed support) + 2 (hinged support)
+ 1 (roller support) + 2 (fixed roller support)
=8
Number of constraints = 11(one from each member)
Thus, KI = 33 8 11
= 14
Fixed roller restraints rotation and vertical movement i.e.,
Number of restraints= 2
Example 17. What is the number of independent degree of freedom (KI) of the two span
continuous beam as shown in figure? (ignore axial deformation)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Soln. (B)
Number of joints = 3
Total degree of freedom = 3 x 3 = 9 {three per each joint}
Number of restraints = 1 + 1 {one from each roller support} + 3 {fixed support}
Number of constraints = 2 {one for each span}
Thus, KI = 9 5 2 = 2
Example 18. The kinematic indeterminacy of the following continuous beam with an
internal hinge will be (ignore axial deformation)
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9
Soln. (B)
Number of joints = 3
Degree of freedom per joint = 3
Total degree of freedom = 3 x 3 = 9
An integral hinge has four degree of freedom 2 translation and 2 rotation.
Thus, including hinge, total degree of freedom = 9 + 4 = 13
Number of restraints = 3 (fixed support) + 2 (hinge support) + 1 (roller support)
=6
Number of constraints = 2 (one from each span)
Therefore, N = 13 6 2 = 5
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.21
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information
as structural loads, geometry, support conditions and materials properties. The results of
such an analysis typically include support reactions, stresses and displacements. This
information is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced
structural analysis may examine dynamic response, stability and non-linear behavior.
Virtual Work Method (Unit Load Method)
The Virtual Work Method (VWM) is method provides a general means of obtaining the
displacement (deflection) and slope () at any point on a structure. The loaded structure
may be a beam, frame or truss.
Mathematical Expression of VWM
For equilibrium of a structure subjected to P system of forces then the work done by
external loads and work done by internal loads should be equal. i.e.,
External work = Internal work
P. = u.
Application of Virtual Work Method for Truss Member
The following steps are involved to solve problems under virtual work method for truss
member
Step 1 Remove all the external forces from the truss and apply unit load in the desired
direction of .
Step 2 For the corresponding virtual unit load, find out system of virtual internal forces n
in all truss members.
Step 3 Apply all real loads and find out system of real internal forces N in all truss
members.
NL
Step 4 Use =n
AE
Example 19. For the given truss structure as shown in figure. What will be the horizontal
deflection of the joint A? (Take area of each member A and elastic modulus E)
(A) 3 P/AE (B) 2 3 P/AE (C) 4 3 P/AE (D) zero
Soln. (C)
Step 1 For horizontal deflection at A, apply unit load in horizontal direction.
From analysis of truss,
nBC = 0
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.22
Notes on Structural Analysis
nCE = 0
From equilibrium of joint A,
nAE = 0
nAB = 1
Support D is roller i.e.,
nCD = 0
and nBC = 1
Step 2
If at a joint three members passes out of which two are collinear, then force in third
member is zero provided that there should not be any external force at that joint.
Step 3 Equilibrium of joint A,
NAE sin 30 + P = 0
or NAE = 2P (compressive)
NAE cos 30 + NAB = 0
3
or NAB = 2P.
2
= P 3
Equilibrium of joint B : NBL = NAB = 3 P
Equilibrium of joint E : NDE = NAE = 2P (compressive)
Equilibrium of joint D : NCD = P (compressive)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.23
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Step 4
n A
N E
L
Member n N A L E
2 3 P
AB 1 3 P A 2 E
AE
2 3 P
BC 1 3 P A 2 E
AE
CD 0 P A 2 E 0
DE 0 2P A 2 E 0
EA 0 2P A 2 E 0
CE 0 0 A 2 E 0
BE 0 0 A 1 E 0
nNL
4 3 P
AE AE
4 3 P
Horizontal deflection at A =
AE
Application of Virtual Work Method in Beams
For deflection, apply a unit load in the direction of .
L mM
= dx
0 EI
For slope, apply a unit couple at the point of rotation.
L m .M
= dx
0 EI
where, m is the virtual internal moment as a fn of x due to unit couple and EI is the
flexural rigidity.
Procedure to Solve Problems under VWM
The following steps are involved to solve the problems under unit load method in beams.
Remove all external loading from beam, apply unit load at desired location of
deflection.
Find out m as function x.
Apply all loading (real), find out M as function x.
Use formula for and .
Example 20. For the cantilever beam AB as shown in figure, the vertical deflection at B
will be? (take, EI = constant)
5184 12384 15000 31104
(A) (B) (C) (D)
EI EI EI EI
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.24
Notes on Structural Analysis
Soln. (C)
Step 1
mx = x
Step 2
12x 2
Mx =
2
Step 3
12x 2
(1x)
10 2 dx
B =
0 EI
10
6 x4
=
EI 4 0
15000
=
EI
Example 21. What is the slope at point B for the cantilever beam AC as shown in the
figure? (EI is constant)
M0L M0L 2M0L
(A) zero (B) (C) (D)
2EI EI EI
Soln. (B)
Step 1
L
For x 0, ,m = 0
2
L
For x ,L ,m = 1
2
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.25
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Step 2
L
For x 0, , M = M0
2
L
x ,L = M0
,M
2
Step 3
L m M
B = 0 EI
dx
L / 2 0.( M ) L ( 1)( M )dx
= 0
dx 0
0 EI L /2 EI
ML
= 0
2EI
Work Done by a Force
If a load w acts on a member and produces deflection in its line of action by virtue of its
own direction.
1
Then, work done, W = w. ….(i)
2
If a load w acts on a member and a deflection y is produced in its line of action due to
some other agency. Then, virtual work done by load w is
W=w.y ….(ii)
Maxwell's Reciprocal Theorem
This is also known as Maxwell-Betti reciprocal theorem, states that for a linear elastic
structure subject to two sets of forces {Pi}, i = 1….m and {Qj}, j = 1, 2, …n, the work done
by the set P through the displacements produced by the set Q is equal to the work done
by the set Q. This theorem has applications in structural engineering.
In a structural system (beam or truss) behaving in linear elastic manner. Deflection at any
point A due to load w at any other point B is the same deflection at B due to the same
load w applied at A.
where, A = displacement at point A
B = deflection at point B
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.26
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 22. In the figure shown below, X, Y, and Z are the deflections under A, B and C
due to loads P and Q. X1, Y1 and Z1 are defections under A, B and C due to unit load at
C. The deflection Z would be equal to
(A) PX + QY (B) PY + QX (C) PX1 + QY1 (D) PY1 + QX1
Soln. (C)
By combining these two cases, let P, Q and 1 acts simultaneously.
[Initially P, Q acts then unit load at C]
Total work done,
1 1 1
W1 = PX PY 1. Z1P.X1Q.Y1
2 2 2
Now, let unit load acts firstly and then load P and Q.
Total work done,
1 1 1
W2 = .1. Z1 P.X Q.Y1. Z
2 2 2
Since, both cases are finally same.
Therefore, W1 = W2
or Z = P . X1 + Q . Y1
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.27
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Example 23. The cantilever beam shown in figure has load P acting at points A and B.
The deflection at B is , when the load at B is removed. When the load at A is removed,
the deflection at A will be
2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 2 3
Soln. (D)
Deflection at B, when load at B is removed
Deflection at A, when load at A is removed
From Maxwell's reciprocal theorem,
A = , as portion AB has constant EI.
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
It is a displacement method of analysis. Equations are written in terms of the unknown
displacements. By forming slope deflection equations and applying joint and shear
equilibrium conditions, the rotation angles (or the slope angles) are calculated.
Slope Deflection Equations
The foregoing equilibrium equations can be expressed in terms of the unknown joint
rotations, QB and QC by using slope-deflection equations that relate member and
moments to the unknown joint rotations.
Sign Conventions of Slope Deflection Equations
Clockwise moments and angular displacement () will be considered as positive.
Linear displacement () is considered positive when span's chord angle () is
clockwise.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.28
Notes on Structural Analysis
Determination of General Equation
Slope deflection can be obtained by using principle of superposition by considering
separately the moments developed at each support due to
angular displacement A
angular displacement B
linear displacement
external loads
Angular displacement at A, (A)
4EI
MAB = A ;
L
2EI
MBA = A (clockwise, so positive)
L
where, EI = flexural rigidity,
MAB = Moment about AB (counter clockwise)
Angular displacement at (B, B)
2EI 4EI
MAB = B , MBA B (clockwise, so + ve)
L L
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.29
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Linear displacement at B, ()
Ends A and B do not rotate, only there is relative linear displacement of end B w.r.t., A.
6EI 6EI
MAB = 2
, MBA = (anti-clockwise moments, so negative)
L L2
Fixed end moments due to applied loads
Let us choose any arbitrary loading on AB.
Here we have taken MFAB and MFBA both clockwise only for convenience in solving
problems.
Actually,
Combining all four (a), (b), (c), (d)
At end A Final moment,
4EI 2EI 6EI
MAB = A B 2 MFAB
L L L
I
or MAB = 2E 2A B 3 MFAB
L L
At end B Final moment,
2EI 4EI 6EI
MBA = A B 2 M FAB
L L L
I
or MBA = 2E A 2B 3 MFAB
L
L
Since, these equations are similar, so the result can be expressed in one single general
equation.
I
Let, =K (member stiffness)
L
= (span's chord rotation)
L
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.30
Notes on Structural Analysis
Referring one end as near end (N) and other as far end (F)
General slope deflection equation,
MN = 2 EK(2N + F 3) + (FEM)N
where, N = Angular displacement at near end
F = Angular displacement at far end
MN = Moment about near end
Determination of Rotation at Any End Support
Fixed end has a property that no slope is generated. Hence, moment are applied in the
sense, so as to keep member at original position.
We can visualize this as if there is no fixed support at A then A is generated at A.
So, keep A = 0, there should be internal moment at A opposite to A direction.
Example 24. What is the value of B for the beam shown in figure?
15
(A) zero (B) anti-clockwise
EI
30 30
(C) anti-clockwise (D) anti-clockwise
EI EI
Soln. (B)
Force transmission concept A force can be transmitted to new position by keeping its
magnitude and direction same as follows.
A original location; B new shifted position
Slope deflection equation for beam span BC
MFBC = 0
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.31
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
C = 0
= 0 as = 0
MBC = (FEM)BC + 2 EK(2N + F 3)
I
MBC = 0 + 2 E [2 B + 0 0]
6
4EI
i.e., MBC = B
6
Slope deflection equation for column AB
(FEM)BA = 0, A = 0, = 0
MBA = (FEM)BA + 2 EK(2 N + F )
I
= 02E (2B 00)
6
4EI
or MBA = B
6
For equilibrium of joint B
MBA + MBC = 20 kN-m (anti-clockwise)
4EI 4EI
or B B = 20
6 6
15
B anti-clockwise
EI
Suffix N near end i.e., B
F far end i.e., A and C
Example 25. The propped cantilever AB carries a udL of q/length. In this condition the
q 2
moment reaction at A, MA = . What is the clockwise moment required at B to make
8
the slope of the deflection curve equal to zero?
q 2
MA =
8
q 2 q 2 q 2 q 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 6 12 4
Soln. (C)
Method 1
Let the clockwise moment required to make the slope of the deflection curve equal to
zero to be M. Thus a carry over moment of magnitude M/2 will be induced A, in clockwise
direction.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.32
Notes on Structural Analysis
q 2
MA =
8
Taking moment about B = 0
q 2 M
M = 0
8 2
q 2
or M= (clockwise moments as positive)
12
Method 2
Slope deflection equation at B
2E
MBA = (FEM)BA + (2B A )
L
q 2 4E
or MBA B
12 L
Our aim is to make B = 0
putting B = 0 in above equation
q 2
MBA = ; if we apply this amount of clockwise moment at B. Slope B becomes zero.
12
Example 26. What is the rotation of the member at C for a frame as shown in figure
below?
ML ML ML ML
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3EI 4EI 6EI 12EI
Soln. (D)
Ends A and C are hinged.
So, final moments
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.33
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
i.e., MCB = 0, MAB = 0
Slope deflection equation for span BC
2EI
MBC = (FEM)BC (2B C )
L
2EI
MBC = 0 (2B C ) ….(i)
L
2EI
MCB = (FEM)CB (2C B )
L
2EI
0 = 0 (2C B )
L
B
C = ….(ii)
2
Slope deflection equation for column AB
2EI
MBA = (FEM)BA (2B A )
L
2EI
MBA = 0 (2B A ) ….(iii)
L
2EI
or MAB = (FEB)AB (2A B )
L
2EI
0 = 0 (2A B )
L
B
A = ….(iv)
2
Equilibrium equation at joint B
MBA + MBC = M
2EI 2EI
or (2B A ) (2B C ) = M ….(v)
L L
Replacing values of A = and C from Eqs. (ii) and (iv) in Eq. (v)
2EI 2EI
2B B 2B B = M
L 2 L 2
ML
or B =
6EI
B ML
Therefore, C = = (anti-clockwise)
2 12EI
(FEM) are zero as there is no span loading.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.34
Notes on Structural Analysis
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION THEOREM
In the moment distribution method, every joint of structure to be analysed is fixed so as to
develop the fixed-end moments. Then, each fixed joint is sequentially released and the
fixed-end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to
adjacent members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in
mathematical terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set of simultaneous
equations by means of iteration. The moment distribution method falls into the category
of displacement method of structural analysis.
Sign Conventions of Moment Distribution Theorem
Clockwise moments acting on the member are positive.
Fixed End Moments (FEMs)
The moments at the walls or fixed joints of a loaded member are called fixed end
moments.
e.g.,
Member Stiffness Factor
Consider the beam as shown in figure, which is pinned at one end and fixed at the other.
Application of the moment M causes the end A to rotate through an angle A,
4EI
M= .A
L
Absolute Stiffness of Member [K]
The moment M required to produce unit slope (A = 1) is called stiffness of member AB.
For end fixed
4EI
e.g., MAB = .A
L
4EI
For A = 1; K =
L
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.35
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
For end hinged
e.g.,
3EI
MAB = A
L
3EI
For A = 1; K =
L
Joints Stiffness Factor
If several members are fixed connected at a joint and each of their far ends is fixed, then
by principle of super position, the total stiffness factor at the joint is the sum of the
member stiffness factors at the joint.
i.e., KT = K
e.g.,
Total stiffness at joint D
KT = K1 + K2 + K3
where, K1, K2 and K3 are the stiffness factor in AD, DB, DC frames respectively.
Distribution Factor [DF]
If a moment M is applied to a fixed connected joint, the connecting members will each
supply a portion of the resisting moment necessary to satisfy moment equilibrium at the
joint. That fraction of the total resisting moment supplied by the member is called
distribution factor (DF).
e.g.,
Deflected shape of above diagram is
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.36
Notes on Structural Analysis
If a moment M is applied at fixed joint C, this causes the joint to rotate an amount , then
each member connected to that joint C, rotates by this same amount .
For member AD : M1 = K1
For member BD : M2 = K2
For member CD : M3 = K3
for equilibrium condition at C
M = M1 + M2 + M3
= K
Then, the distribution factor for the member i th member is
M
DFi = i
M
K
= i
ΣKi
Ki
or DF =
ΣK i
Member Relative Stiffness Factor
In general, modulus of elasticity E will be the same for all the members. If this is the case,
4EI
the common factor 4E in equation M will cancel from the numerator and
L
K
denominator of equation DF i .
ΣK i
Hence, member's relative stiffness factor
I
KR = for end fixed
L
3I
KR = for end hinged
4L
Use KR values in distribution factor calculations.
Carry-Over Factor [CO]
When a moment M is applied to produce rotation without translation at the near
supported end A of a beam whose further end B is fixed.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.37
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Carry over moment at end fixed end B
M
M =
2
1
It has the same sense (direction) as the applied moment Carry over factor =
2
If the farther end B is hinged.
Carry over moment at end B
M = 0
Carry over factor = 0
Example 27. Distribution factor for BE in given figure is
1 3
(A) (B) (C) 1.24 (D) 0.4
4 13
Soln. (A)
Distribution factor for any i the member
K
DF = i
ΣK i
Ki = KAE + KBE + KCE + KDE
I I 3 I I I
=
4L 4L 4 3L 4L = L
I
4L
Distribution factor for member BE = = 1
I 4
L
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.38
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 28. Moment A and B in the following figure will satisfy which of the following
condition.
(A) |MA| = |MB| (B) |MA| > |MB|
M M
(C) |MA| = (D) |MA|MB|
4 4
Soln. (D)
Relative stiffness of member AC
3I I
KR1 = =
3L L
Relative stiffness of member BC
2I I
KR2 = =
2L L
Since, relative stiffness of both member moment in both members AC and BC will be
equally distributed and the half of moment at joint C.
I
KR1 L 1
As, distribution factor DFAC = = =
ΣK I I 2
L L
I
KR2 L 1
Similarly, Distribution factor DFBC = = =
ΣK I I 2
L L
Now, moment M is applied at force end far from joint C as joint C is fixed (rigid), so carry
M
over moment at joint C =
2
M
Half of moment at C will be carried over to fixed ends A and B i.e., |MA| = |MB| =
4
Example 29. All members of the frame shown below have the same flexural rigidity EI
and length L. If a moment M is applied at joint B, the rotation of the joint is
ML ML ML ML
(A) (B) (C) (D)
12EI
11EI 8EI 7EI
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.39
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Soln. (B)
4EI
Stiffness of AB K1 =
L
3EI
Stiffness of CB K2 =
L
4EI
Stiffness of DB K3 =
L
Since, all joint B is rigid (fixed).
So all the member connected at B will be rotated by same angle .
M1 = K1
M2 = K2
M3 = K3
or M = M1 + M2 + M3
4EI 3EI 4EI
M=
L L L
ML
=
11EI
Example 30. Carry over factor CAB for the beam shown in the figure below is
1 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
4 2 4
Soln. (D)
Let a clockwise moment M is applied at end A and M be carry over moment at B.
From FBD of AC
M
=R
L
From FBD of CB
RL = M
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.40
Notes on Structural Analysis
M
M = .L
L
M = M
Therefore, carry over factor = 1
Example 31. For the rigid frame shown below, what is the moment reaction at A?
(A) 5 kN-m (B) 10 kN-m (C) 12.33 kN-m (D) 15 kN-m
Soln. (B)
Relative stiffness of member BC
3 I
K1 = as end C is hinged
43
Relative stiffness of member BA
I
K2 =
4
K = K1 + K2
I I I
= =
4 4 2
Distribution factor (DF) for member BC
I
4 1
(DF)BC = =
I 2
2
I
4 1
Similarly, (DF)BA = =
I 2
2
i.e., MBA = (DF)BA × 40 kN-m
= 20 kN-m
Thus by carry over theorem
1
Moment at A = MBA
2
20
=
2
= 10 kN-m
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.41
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Moment Distribution for Beams
Like the slope deflection method, the moment distribution method can be used only for
the analysis of continuous beams and frames, taking into account their bending
deformations only.
Objective To find out the end moments on beam spans.
Identity The joints on the beam
Calculate The stiffness factor K and distribution factors for each span at the identified
joint. Also determine the Fixed End Moments (FEM), for each loaded span. Since
clockwise direction is assumed + ve.
e.g.,
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.42
Notes on Structural Analysis
Steps to Solve the Problems under Moment Distribution for Beams
The following steps are involved to solve problem under moment distribution for beams.
Assume all identified joints are initially locked.
Find out the unbalanced moment that is needed to put each joint in locked position.
Now apply an equal but opposite unbalanced moment to unlock the joint.
Distribute this unbalancing moment into the connecting spans to the joint.
Carry these moments in each span over to its other end by multiplying carry over
1
factor .
2
Finally, by repeating this cycle of locking and unlocking of joints, it will be found that
moment corrections will diminish, since the beam tends to achieve its final deflected
shape.
All calculations are performed in tabulated form.
For objective level problems only one cycle is sufficient.
Standard Table
Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
Distribution factor 0 0.5 0.5 0
wL wL wL wL
FEM (Finite Element
8 8 16 32
Method) distribution,
CO (Carry Over Factor) wL wL
32 16
5wL wL wL wL
M
32 16 16 32
The identified joint should have finally equal and opposite moments from connecting
spans for its equilibrium.
Example 32. A propped cantilever beam of span L is loaded with UDL of intensity w/unit
length, all through span bending moment at the fixed end is
wL2 wL2 wL2 wL2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 12 24 48
Soln. (A)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.43
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
For pinned end, DF = 1
Joint A B
Member AB BA
FEM wL2 wL2
12 12
Distribution, CO wL2 wL2
24 12
M wL2
0
8
wL2
Thus, MA = (anti-clock wise)
8
Example 33. For the beam shown below, the reaction at support B, from the span AB is
3wL 5wL wL wL
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 8 6 4
Soln. (B)
Using moment distribution table, finding out MB
Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
Distribution factor 1 0.5 0.5 1
wL2 wL2 wL2 wL2
FEM
12 12 12 12
wL2 wL2 wL2 wL2
distribution, CO
12 24 24 12
wL2 wL2
M 0 0
8 8
FED of span AB
Moment of B is shown clockwise as it is positive for span BA (see table)
Taking moment of all forces about A = 0
wL2 wL2 5wL
VB × L =0 or VB
2 8 8
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.44
Notes on Structural Analysis
Moment Distribution for Frames
Framed structures using moment distribution method can be analysed as with sides way
and without sidesway.
The both conditions for analysing framed structures are given below.
Condition 1
No Sidesway
Adopt the same procedure, as for beams
A frame will not sidesway (left or right displacement), provided it is properly
restrained.
If it is unrestrained, then no sidesway will occur, provided it is symmetric with respect
to loading and geometry both.
Example 34. What is the ratio of magnitudes of moments in the member BC at the ends
B and C in the figure given below?
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 3 : 4 (D) 1 : 3
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.45
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Soln. (D)
Identified joint B
EI
Stiffness of member BA : K1 = 3
L
4EI
Stiffness of member BC : K2 =
L
Distribution factor for member BA
K1 3
= = `
K1K 2 7
Distribution factor for member BC
K2 4
= =
K1K 2 7
Moment Distribution Table
Joint A B C
Member AB BA BC CB
3 4
Distribution factor 1 0
7 7
wL2 wL2
FEM 0 0
12 12
wL2 wL2 wL2
distribution factor, CO 0
28 21 42
wL2 wL2 9wL2
M 0
28 28 84
wL2
1
Thus, MB : MC = 28 2 =
9wL 3
84
Condition
Sidesway
A frame will sidesway or be displaced to the side when it is non-symmetric or loading is
non-symmetric.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.46
Notes on Structural Analysis
Causes of Sidesway
Following are the causes of sidesway
Unsymmetrical loading
Unsymmetrical outline
Different end conditions
Non-uniform section of members
Horizontal loading on column
Combination of all the above
Example 35. The given figure shows a portal frame with one end fixed and other hinged.
The ratio of the fixed end moments MBA/MCD due to sidesway will be
(A) 1.0 (B) 2.0 (C) 2.5 (D) 3.0
Soln. (A)
Due to S-way deflection of point B and point C will be equal.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.47
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As we know
So, for frame
EI
3 .
6(EI) 2 6EI
MBA = and MCD = 2
= { Anti-clockwise moment taken as ve}
L2 L L2
2
MBA
= 1.0
MCD
Example 36. For the portal frame shown in the figure below, the final end moments are
MAB = 15 kN-m, MBA = 10 kN-m, MCD = 20 kN-m
The end moment at MDC will be
(A) 10 kN-m (B) 20 kN-m (C) 30 kN-m (D) 40 kN-m
Soln. (C)
As end moments are directly given, so there is no need to carry moment distributions.
Now, finding out support horizontal reactions at A and D.
FBD of column AB
Writing moment equilibrium equation about B.
MAB HA × 5 10 × 2.5 + MBA = 0
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.48
Notes on Structural Analysis
(MAB MBA )102.5 (1510)25
or HA = = =0
5 5
FBD of column CD
Also HA + HD = 10 as HA = 0
So, HD = 10 kN
Writing moment equation about C
MDC HD × 5.0 + MCD = 0
MDC = MCD + 10 × 5.0 = 20 + 50 = 30 kN-m
Direction at end joints are clockwise for positive moments. Magnitude of vertical reactions
at A and D can be found by FBD of beam BC.
Example 37. In the portal frame shown in the given figure, the ratio of S-way moments in
columns AB and CD will be equal to
1 2 9 13
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 8 8
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.49
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Soln. (C)
Loading is symmetrical but ends are not at same level, so this will cause sidesway of
frame.
6EI 6EI
MAB = =
L2 22
6E(2I) 12EI
MCD = =
L2 32
6EI
MAB 22 9
= =
MCD 12EI 8
32
ANALYSIS OF CABLES AND ARCHES
Cables carry applied loads and develop mostly tensile stresses. Cables near the end
supporting experience bending moments and shear forces. Arches carry applied loads
and develop mainly in plane compressive stresses.
Cables
Cables are structural elements that resist loads by developing axial tensions. Cable is
flexible and in-extensible, hence does not resist any bending moment or shear force (this
is not always true e.g., fatigue of cables); self weight of cable neglected when external
loads act on the cable.
Assumptions in Analysis of Cables
Only axial tensile forces are carried by the cable, the force in the cable is tangential
to the cable profile.
Since it is in-extensible, the length is always constant; as a consequence of the cable
profile not changing its length and form, it is assumed to be a rigid body during
analysis.
Even when a moving load is acting on the cable, the load is assumed to be uniformly
distributed over the cable (since the cable profile is not assumed to change).
During deriving basic relations between cable tension and cable slope. We assume
that the cable is perfectly flexible and inextensible.
i.e. Shear force and bending moment at every section of cable are zero. Thus, there
is only cable tension is unknown internal force during analysis.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.50
Notes on Structural Analysis
Funicular Polygon in Cables
The word funicular originates from the word funicle which means string. A string can
resist only axial forces. This is a graphical method of finding the resultants of a system of
forces, constructing BMDs, determining the rational shapes of arched and suspended
systems and solving other problems of the statics of two-dimensional systems.
Funicular polygon
PQRO is a force polygon corresponding to the system of forces keeping the cable in
equilibrium.
OM is line perpendicular to the load line PQR.
Let us consider equilibrium of joint C.
T1 Line PO
w1 Line PQ
Here T refers to tension cables., by principle of triangle
Equilibrium of joint C
It is easy to realise that horizontal components of each of T1, T2 and T3 equals the
horizontal reaction H = Ha = Hb.
H Line OM
Beam Analogy in Cables
The beam analogy is a conceptual tool for understanding how forces are distributed
through a truss. The beam analogy works best with parallel chord trusses (horizontal
top and bottom chords) but still provides insight for other types of trusses.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.51
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Cable Cable free body diagram
Bending moment at any distance x from A.
M(x)VA .xw(xL)H. y(x)
beammoment
M(x) = M0(x) H . y (x) … (i)
or M(x) = Beam moment moment
Simple supported beam BMD (beam moment)
As, we know that cable cannot resist any moment, thus from Eq. (i)
M(x) = 0
or M0(x) H . y(x) = 0
M (x)
or y(x) 0 … (ii)
H
as H is constant, profile cable at any location will have same shape as beam moment
shape. If cable ordinates at any location are known, then horizontal reaction can be
directly find out by Eq. (ii).
Example 38. The cable shown in the figure is loaded with loads 10 kN at C and 15 kN at
D. What is ordinate of cable profile at section E of cable?
(A) 0.5 m (B) 1.0 m (C) 1.5 m (D) 2.0 m
Soln. (B)
BeammomentatE
Ordinate at section E =
H
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.52
Notes on Structural Analysis
Beam
Beam moment
BMatC 10
If ordinate at C is known, thus H = 5kN
2m 2
BMatE 5kNm
Now, ordinate at section E = 1m
H 5kN
Cable Uniform with Distributed Loads (UDL)
UDL (Uniform Distributed Load) refers to the fact that the per square inch weight of the
pallet or rack load does not vary from one point to another on the pallet.
Cable with UDL
w
Vertical Reaction VA = VB =
2
Horizontal Reaction
BeammomentatC M (x)
H= fromy(x) 0
ordinateatC H
w2
H=
8h
Where h = dip length of the cable
w2
{since, BM at C = for simply supported beam with udl w}
8
Maximum tension in cable, Tmax = Resultant reaction at A or B
= VA2 H2
w 2 w2 w 2
= = 1 2
2 8h 2 8h
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.53
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Shape of Loaded Cable
As from previous analysis
Beammoment
Ordinate of profile y(x) =
H
Simply supported beam
BMD of loaded cable
BMD
Beam moment at section xx
w wx 2
= x
2 2
w2
and horizontal reaction H =
8h
w w 2
x
Then, y(x) = 2 2
w2
8h
4hx
y(x) = 2 [x]
This cable profile equation which is parabolic.
Length of Cable
The total length of cable (L) may be calculated by using the following considerations.
(ds)2 = (dx)2 + (dy)2
2
ds dy
or 1
dx dx
where, ds = small curved length of the cable
If we take C as origin of parabola then, equation of cable profile
4hx 2 dy 8hx
y= 2
2
dx
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.54
Notes on Structural Analysis
2 1/ 2
ds 8hx 64h2 x 2
Thus, 1 2 1
dx 4
ds 1 64h2 x 2
1 .
dx 2 4
L 1/ 2 32h2 x 2
or 0 ds20 1
4
dx
8 h2
Total length of the cables L = + .
3
Ends of Cable at Different Level
Figure shows the total length of cable (L) has been braked into two i.e.,
1 2
Since, cable ACB is parabolic, thus we have
Total length of cable is braked
x2
= constant
y
12 22
or
h1 h2
1 2 1 2
h1 h 2
h1 h2
w 2
Horizontal reaction, H =
2
2 h1 h2
where, h1 and h2 are the depth of the cables from supports A and B respectively.
Temperature Stress in the Cable
8h2
Length of cable L = … (i)
3
(from the above consideration)
where, is span and h is dip.
Let on increasing the temperature, the length of cable increases by dL, so that dip of the
cable increases by dh.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.55
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Differentiating Eq. (i)
16h
dL = .dh
3
3
dh = dL
16h
Let the rise of temperature be tC
3
dh = t
16h
3 2
dh = t
16h
where is a coefficient of thermal expansion in per C.
Maximum tension in the cable Tmax = V2 H2
When the central drip is small we can make approximation Tmax = H
as, >> h cable is almost horizontal
Thus, H>> V i.e., Tmax = H
w 2
Also H = … (ii)
8h
as h increase, H decreases. When h increases to h + dh then H decreases to H dH.
Differentiating Eq. (ii)
w 2
dH = .dh
8h2
w 2 dh
dH = .
8h h
dh
dH = H.
h
dH dh
or
H h
Tmax H
Stress in cable f =
Area(A) A
Let df be change in stress in the cable
df dH dh 32
.t
f H h 16h2
df 32
.t
f 16h2
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.56
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 39. A cable of span length 50 m has a dip of 5 m is subjected to a rise of
temperature of 10C. The cable supports of total load of 25 kN/m run of the horizontal
span. What will be the change in tension due to rise of temperature?
(Take, = 12 106 per C.)
(A) 7.03 kN (B) 3.51 kN (C) 2.82 kN (D) 1.91 kN
Soln. (B)
wL2
Horizontal reaction, H =
8h
25502
= = 1562.5 kN
85
Change in horizontal reaction dH can be given as,
dH 3 I2
t 2
h 16 h
3 . I2 .
dH = t 2 H
16 h
3 1210 6 10502 1562.5
=
16 52
= 3.51 kN
The change in horizontal reaction is practically the change in tension.
Arches
An arch is a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight above it. A
beam mainly resists the applied load by action of internal bending moments and shear
force.
Rectangular bar showing as arches
Now, as we starts to provide an arching action, moment at any section starts reducing
due to horizontal thrust moment at that section.
The arching action
Mx = M H. y
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.57
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Thus, arching effect reduces bending moment in the span. Hence, an arch is a structural
member, which resists the applied load by action of normal thrust only.
Funicular Arch
Funicular arch is the inverse of the cable, supporting gravity loads by axial compression
instead of axial tension. When an arch has parabolic shape and it is subjected to a
uniform horizontally distributed load, then from analysis of cable it follows that only
compressive forces will be resisted by the arch.
Ideal funicular shape
Under these conditions the arch shape is called the funicular arch, because no bending
or shear forces occur in the arch.
Parabolic Arch
wL2
Free bending moment diagram in this case is parabola, having a maximum value at
8
the midspan of equivalent simply supported beam. Thus, from cable concept
Parabolic arch
horizontal reaction,
Beammoment
H=
y(x)
wL2
at C, H=
8h
The equation of the parabolic arch
4h
y = 2 . x . ( x) where, x from end A.
Three Hinged Arches
If horizontal thrust is generated but the apex of the arch is a pin joint, this is termed a
threehinged arch. This type of a arch is used in making bridges type structures. A hinge
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.58
Notes on Structural Analysis
is located at the crown. The arch shown in figure is subjected to a number of loads W1,
W2. Let the reactions at A and B be (H, VA) and (H, VB) respectively. Since the BM at C is
zero.
Three hinged arches forces and loads
Total unknowns forces developed, are VA, HA, VB, HB (i.e., four)
Available equations of equilibrium = Fx = 0, Fy = 0
MB = 0, MC = 0 (i.e. four)
Thus, all unknown forces can be find out.
Fy = 0, VA + VB = w1 + w2 … (i)
Fx = 0, HA = HB … (ii)
MA = 0, MB = 0;
or VA . w1 ( a) w2 . b = 0 … (iii)
MC = 0 ((hinge), from left side)
VA . HA .h
w1 a 0 … (iv)
2 2
From right side VB . HB .h w 2 b 0 … (v)
2 2
On solving all these equations, we can get all support unknowns.
Let us consider portion AC of arch and writing the bending moment at any section X of
arch
Mx = Vax w1 (x a) H. y
Mx = Va . x w1 (x a) H . y
Beam Moment
Actual bending moment at X = Beam moment at X H moment at X
Three Hinge Parabolic Arch
Loaded with udl
Actual bending moment at C = Beam moment at C H moment at as C is hinge
w 2 w 2
0= H.h
orH
8 8h
Parabolic arch loaded with udl
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.59
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Three Hinged Semicircular Arch Loaded with udl
Three hinged semicircular arch under udl
Actual bending moment at C = Beam moment at C H moment at C = Beam moment at
2
w(2R) wR
C H moment at C (C is hinged) 0 = = H . R or H =
2 2
Here, R is a dip length.
Example 40. A three hinged symmetrical parabolic arch of span 20 m and rise 5 m
carries a uniformly distributed load of 2 kN/m for the whole span. The bending moment at
quarter point is
(A) 75 kNm (hogging) (B) 75 kNm (sagging)
(C) 100 kNm (sagging) (D) zero
Soln. (D)
Bending moment at quarter point i.e., at section X = ?
Now, actual bending moment at X = Beam moment at X H moment at X
Simply supported beam
Bema momentdiagram
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.60
Notes on Structural Analysis
w52
Beam moment at X = VA 5
2
252
= 20 5 = 75 kNm (sagging)
2
H moment at X = H . y
wL2 2202
where, H = = 20 kN
8h 85
4hx 455
y= (Ix) (20 5) = 3.75 m
I2 202
Thus, H moment at X = 20 3.75 = 75 kNm (hogging)
Hence, Actual bending moment at X = 75 75 = 0
Example 41. A three hinged parabolic arch having a span of 20 m and a rise of 5 m
carries a point load of 10 kN at quarter span from the left end as shown in the figure. The
resultant reaction at the left support and it inclinations with the horizontal are respectively.
(A) 9.01 kN and 56.31 (B) 9.01 kN and 33.69
(C) 7.50 kN and 56.31 (D) 2.50 kN and 33.69
Soln. (A)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.61
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
VA + VB = 10 … (i)
HA = H B = H … (ii)
From left side (arch AC) MC = 0
VA 10 HA 5 10 × 5 = 0 … (iii)
or 10 VA 5H = 50 … (iv)
From right side of hinge C
MC = 0
VB 10 = 5 H … (v)
On solving Eq. (i), (iii) and (iv)
We get, VA = 7.5 kN and VB = 2.5 kN
H = 5 kN
Resultant reaction at A
R= 52 7.52 = 9.01 kN
7.5
tan = or = 56.31
5
Example 42. The horizontal thrust at support A in a three hinged arch shown in figure is
(A) 2 kN (B) 4 kN (C) 8 kN (D) 10 kN
Soln. (B)
VA + VB = 1 8 … (i)
HA HB (as supports are not same level)
MC = 0 (from left side)
182
VA 8 HA 4 =0 … (ii)
2
MC = 0 (from right side)
VB × 10 HB × 5 = 0
Taking moment of all forces about A = 0
82
VB 18 HB 1 1 =0 … (iii)
2
On solving all equations
We get, VB = 2 kN, VA = 6 kN,
HB = 4 kN, HA = 4 kN
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.62
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 43. A circular segmental threehinged arch of span 36 m and a rise of 6 m is
hinged at the crown. It carries a horizontal load 1000 N/m covering full height of the arch
on the left side. The horizontal thrust at the right support will be
(A) 6000 N (B) 4500 N (C) 3000 N (D) 1500 N
Soln. (D)
VA + VB = 0 … (i)
MC = 0 (from left side of C)
100062
18VA + 6HA =
2
or 3VA + HA = 3000 ... (ii)
MC = 0 (from right side of C)
18VB = 6HB
or HB = 3VB … (iii)
HA + HB = 1000 6 … (iv)
On solving equations HA = 4500 N and HB = 1500 N
Temperature Effect on
Three Hinged Arch
The rise of temperature increases the length of the arch. Since, the ends A and B do not
move and hinge C is not connected to any permanent object, the crown will rise from C
to D i.e., (C point is not fixed due to the variation in length which is just because of rise of
temperature)
Effect of increasing in temperature on arch
2 4h2
Rise in temperature = . t
4h
No stresses are produced in a three hinged arch due to temperature change alone. As
rise of the arch change due to temperature change, horizontal reaction also changes.
Also, no temperature stress no change in bending moment of arch.
March Mbeam Hy
Cons tan t Cons tan t havetobe
cons tan tas
ySoH
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.63
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Two Hinged Arches
It is a statically indeterminate structure.
Number of unknowns = 4
Equation of static equilibrium = 3
Two hinged arches
Degree of static indeterminacy = 4 3 = 1
Analysis of Two Hinged Arches
VA and VB can be determined by taking moments about either hinge.
Horizontal reaction at each support may be determined from the condition that the
horizontal displacement of either hinge with respect to other is zero.
Actual bending moment at any section X = Beam moment at X H moment at X i.e.
Mx = M Hy
Total strain energy stored by arch
M2 ds
U x
2EI
From Castigliano’s first theorem
Ui
F
Ui
So, 0
H
(No horizontal displacement)
(MHy)2 ds
Ui
2EI
Ui 2(M Hy)( y)ds
H
2EI
=0
Myds y 2 ds
or EI H EI 0
Myds
or H EI
y 2 ds
EI
where = displacement
H = horizontal reaction
Mx= moment at any section X
EI = flexural rigidity
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.64
Notes on Structural Analysis
Some Standard Results Regarding Arch
Two hinged parabolic arch
wL2
Two hinged parabolic arch subjected to udl throughout H
8h
wL2
Udl over left half on span, H
16h
A concentrated load w at crown
25wL
H
128h
A concentrated load w at a distance x from left end
5 w.x
H 3 (L x)(L2 Lxx 2 )
8 hL
Two hinged semi-circular arch
Two hinged semi-circular arch subjected to udl throughout
4 wR
H
3
Two hinged semi-circular arch subjected to concentrated load w at crown
w
H
A concentrated load w at radius vector with horizontal
w
H sin2
For a series of concentrated loads at radius vector with the horizontal
w
H sin2
Example 44. A symmetrical 2 hinged parabolic arch of rise r and L is supported at its end
on pin at the same level. A load w which uniformly distributed horizontally covers the
whole span, the value of the horizontal thrust is
wL wL wL wL
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4r 6r 8r 16r
Soln. (C)
Myds
Horizontal thrust H = EI
y 2 ds
EI
Where, M = beam moment
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.65
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
wL wx 2
M x
2 2
4hx
and y 2 (Lx)
L
xL wx wx 2 4hx ds
x0 2 2 L2 (L x) EI
Therefore, H 2
xL 4hx(L x) ds
x0 L2 EI
x 2 (L x)2 ds
wL2
EI
x 2 (L x)2 ds
8h
EI
wL2
8h
WL
or H
8r
as W = wL
and h=r
Example 45. A two hinged semicircular arch is loaded as shown in figure, the horizontal
thrust at each support is
15 10 9 8.75
(A) kN (B) kN (C) kN (D) kN
11
Soln. (D)
w 2
Horizontal thrust H sin
10 5
sin2 60 sin2 30
30 5
4 4
8.75
kN
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.66
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 46. A two hinged parabolic arch of span 10 m and rise 2 m is uniformly loaded
with udl of 20 kN/m over the left half of the span and a concentrated load of 10 kN at
crown. The horizontal thrust at each support will be.
(A) 9.76 kN (B) 62.50 kN (C) 72.26 kN (D) 52.74 kN
Soln. (C)
Horizontal thrust due to udl at the left of span
wL2 20 2
H1 62.5kN
16h 16 2
Horizontal thrust due to point load at the crown
25wL 25 10 10
H2
128h 128 2
= 9.67kN
Thus, total horizontal thrust H = H1 + H2
= 62.5 + 9.76
= 72.26 kN
Rigid joint C is basically moment resistant joint, however for the given loading, there is no
bending moments generated at any section.
Linear Arch
If the vertical loading acting on the arch is composed of concentrated loads, the
corresponding free bending moment diagram will also be linear. Such funicular arches
are called linear arches. Loads are resisted only by compression, no shear, no bending.
freebendingmomentM(x)
Horizontal thrust H =
y(x)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.67
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Beam moment diagram
Pab
M(x)
Thus, H L
fromH here,a
h y(x)
P
H ab
Lh
where Pab system of load round ab
Example 47. A symmetric frame PQR consists of two inclined members PQ and QR
connected at Q with a rigid joint and hinged at P and R. The horizontal length PR is l. If a
weight w is suspended at Q, the bending moment Q is
wl wl wl
(A) (B) (C) (D) zero
2 4 8
Soln. (D)
It is a case of two-hinged linear arch.
Horizontal thrust,
BeammomentM0(x)
H
y(x)
Beam moment diagram
L
at x
2
wL
H 4
h
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.68
Notes on Structural Analysis
wL
or H
4h
Actual bending moment at Q = Beam moment Q H moment at Q
wL wL
h0
4 4h
Eddys Theorem
It states that "the bending moment at any section of an arch is equal to the vertical
intercept (the difference in elevation) between the point of the centre-line of given
arch and the corresponding point on the funicular (linear) arch having the same span
and horizontal thrust for a given system of loads".
As, it is known that the shape of the linear arch follows the shape of the free bending
diagram.
On combing real arch and funicular arch
M(X) H y fa (x)y(X)
The ordinate between the linear arch and the actual arch gives the bending moment. This
is known as Eddy’s theorem.
Real arch may be two-hinged or three-hinged.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.69
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
INFLUENCE LINE DIAGRAM
An influence line diagram the variation of a function (such as the shear felt in a structure
member) at a specific point on a beam or truss caused by a unit load placed at any point
along the structure. Due to static load acting on a structure, various internal forces are
developed at each section of the structure. And values of these internal forces (shear,
moment) are constant at any particular section.
Now, if load starts moving on the structure, then the values of internal forces also starts
changing at each section. Thus the variation of the shear, bending moment, axial forces
and support reactions at a specific point in the member due to moving concentrated or
distributed load are represented by influence the diagram.
ILD for Beam
The following principle can be utilised to analyse the influence line diagram in beams.
When designing a beam, it is necessary to design for the scenarios causing the
maximum expected reactions, shears, moments within the structure members in order to
ensure that no member will fail during the life of the structure.
Qualitative ILD
Qualitative means only shape with no ordinate values. The Muller-Breslau principle can
be utilised to draw qualitative influence line, which are directly proportional to the actual
influence line.
The principle state that ILD for a function (reactions, shear force, bending moment, axial
force) is to the same scale as the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is acted
upon by the function.
Explanation of Qualitative ILD
In order to draw the deflected shape, the capacity of the beam to resist the applied
function must be removed so that beam can deflect when the function applied.
e.g., ILD for vertical reaction at A
For deflected shape corresponding to vertical reaction at A, remove the pin at A, since
the beam must still resist horizontal force at A so provide a roller guide.
On applying the vertical reaction AY at A, beam deflects to the dashed position. Which
represents the general shape of ILD the reaction at A.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.70
Notes on Structural Analysis
ILD for Shear at C
For deflected shape corresponding to shear force at C, we have to provide a shear
release in the form of roller guide at C.
On applying a positive shear force at C, beam deflects to the dashed position, which
represents the general shape of ILD for shear at C.
ILD for Bending Moment at C
The FBD of ILD for bending moment at C is shown below.
For deflected shape corresponding to bending moment at C, we have to provide moment
release in the form of an internal hinge at C.
On applying positive moment MC at C, beam deflects to the dashed position, which
represents the general shape of ILD for MC.
In drawing ILD, we will consider unit moving load. So, maximum ordinate of ILD will
be unity.
Example 48. The unit load passes over a span of 8 m. The ILD for SF at a section 2m
from left support is
(A) (B)
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(C) (D)
Soln. (A)
ILD for SF at c
Provide a roller guide at C and then apply VC.
as we know, we take unit moving load, thus when moving unit load will be at point C, then
total SF at VC i.e.,
a b
x 1
L L
where, a = 2, b = 6, L = 8 in this problem
Example 49. For the continuous beam as shown in figure, the ILD for support reaction at
D is best represented as
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.72
Notes on Structural Analysis
Soln. (C)
ILD for reaction at D can be drawn by providing unit displacement in the direction of
reaction and then deflected shape of beam will represent ILD for VD. On applying VD,
beam will deflect from hinge C. There will be no deflection in part A to C.
Example 50. The influence line RC for the beam shown in figure will be as in
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Soln. (B)
ILD for RC provide a roller guide at C and then deflected shape corresponding to RC will
represent ILD for RC ordinate at B and E can be find out by similar triangles as ordinate at
C unity.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.73
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Example 51. A beam with cantilevered ends is shown in the given figure. Which one of
the following diagrams represent the ILD for shear just to right of support A?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Soln. (D)
Let us drawing ILD for SF at any section C
Now, as point C shifts right of A deflected shape will become as
So, ILD for SF just right of A
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.74
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 52. A simply supported beam with an overhang is traversed by a unit
concentrated moment from left to right as shown below.
The influence line for reaction at B is given by
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D) Zero everywhere
Soln. (C)
As we know ILD for any function is the variation of that function at section to section
when unit load (force or moment) moves on the straight.
So, let us finding out a function of RB with respect to the distance moved by unit moment
R A RB 0 …(i)
taking moments about C = 0
i.e.,
R A (L x) 1 RB x …(ii)
Solving Eqs. (i) and Eq. (ii) for RB
1
RB , (which is constant)
L
Therefore, value of RB remains constant irrespective of moving unit moment position.
ILD for RB
Quantitative ILD
In this section we will discuss the exact values of FSF or BM at any section on beam due
to any real load system. ILD for any concentrated load w, can be drawn multiplying
ordinates by Considering the example given here.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.75
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Example 53. A load W is moving from left to right support on a simply supported beam
AB of span L. The maximum bending moment at 0.4L from the left support is
(A) 0.16 wL (B) 0.20 wL (C) 0.24 wL (D) 0.25 wL
Soln. (C)
1 (0.4L)(0.6L) W
Ordinate of MD fromM ab
L L
= 0.24L
Thus maximum bending moment due to load w
= (ILD ordinate at D) × w
= 0.24wL
Example 54. The given figures shows a beam with its influence line for shear force and
bending moment at section A, the values of the SF and BM at section A due to a
concentrated load of 20 kN placed at mid span will be
(A) 0.75 kN and 2.25 kN (B) 5 kN and 7 kN
(C) 7.5 kN and 10 kN (D) 10 kN and 30 kN
Soln. (D)
Load 20 kN is at mid section of span
SF at A due to 20 kN = (ordinate of ILD under load 20 kN) × 20 kN
6
0.75 20kN10kN
9
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.76
Notes on Structural Analysis
BM at A due to 20 kN = (ordinate of ILD under load 20 kN) × 20
6
2.75 20kN30 kN-m
9
In above problem ILD at section A is given, ordinates at different-different locations
simply shows values of SF/BM at section A, when unit load moves. Let the unit load is at
mid section then ordinate of ILD at mid section will be value of SF/BM at section A. So for
a load w, value of SF/BM at section A will be equal to ordinate of ILD at A due to unit load
multiplied by w.
Example 55. A uniformly distributed live load of 40 kN/m of length 2 m moves on a girder
of span 10 m. The maximum positive shear force and at a section 4 m from the left and
will be
(A) 40 kN (B) 42.67 kN (C) 45 kN (D) 50 kN
Soln. (B)
ILD for SF at section 4 m from left end
For maximum value of Positive SF
Load position should as
Maximum negative SF = Load intensity × area of ILD covered by load
2 2
2
40 3 5 42.67kN
2
Series of Rolling Loads
A series of loads w1, w2, w3, w4, w5 pass over a simply supported span is shown in figure
Rolling loads acting on beam AB
Maximum End Shear at A
Consider a Influence Line Diagram (ILD) for SF at A
At supports, shear force = Reaction at support For case I When w1 is exactly at A, the
reaction at point a from the load W1.
Ra1 = reaction at A (SF)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.77
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
For case II When w1 is rolled off and w2 is exactly at A, the reaction at point a from the
load W2
Ra2 = reaction at A (SF)
for Ra1 > Ra2
Load rolled off Remaining loads
>
Successive wheel space Span length
w1 (w 2 w 3 w 4 w 5 )
i,e.,
a L
Example 56. A series of rolling loads moves over a simply supported span as shown in
figure below. What will be the condition for maximum end shear at support B?
(A) a = 5 m (B) a > 5 m (C) a < 5 m (D) a = 6 m
Soln. (C)
ILD for SF at B
First rolled wheel load = 15 kN
Thus for maximum end shear at B
15 51015
or a < 5 m
a 10
Maximum Shear Force at Given Section
Shear force
Let given section is C; draw ILD for SF at c
ILD for SF
Again, SC1 = SF at C with w2 load at C
SC2 = SF at C with w3 load at C
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.78
Notes on Structural Analysis
For SC1 > SC2
Load rolled off the section C Sum of all loads
if >
Succeeding wheel space Span
w 2 w1 w 2 w 3 w 4
i.e.,
b
Maximum Bending Moment at a Given Section
Let’s consider the following BMD to find out the maximum bending moment at a particular
given section.
Let given section is C.
ILD for BM at C
Influence line diagram
For Equilibrium of Forces
Average load on AC = Average load on CB
For udl Shorter than Span
Consider the following span AB of length (a + b) and here the udl works only on length l1,
i.e, l < (a + b), then from the equilibrium of the forces.
udl on a span
Average load on AC = Average load on CB
wx w(l1x)
a b
b
xl1 x
a
al
or x 1
l
For this portion of udl on left of section C, bending moment will be maximum at C.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.79
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Value of maximum BM at C = load intensity × area of ILD order load.
When length of udl is more than span length, then for maximum bending moment at
section the span is fully loaded.
For Moving Wheel Loads
Maximum BM at given section C occurs when average load on left side minus average
load on right-side changes sign as point load passes over the section. These can be
explained by considering the following examples.
Example 57. Five concentrated loads 40 kN, 120 kN, 100 kN, 60 kN, 80 kN spaced at
equal distance of 3 m between them cross from left to right of a SS beam of span 40 m
with the 40 kN load leading. Maximum bending moment at section C 15 m from A occurs
when
(A) 120 kN load is at C (B) 100 kN load is at C
(C) 60 kN load is at C (D) 80 kN load is at C
Soln. (B)
Let the difference between average load on right-side of C and average load on left side
of C is X.
40 1201006080
X
25 15
= 12.8 (negative)
Load 120 kN crossec C
40 100 6080
X
25 15
= 9.6 (negative)
Load 100 kN crosses C
40120100 6080
X
25 15
= 1.067 (positive)
So, as 100 kN load crosses section C, X changes its sign, therefore, for maximum value
of BM at C 100 kN load is at C.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.80
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 58. In the previous example, what will be the value of maximum moment at
section C?
(A) 2876.5 kN-m (B) 3112.5 kN-m (C) 3271.5 kN-m (D) 3476.8 kN-m
Soln. (B)
Maximum BM at C = Loads × (Respective ordinates of ILD)
= 40y2 + 120y1 + 100 × 9.375 + 60y3 + 80y4
y1, y2, y3, y4 can obtained by similar triangular.
Thus, maximum BM at C
= (40 × 7.125) + (120 × 8.25) + (100 × 9.375) + (60 × 7.5) + (80 × 5.625)
= 3112.5 kN-m
Example 59. A udl of 15 kN/m and length 3 m rolls over a simply supported span of 10 m
length. The maximum bending moment at a section 4 m from right end will be
(A) 70.8 kNm (B) 82.2 kNm (C) 90.6 kNm (D) 100 kN
Soln. (C)
Average load on AC = Average load on CB
wa w(3 a)
6 4
9
or a m
5
Maximum BM at C = Load intensity × Area of ILD under load.
1
2
1
15 (2.41.84)1.4 (2.41.44) 1.6
2
= 90.6 kN-m
ILD for Truss
Influence lines for forces in truss members can be constructed in much the same
manners as those for the beam. The basic principle of an influence line is made use of,
which indicates the variation of the force in any member of the truss as the unit load
moves across the truss.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.81
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Types of Truss Members
A general truss consists of four types of members.
Bottom chord members
Top chord members
Vertical members
Diagonal member
Truss
ILD means variation of shear, moment, axial force or support reaction as unit load moves
over span.
A truss structure is composed of bar members, which resists load either by compression
or by tension. Therefore, here ILD will be variation of axial forces in various truss
members as unit load moves from L1 to L2.
ILD for Top Chord Members
In first step, pass a imaginary vertical section that cut the desired top member.
Member U1 U2
Influence line diagram for top chord
For member U1 U2, (opposite bottom chord joint is L2)
ML
PU1U2 2
h
where, ML2 is bending moment at L2 due to unit load considering span L1L5 as simply
supported.
ILD
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.82
Notes on Structural Analysis
ILDforML2
So, ILD for PU1U2
h
i.e.,
ILD for U2U3 (opposite bottom chord joint L3)
ML
PU2U3 3
h
ILD for PU2U3
ILD for U3U4 (opposite bottom chord joint L3)
thus ILD for U3U4 will be same as for U2U3
ML
PU3U4 3
h
ILD for U4U5 (opposite bottom chord joint L4)
ML
PU4U5 4
h
All top chord members have compressive force so we draw ILD for them as positive
(conventional)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.83
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
ILD for Bottom Chord Members
We will use similar procedure, as used in top chord member. Here we will find opposite
top chord joint.
ILD for L1L2 (opposite top chord joint U1)
MU
PL1L2 1
h
Where, MU1 is bending moment at U1, due to unit load, considering span U1U5 as simply
supported.
ILD for MU1
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5
a(L
MU1 0 { a = 0}
L
ILD for L2L3 (opposite top chord joint U2)
MU
PL2L3 2
h
Influence line diagram
ILD for L3L4 (opposite top chord joint U4)
MU
PL3L4 4
h
Influence line diagram
ILD for L4L5 (opposite top chord joint U5)
MU
PL4L5 5
h
Since, a = 0 MU5 0
All bottom members have tensile forces, so draw ILD as below axis (as convention)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.84
Notes on Structural Analysis
ILD for Vertical Members
ILD for member U1L1 Pass a section through member U1L1 that cut it into two parts.
ILD for vertical member
Here, our objective is to find out vertical member force PU1L1 as unit load moves from L1
and L5.
Let unit load is at joint L1. In this case member U1L1 will take no load and support reaction
V1 = 1 (obvious understanding). As load moves right of L1, member U1L1 start taking
some load to balance support reaction V1. Now, consider unit load be anywhere on right
side of joint L2.
PL1U1 V1 (compressive)
Thus ILD for PL1U1 will ILD of reaction V1 when load is right of L2.
Influence line diagram
we will consider only right part of L2 of ILD for V1.
ILD for member U2L2
Influence line diagram
When unit load is right of L3
consider left part P U2L2 V1 (compressive)
when unit load is left of L2
consider right part P U2L22 V2 (tensile)
For nature of P U2L2 see the FBD of above truss.
Compressive force are drawn above the axis as convention.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.85
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
ILD for U3L3
Influence line diagram
Now from analysis of truss, if at a joint three member passes out of which two are
collinear, then force in third member will be zero, provided that there is no external load
at that joint.
Hence, PU3L3 0
ILD for U4L4
Influence line diagram
when unit load is left of L3
consider right part,
PU4L4 V2 (compressive)
when unit load is right of L4
consider left part
PU4L4 V1 (tensile)
Influence line diagram
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.86
Notes on Structural Analysis
Influence line diagram
ILD for Diagonal Members
ILD for member U1U2
Pass a imaginary vertical section, which cut the diagonal member U1L2 in two parts.
Influence line diagram
As unit load is right side of L2.
Consider left part of section X X
PU1L2 sin V1
PV1L2 V1 cosec (tensile)
As unit load is exactly at L1. There will be zero force in U1L2
because (V1 = 1)
Thus for unit load between L1 to L2
PU1L2 will vary from 0 to V1 cosec
Influence line diagram
ILD for U2U3
Influence line diagram
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.87
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
When unit load is on right side of joint L3 considering left part of section X – X
PU2L3 sin V1 (tensile)
or PU2L3 V1 cosec (tensile)
When unit load is on left side of joint L2 considering right part of section X – X
PU2L3 sin V2 (compressive)
or PU2L3 V2 cosec
Influence line diagram
In the same way ILD for U4L3 and U5L4 can be drawn.
Influence Line Diagram : At a Glance
Make a imaginary cut section through the desired member.
See right and left joint of that section to about how many member to know about side
of the unit load.
If unit load is on right of that section, consider left part of left joint (L2) see below
figure.
If unit load is on left of the section, consider right part of right joint (L3), see below
figure.
Top chord members are under compression, so ILD will be drawn above axis (only
conventional).
Bottom chord member are under pull tension, so ILD will be drawn below axis (only
conventional).
Observe carefully the exact middle vertical member.
For top chord member, see just opposite connecting bottom chord joint (for U2U3,
joint L3).
For bottom chord member, see just opposite connecting top chord joint (for L2L3, joint
U2)
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.88
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 60. The Influence Line Diagram (ILD) shown is for the member.
(A) PQ (B) PS (C) RS (D) QS
Soln. (A)
Member PQ is a top chord member, which will remain in compression. So above ILD
is not possible for PQ.
Member RS is a bottom chord member, which will remain in tension. So above ILD is
not possible for RS.
Member QS
When unit load is right of T,
consider right part of section X X
PQS = V1 (compressive) from equilibrium
When unit load is left of S,
consider right part of section X X
PQS = V2 (tensile)
Member PR
Influence line diagram
Opposite joint of cut-section R and S.
for load right-side of S, PPS = V1 (tensile). cosec
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.89
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
for load left-side of R, PPS = V2 (compressive). cosec
ILD for member PS or QS
Hence, the given ILD may be for member PS or QS.
But only R and S joint are given in figure, so it should be ILD for PS, as ILD for member
QS contains joints S and T
Sign convention for the compression is taken (-ve) and for tension (+ve), which makes no
difference.
Example 61. What is the maximum ordinate for influence line for the force in the member X?
(A) 1.0 (B) 1.33 (C) 1.50 (D) 2.50
Soln. (B)
Opposite joint of bottom chord member X is top chord joint A.
M
Therefore, PX A
h
where, MA
1 a b
L
fromM
Wab
L
and a = 12 m
b = 24 m
L = 36 m
h=6m
M
Thus, PX A
h
1 a b
Lh
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.90
Notes on Structural Analysis
ILD for PX
11224
Ordinate of PX 1.33
366
Example 62. Which one of the following diagrams represent the ILD for force in member
DG?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Soln. (D)
From synopsis, if at a joint three members are passing out of which two are collinear then
force in non-collinear member is always zero provided with no external load at that joint.
The above statement will be true if truss have following shape, as Unit load moves on
bottom span.
But, in the given truss member DG is connected in the following pattern.
When unit load is exactly at G.
FDG 1
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.91
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
There will be no member force in DG for unit load position before F and after H.
Therefore, ILD for FDG
In previous example, we used through type truss in which bottom chord members
received load.
All things of analysis remain same if we use, Deck type truss except here top chord joints
receive loads.
Example 63. For the shown deck type truss ILD for member XY will be
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Soln. (C)
As load is received by top chord joints.
So, we will consider joints A and X not Y and B.
on either side of section X - X for unit load on right of joint X
PXY V1 (compressive)
when unit load is exactly at A
PXY 0 as V1 1
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.92
Notes on Structural Analysis
ILD for PXY
Example 64. The influence line diagram for the force in member XY of the truss shown in
figure will be
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Soln. (C)
As unit load moves over top chord members, so member force XY will not be zero.
when unit load is exactly at X
FXY 1 (compressive)
Member XY is considered as secondary member
BASIC CONCEPT OF MATRIX METHOD
In general a structure have a number of nodes, therefore our objective is here to write
force and displacement relations in matrix form, to simplify a problem. Generally, we use
the matrix method for simplicity in calculation.
Terminology Related Matrix
Flexibility
It is displacement caused by unit force
f
=
P
i.e., (where P = 1 unit)
where = displacement
Stiffness
It is the force required for unit displacement.
P
i.e., K (where = 1 unit)
Stiffness simply means resistance against deformation. Stiffer, the member lesser will be
its deformation or more force has to be apply for unit deformation. Flexibility (f) and
stiffness (K) can be related as
f K1
i.e., flexibility and stiffness are reciprocal of each other.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.93
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Relation between Flexibility and Stiffness
Using spring deformation
If we apply pull P on a spring of stiffness (K), then deformation () can be given by
relation.
PK
remember above relation.
1
For flexibility, put K in above relation
f
1
P
f
where f = flexibility
Formation of Matrix
Stiffness (Kij) for multidegree of freedom structural element
Pi Kij j
i force position
j displacement position
e.g., P1K12 2 implies force is applied at coordinate I and displacement is required at
coordinate 2
P
or K12 1 (where, 2 = 1)
2
Stiffness (K12) is the force required in the member at node (1) to produce unit
displacement at node (2)
Flexibility (fij) for multidegree of freedom structural element
i fij Pj
Flexibility (fij) is the displacement at coordinate (i) due to a unit force at coordinate (j)
e.g., f12 1
P2
Let a structural member AB, which is fixed at end A and end B can have three types of
displacements.
Axial displacement 1 at coordinate (1)
On applying axial pull P1 at coordinate (1), the displacement at coordinate 1 is given by
equation
P1L
1
AE
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.94
Notes on Structural Analysis
1
Now, from definition f11
P1
L
i.e., f11 Axial flexibility
AE
P
also K11 1
1
AE
i.e., K11 Axial stiffness
L
Transverse displacement 2 at coordinate (2)
(a) End A-fixed
For displacement along coordinate (2)
12EI 2
force P2 (Remember)
L3
Beam with one fixed end
Note that there is no displacement along coordinate L and (3).
Now, from definition
L3
f22 2 (transverse flexibility)
P2 12EI
P2 12EI
and K 22
3 (transverse stiffness)
2 L
(b) End A-hinged
Hinged end
3EI
P2 2
L3
L3
f22 (transverse flexibility)
3EI
3EI
K 22 3 (transverse stiffness)
L
Bending displacement 3 (rotation) at coordinate (3)
(a) End A-fixed
Only rotational displacement (3) at coordinate (3) no displacement at coordinate (1) and (2)
4EI
P3 3
L
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.95
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Rotating Hinged end
3 L
Thus, f33 (flexural flexibility)
P3 4EI
4EI
and K 33 (flexural stiffness)
L
(b) End A-hinged
End A-hinged
3EI
P3 3
L
L
f33
3EI
3EI
and K 33
L
Term EI is known as flexural rigidity. So more the flexural rigidity, more will be stiffness of
member.
i.e., In formula of K, (EI) term will be numerator always.
Stiffness Matrix
In the finite element method for the numerical solution of elliptic partial differential
equations, the stiffness matrix represents the system of linear equations that must be
solved in order to as certain an approximate solution to the differential equation.
i.e., Pi Kij j
Let j = 1, i = 1, 2, 3 ……n
or Pi Ki11 implies if a unit displacement is given at coordinate (1) without any
displacement at other coordinates, then forces required at coordinates 1, 2, 3 … n may
be represented by Ki1 {where, i = 1, 2, 3, ….n}
P1 K K K1j K 1
P 11 12 1n
2 K 21 K 22 K 2 j K 2n 2
P3 K 31K 32 K 3 j K 3n 3
P
K
n 1n n1 n2K K
Knj nn n n1
nn
In above K-matrix (which is a square matrix), the jth column represents the forces at
coordinate 1, 2, 3…n due to unit displacement given at coordinate j, without any
displacement at other coordinates.
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.96
Notes on Structural Analysis
Example 65. Generate the stiffness matrix for a cantilevered beam.
Soln. Total displacement coordinates are two
i.e., number of nodes are two
[K] matrix will be of order 2 × 2
K11 K12
K K
21 22
K K
we will formulate [K] matrix, columnwise i.e., 12 or 11
K 22 K 21
(a) Giving unit displacement at coordinate (1) i.e., 1 = 1 finding out K11 and K21 {first
column}
12EI 6EI
thus, K11 3 ,K 12 2
L L
(b) Unit displacement at coordinate (2) i.e., 2 = 1 finding out K21 and K22 {second
column}
6EI 4EI
K 21 22
,K
L2 L
12EI 6EI
L3 2
Therefore, [K]22 L
6EI EI
L2 L
1. K-matrix’s leading diagonal is always positive
2. K-matrix is always symmetric i.e., Kij = Kji.
3. Remember results corresponding to 1 = 1 and 2 = 1 with deflected shape
diagram.
Calculation of Flexibility Matrix
Flexibility [f] matrix is inverse of [K] matrix.
So, [f][K]1
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.97
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
1
12EI 6EI
3 2
L L
6EI EI
L2 L
Inverse of a matrix can be find out as
1
[A]1 adj[A]
A
where, adj [A] = transpose of cofactor matrix
12EI 6EI
L3 2
[K] L
6EI EI
L2 L
4 4EI
Cofactor C11(1)11
L L
6EI 6EI
C12 (1)1 2 2 2
L L
6 EI 6EI
C11(1)21 2 2
L L
12EI 12EI
C22 (1)2 2 3 3
L L
EI 6EI
L L2
Cofactor matrix [C] =
6EI 12EI
L2 L3
EI 6EI
L L2
Transpose of [C] matrix = adj [K] =
6EI 12EI
L2 L3
48(EI)2 36(EI)2 12(EI)2
determinant K = K
L4 L4 L4
adj[K]
Therefore, flexibility matrix [f]
K
EI 6EI
L 4 L L2
12(EI) 6EI 12EI
2
L2 L3
L3 L2
3EI
[f] 2 2EI
L L
2EI EI
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Notes/Pg.98
Assignment on Structural Analysis
ASSIGNMENT 1
Duration : 45 Min. Max. Marks : 30
Q1 to Q6 carry one mark each
Direction (Q.1 18) : Calculate the degree of static indeterminacy of following structure.
1. Frame
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2. Frame
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
3. Frame
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 12
4. Frame
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
5. Frame
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 6
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Assign/Pg.99
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
6. Frame
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 12
Q7 to Q18 carry two marks each
7. Frame
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7
8. Frame
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 14
9. Frame
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) zero
10. Frame
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 15
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Assign/Pg.100
Assignment on Structural Analysis
11. Frame
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 9
12. Beam
(A) 3 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 0
13. Beam
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
14. Frame
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
15. Plane truss
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
16. Plane truss
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Assign/Pg.101
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
17. Plane truss
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
18. Truss
(A) unstable, DS = 1 (B) stable, DS = 2
(C) stable, DS = 0 (D) unstable, DS = 2
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Assign/Pg.102
Test Paper on Structural Analysis
TEST PAPER 1
Duration : 30 Min. Max. Marks : 25
Q1 to Q5 carry one mark each
1. A plane frame is loaded as shown in the figure. The rotations are indicated as B and
C and sway is indicated by symbol . For the given frame which one of the
statement is correct?
(A) B = C ; is absent (B) B = C ; is absent
(C) B = C ; is present (D) B = C ; is present
2. The portal frame shown in Fig. I was analysed and the final column moments were
found to be shown as shown in the fig. II. The value of P is
(A) 25 kN (B) 41 kN (C) 45 kN (D) 50 kN
3. The internal forces at any cross-section of an arch are
(A) SF only (B) SF and BM only
(C) normal thrust only (D) SF, BM and normal thrust all
4. A three hinged symmetrical arch carries a udl over the entire span, then the section
of the arch is subjected to
(A) SF only (B) SF and BM
(C) SF and normal thrust (D) normal thrust only
5. The effect of arching a beam is
(A) to reduce SF (B) to reduce BM in the span
(C) to increase the BM (D) to reduce the normal thrust
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Test Paper/Pg.115
Vidyalankar : GATE – CE
Q6 to Q15 carry two marks each
6. Reaction at support B of the structure is
P P
(A) P (B) P 2 (C) (D)
2 2
7. A three hinged arch shown in the figure is quarter of a circle. If the vertical and
horizontal components of reaction at A are equal, the value of is
(A) 60° (B) 45° (C) 30° (D) None of the these
8. A two hinged parabolic arch carries two concentrated moments as shown in figure.
The resultant at left support will be
55 55
(A) 0 (B) M0 (C) M0 (D) M0
32 16
9. Due to certain temperature increase, the rise of the three hinged arch increased by
1%. The horizontal thrust will then
(A) increase by 1% (B) decrease by 1%
(C) No change (D) None of these
10. A three hinged arch consisting of two quadrantal parts AC and CB of radii R1 and R2.
The arch carries a concentrated load w on the crown. The horizontal thrust is
w w 3w
(A) (B) (C) (D) w
4 2 4
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Test Paper/Pg.116
Test Paper on Structural Analysis
11. For the three hinged parabolic arch, shown the value of the horizontal reaction is
(A) 1 kN (B) 5 kN (C) 4 kN (D) 2.5 kN
12. For the semi-circular two-hinged arch shown in the figure below, a moment of 50 kN-m
applied at B produces a displacement of 0.5 cm at A. If a concentrated load of 10 kN is
applied at A, the rotation at B in the arch will be
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.01 (C) 0.001 (D) 0.0001
13. A circular three pinned arch of span 40 m and a rise of 8 m is hinged at the crown
and springing. It carries a horizontal load of 100 kN per vertical metre on the left side.
The horizontal thrust at the right springing will be
(A) 200 kN (B) 400 kN (C) 600 kN (D) 800 kN
14. Which one of the following statement is correct? Linear arch is one which represents
(A) centre line of an arch (B) variation of bending moment
(C) thrust line (D) variation of shear force
15. For the continuous beam (EI constant) loaded as shown in the figure given, the
moment at ‘B’ is
(A) 0.75 times free moment at midspan of AB
(B) same as the free moment at midspan of AB
(C) 1.50 times free moment at midspan of AB
(D) 2.00 times free moment at midspan of AB
GATE/Civil/Module4/Ch.1_Test Paper/Pg.117
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