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Contents

* Why use generics? <#why-use-generics>

* Using collection literals <#using-collection-literals>
* Using parameterized types with constructors
<#using-parameterized-types-with-constructors>
* Generic collections and the types they contain
<#generic-collections-and-the-types-they-contain>
* Restricting the parameterized type <#restricting-the-parameterized-type>
* Using generic methods <#using-generic-methods>
 * ⟨ Collections <https://dart.dev/language/collections>
* Typedefs ⟩ <https://dart.dev/language/typedefs>

/description/
<https://github.com/dart-lang/site-www/tree/main/src/language/generics.md>
/bug_report/ <https://github.com/dart-lang/site-www/issues/new?
template=1_page_issue.yml&title=[PAGE%20ISSUE]:%20%27Generics%27&page-url=https://
dart.dev/language/generics.html&page-source=https://github.com/dart-lang/site-www/
tree/main/src/language/generics.md>

Generics

Contents

* Why use generics? <#why-use-generics>

* Using collection literals <#using-collection-literals>
* Using parameterized types with constructors
<#using-parameterized-types-with-constructors>
* Generic collections and the types they contain
<#generic-collections-and-the-types-they-contain>
* Restricting the parameterized type <#restricting-the-parameterized-type>
* Using generic methods <#using-generic-methods>

If you look at the API documentation for the basic array type, |List|
<https://api.dart.dev/stable/dart-core/List-class.html>, you’ll see that
the type is actually |List<E>|. The <…> notation marks List as a
/generic/ (or /parameterized/) type—a type that has formal type
parameters. By convention
<https://dart.dev/effective-dart/design#do-follow-existing-mnemonic-conventions-
when-naming-type-parameters>, most type variables have single-letter names, such as
E, T, S, K, and V.

<#why-use-generics>Why use generics?

Generics are often required for type safety, but they have more benefits
than just allowing your code to run:

* Properly specifying generic types results in better generated code.

* You can use generics to reduce code duplication.

If you intend for a list to contain only strings, you can declare it as
|List<String>| (read that as “list of string”). That way you, your
fellow programmers, and your tools can detect that assigning a
non-string to the list is probably a mistake. Here’s an example:

|var names = <String>[];

names.addAll(['Seth', 'Kathy', 'Lars']);
names.add(42); // Error
|

Another reason for using generics is to reduce code duplication.

Generics let you share a single interface and implementation between
many types, while still taking advantage of static analysis. For
example, say you create an interface for caching an object:

|abstract class ObjectCache {

Object getByKey(String key);
 void setByKey(String key, Object value);
}|

You discover that you want a string-specific version of this interface,

so you create another interface:

|abstract class StringCache {

String getByKey(String key);
void setByKey(String key, String value);
}|

Later, you decide you want a number-specific version of this interface…

You get the idea.

Generic types can save you the trouble of creating all these interfaces.
Instead, you can create a single interface that takes a type parameter:

|abstract class Cache<T> {

T getByKey(String key);
void setByKey(String key, T value);
}|

In this code, T is the stand-in type. It’s a placeholder that you can
think of as a type that a developer will define later.

<#using-collection-literals>Using collection literals

List, set, and map literals can be parameterized. Parameterized literals

are just like the literals you’ve already seen, except that you add
|</type/>| (for lists and sets) or |</keyType/, /valueType/>| (for maps)
before the opening bracket. Here is an example of using typed literals:

|var names = <String>['Seth', 'Kathy', 'Lars'];

var uniqueNames = <String>{'Seth', 'Kathy', 'Lars'};
var pages = <String, String>{
'index.html': 'Homepage',
'robots.txt': 'Hints for web robots',
'humans.txt': 'We are people, not machines'
};|

<#using-parameterized-types-with-constructors>Using parameterized
types with constructors

To specify one or more types when using a constructor, put the types in
angle brackets (|<...>|) just after the class name. For example:

|var nameSet = Set<String>.from(names);|

The following code creates a map that has integer keys and values of
type View:

|var views = Map<int, View>();|

<#generic-collections-and-the-types-they-contain>Generic collections
and the types they contain
Dart generic types are /reified/, which means that they carry their type
information around at runtime. For example, you can test the type of a
collection:

|var names = <String>[];

names.addAll(['Seth', 'Kathy', 'Lars']);
print(names is List<String>); // true|

/info/ *Note:* In contrast, generics in Java use /erasure/, which means

that generic type parameters are removed at runtime. In Java, you can
test whether an object is a List, but you can’t test whether it’s a
|List<String>|.

<#restricting-the-parameterized-type>Restricting the parameterized type

When implementing a generic type, you might want to limit the types that
can be provided as arguments, so that the argument must be a subtype of
a particular type. You can do this using |extends|.

A common use case is ensuring that a type is non-nullable by making it a

subtype of |Object| (instead of the default, |Object?|
<https://dart.dev/null-safety/understanding-null-safety#top-and-bottom>).

|class Foo<T extends Object> {

// Any type provided to Foo for T must be non-nullable.
}|

You can use |extends| with other types besides |Object|. Here’s an
example of extending |SomeBaseClass|, so that members of |SomeBaseClass|
can be called on objects of type |T|:

|class Foo<T extends SomeBaseClass> {

// Implementation goes here...
String toString() => "Instance of 'Foo<$T>'";
}

class Extender extends SomeBaseClass {...}|

It’s OK to use |SomeBaseClass| or any of its subtypes as the generic

argument:

|var someBaseClassFoo = Foo<SomeBaseClass>();

var extenderFoo = Foo<Extender>();|

It’s also OK to specify no generic argument:

|var foo = Foo();

print(foo); // Instance of 'Foo<SomeBaseClass>'|

Specifying any non-|SomeBaseClass| type results in an error:

|var foo = Foo<Object>();|

<#using-generic-methods>Using generic methods

Methods and functions also allow type arguments:

|T first<T>(List<T> ts) {
// Do some initial work or error checking, then...
T tmp = ts[0];
// Do some additional checking or processing...
return tmp;
}|

Here the generic type parameter on |first| (|<T>|) allows you to use the
type argument |T| in several places:

* In the function’s return type (|T|).

* In the type of an argument (|List<T>|).
* In the type of a local variable (|T tmp|).

* ⟨ Collections <https://dart.dev/language/collections>
* Typedefs ⟩ <https://dart.dev/language/typedefs>

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