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Evolution of Operating System Architecture

The document discusses the evolution of operating system architecture from the 1950s to present day, highlighting key developments such as batch processing, multiprogramming, monolithic kernels, microkernels, and hybrid kernels. It emphasizes the shift towards more modular and secure designs, including emerging trends like exokernels and unikernels. Overall, the evolution has aimed to enhance performance, security, and flexibility in operating systems.

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80 views1 page

Evolution of Operating System Architecture

The document discusses the evolution of operating system architecture from the 1950s to present day, highlighting key developments such as batch processing, multiprogramming, monolithic kernels, microkernels, and hybrid kernels. It emphasizes the shift towards more modular and secure designs, including emerging trends like exokernels and unikernels. Overall, the evolution has aimed to enhance performance, security, and flexibility in operating systems.

Uploaded by

arhamsanooj300
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction:

Good [morning/afternoon], everyone. Today, I’ll be talking about the evolution of


operating system architecture. Operating systems are the backbone of computing—they
manage hardware, run applications, and provide a user interface.

Early OS Architectures:
Operating systems began in the 1950s with batch processing systems. These were
followed by multiprogramming systems in the 60s, where multiple programs ran at
once to optimize CPU use. Then came time-sharing systems, which allowed multiple
users to interact with the system simultaneously.

Monolithic Kernels:
A major development was the monolithic kernel. In this design, all operating system
services—such as memory management, file system, and device drivers—run in the same
space. Unix and early Linux systems used this model. While efficient, any fault
could crash the whole system.

Microkernels:
To address this, microkernel architecture was introduced. Here, only essential
services like IPC and scheduling run in kernel space. Everything else, like file
systems and drivers, run in user space. This improves reliability and security but
may impact performance. Examples include Minix and QNX.

Hybrid Kernels:
Modern systems often use hybrid kernels—a mix of both architectures. Windows NT and
macOS are prime examples. They keep core parts in kernel space for speed, but
modularize others for reliability.

Emerging Trends:
More recently, we see exokernels, which offer minimal abstraction and allow apps to
control hardware directly, and unikernels, which compile applications with only the
necessary OS components into a single binary.

Conclusion:
The architecture of operating systems has evolved from monolithic designs to more
modular and secure approaches, enabling greater performance, security, and
flexibility.

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