DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

CLASS: 12th
SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY
UNIT NO.& NAME: SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER NO.& NAME: Chapter-2, SOLUTIONS
TOPIC: Solubility and Henry’s Law

Assignment No.:4 DATE: 18.05.2021

DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL

Today we will learn about solubility, factors affecting it and Henry’s Law.
Solubility of gases & solids in liquids

Solubility-maximum amount of substance that can be dissolved in specific

amount of solvent
Solubility of Solids in Liquids.
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Solute + Solvent ⇌ Solution
𝐜𝐫𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Dynamic Equilibrium is established at stage of saturation ie no. of solute

particles going into solution is equal to no of solute particles separating out.

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 DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 4 CLASS: 12th SUBJECT: Chemistry DATE:18.05.2021

The amount under of dissolving will remain constant under given condition of
temperature
Therefore, Solubility may be defined as amount of solid that dissolves in 100 g
of solvent at a given temp to form a saturated solution.
Unsaturated sol- more solute can be added.
Saturated sol.- no more solute can be added.
Factors affecting solubility of solid in liquid
1. Nature of solute & Solvent – like dissolves like
Ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water & non-polar solvents
dissolve covalent compounds
2. Temperature. → Three types. (1) solubility increase with increase in temp .
In those cases where dissolution is endothermic. Acc. to Le-Chatlier's Principle,
increase in temp will favour the forward reaction.

Solute + Solvent ⇌ Solution ∆Hsol= positive

eg NaNO3 , NH4 Cl, AgNO3, etc

2. solubility dec. with Inc. in temp.-- Dissolution is exothermic

Solute+solvent ⇌ solution ∆H= negative

eg. Li2SO4, Ce2 (SO4)3 etc

(3) Solubility Shows irregular behaviour

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 DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 4 CLASS: 12th SUBJECT: Chemistry DATE:18.05.2021

Na2SO4.10H2O --- Solubility first inc. up to certain temp & then decreases,
Sharp break at 32.4°c - This temp. is called transition temp. because at
32.4°- equilibrium b/w Na2SO4.10H2O and Na2SO4

Similarly at 61.8°C FeSO4.7H2O changes to FeSO4.4H2O .

3. Solubility of gases in liquid – It is defined as volume of gas that can

dissolve in a fixed volume of liquid to form Saturated Sol: at given temp.
Solubility of gas is also expressed in form of molarity / mole fraction

Factors affecting Solubility of gases in liquid.

1. Nature of gas & solvent . Those gases which chemically react with
solvent are most soluble eg. NH3 , SO2, HCl. Those which do not react
chemically with water are Soluble to very small extent example N2, H2 etc.

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 DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 4 CLASS: 12th SUBJECT: Chemistry DATE:18.05.2021

2. Effect of Temperature. In general, dissolution of gas in Liquid is

exothermic
Gas+solvent ⇌solution ∆H= negative
Acc to Le-Chatlier's Principle, equilibirium will shift to backward direction and
solubility will decrease

(3) Effect of Pressure - Determined by Henry Law –

1st definition- Mass of gas dissolved per unit volume of solvent at constant
temp is directly proportional to presure of gas in equilibirium with solution
mαp
m=Kp
also, mole fraction of gas is proportional to partial pressure of gas i.e.
x α p or x=K’ p
or P= (1/K) x
P= KH x (KH=1/K’)
KH= HENRY’S LAW CONSTANT
So- Henry law - 2nd definition- partial pressure of gas in vapour phase is
directly proportional to mole fraction of gas in solution

Application of Henry's Law -

1. In production of carbonated beverages - In beverages, bottles are sealed
under high pressure to increase solubility of CO2 . When bottle is opened,
solubility decrease & CO2 Comes out with a fizz

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 DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 4 CLASS: 12th SUBJECT: Chemistry DATE:18.05.2021

2. In scuba diving - Earlier deep sea divers used compressed air for
breathing. So N2 & O2 from air get dissolved in blood. When diver comes out,
pressure decreases and solubility dec. N2 comes out quickly & causes the
condition called bends which can cause death.

To avoid this condition nowadays, air diluted with Helium is used as Helium
is less soluble than Nitrogen
3. At high altitudes- At high altitudes, pressure of O2 decreases, due to this
conc. of oxygen in blood decreases & climbers and people living there
become weak and unable to think properly. This condition is called anoxia.
CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE:-
MCQs
1. Value of Henry’s constant
a) increases with increase in temperature
b) decreases with increase in temperature
c) remain constant
d) first increases, then decreases
2. At equilibrium, rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid
solvent is
a) less than rate of crystallisation
b) greater than rate of crystallisation
c) equal to rate of crystallisation
d) zero
3. Maximum amount of solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified
amount of a given liquid solvent does not depend on

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 DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 4 CLASS: 12th SUBJECT: Chemistry DATE:18.05.2021

a) temperature
b) nature of solute
c) pressure
d) nature of solvent
4. Low concentration of oxygen in blood of people living at high altitude is
due to
a) low temperature
b) low atmospheric pressure
c) high atmospheric pressure
d) both a and c
5. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature solution feels cool to
touch. Under which of the following cases dissolution of sugar will be most
rapid?
a) sugar crystals in cold water
b) sugar crystals in hot water
c) powdered sugar in cold water
d) powdered sugar in hot water
TRUE/FALSE
1. Solubility of gas in liquid decreases with increase in temperature
2. Polar solutes dissolve in non polar solvent
3. In unsatured solution, no more solute can be added
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. In AgNO3, solubility _____ with increase in temperature.
2. According to Henry’s Law, solubility of gas in liquid is directly proportional
to its_____ on liquid surface.

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 DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 4 CLASS: 12th SUBJECT: Chemistry DATE:18.05.2021

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Define solubility.
2. How does solubility of gas in liquid changes with temperature?
3. Why deep sea divers don’t use compressed air?
4. What do you mean by solubility rule ‘like dissolves like’?
5. Why soda water bottle kept at room temperature fizzes on opening?
6. H₂S a toxic gas with rotten egg smell, is used for the qualitative analysis.
If the solubility of H₂S in water at S.T.P is 0.195 m; calculate Henry's law
constant.
Ans. Step 1. Calculation of mole fraction of H2S
By definition, 0.195 m of the gas means that 0.195 mole of it is dissolved in
1000 g of water.
No. of moles of water in 1000 g =(1000 g)/(18g mol)= 55.5 mole
Mole fraction of H₂S (H₂S)= (0.195mol)/ (0.195mol)+ (55.5mol)= 0.0035

Step II. Calculation of Henry's Law constant According to Henry's Law,

According to henry’s law
XH2S = Partial pressure/ KH
KH =0.987bar/0.0035= 282 bar

7. Henry's Law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67x108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate

the quantity of CO₂ in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm
pressure of CO2 at 298 K.
ANS-- Step I. Calculation of number of moles of CO2
According to Henry's Law,
Mole fraction of CO₂ (Xco₂) =Partial pressure of CO₂/ KH

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 DAILY DOSE:SIMPLIFIED LEARNING MATERIAL 2021-22

ASSIGNMENT NO.: 4 CLASS: 12th SUBJECT: Chemistry DATE:18.05.2021

Xco₂ = 2.5atm/ 1.648*103atm= 1.52*10-3

Nh20 =500/18= 27.78 mol
Xco₂= Nco₂/ NH20
Nco₂= 1.52*10-3 X 27.78 = 0.0422 mol

HINTS AND EXPLANATION

MCQ’s
1. (a)
2. (c)
3. (c) pressure does not affect solubility of solid in liquid
4. (b)
5. (d)
TRUE/FALSE
1. True
2. False
3. False
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. Increase
2. Partial pressure

Prepared By : Arshdeep Kaur,Chemistry, GGSSS Guruharsahai

Ferozepur
Under the Guidance of : Smt. Sunita Rani, Principal cum DM
,Ferozepur
Supervised By :Smt. Jasvinder Kaur (Assistant Director) PPPP
Science Sen. Sec. State Coordinator.

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