JKSSB Study Fast (Iqbal Sir)

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 JKSSB Study Fast (Iqbal Sir)

Computer
Important Points
 Computer - Latin word - Computare -means to Calculate.
 Father of Computer - Charles Babbage.
 Father of Modern Computer - Alan Turing.
 First Computer of India - Sidhartha.
 First Super computer of india - PARAM-8000.
 First Super computer of World - Cray-1.
Generation of Computer
1. First Generation - Vacuum Tube -John Ambrose Fleming
2. Second Generation - Transistor - William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain
3. Third Generation - Integrated Circuit (IC) - Robert Noyce & Jack Kilby
4. Fourth Generation - VLSI Microprocessor - st
Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff etc.
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5. Fifth Generation - ULSI Microprocessor. - Artificial Intelligence - John McCarthy
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Features of Computer :- The key features of computer are as follows

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1. Speed :- Speed of a computer is measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second, and is
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commonly expressed in Gigahertz (GHz).

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The speed of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS)

2. Versatility :- Computers can do types of work simultaneously. They can perform multiple
tasks at the same time.

3. Diligence :- Unlike human beings, a Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, lack of
concentration, etc. and can work for hours without creating any errors.

4. Reliability :- Computers are more reliable than human beings. Computers always produce
exact results. The possibility of errors occur only if the input is wrong, i.e. the computers never
make mistakes of their own accord.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) :-

 Also known as Brain of computer /Processor. It is an electronic circuit.

 CPU takes the input and process it. CPUs are made of Silicon.

 First Micro Processor is Intel 4004 invented in 1971 by Federico Faggin & Marcian (Ted) Hoff.

 Speed of processor chip (CPU) is measured in Gigahertz (GHz).

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Architecture design of CPU -

 RISC = Reduced Instruction Set Computer
 CISC = Complex Instruction Set Computer
Instruction Cycle :- How the CPU Works:
1. Fetch : The CPU retrieves an instruction from memory (RAM) based on the program counter.
2. Decode :The instruction is interpreted by the control unit to determine the required operation.
3. Execute : The CPU performs the operation (e.g., computation, data transfer).
4. Store : The result is stored in a register or written back to memory.
CPU have three parts as below:
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1. ALU (Arthematic Logic Unit). 2. Control Unit. 3. Register.
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1. ALU (Arithmetic logic unit):- It is Building Block of CPU. Consists of two subsections namely.
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Arithmetic section :- Performs arithmetic operations like addition, substraction, multiplication, and division.
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Logic Section : Performs logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and merging of data.
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2. Control Unit (CU) :-

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 CU take input → Convert into Control Signal → Give It to CPU .

 CU coordinates with the input and output devices of a computer. It directs the computer to carry
out stored program instructions by communicating with the ALU and Register .
 It organises the processing of data and instructions.
 The basic function control unit is to Fetch & Decode the instruction stored in the main memory,
identify the operations and the devices involved in it and accordingly generate control signals.
3. Registers (Memory Unit) :- .(Fastest Memory).
 These are used to quickly accept, store and transfer the data and instructions that are being
used immediately by the CPU.These rigisters are top of the memory hierarchy.(Fastest Memory).
CPU Store data & instruction in
Memory Unit (Register).
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Computer Memory
Memory is primarily of three types −
1. Primary Memory/Main Memory. . 2. Secondary Memory. 3. Cache Memory
1. Primary Memory (Main Memory) :-

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It
has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off (Volatile Memory). It is generally
made up of semiconductor device. The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the
main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

RAM (Random Access Memory) :- RAM is Volatile Memory (temporary storage / when power goes off
data will get erased from the memory). It is also known as read/write memory that allows CPU to read
as well as write data and instructions into it. There are two categories of RAM :

(a) Dynamic RAM (DRAM):- It is made up of memory cells where each cell is composed of one capacitor
and one transistor. DRAM must be refreshed continually to store information. DRAM is slower, less
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expensive and occupies less space on the computer's motherboard.
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(b) Static RAM (SRAM):- It need not be refreshed periodically. SRAM uses multiple transistors for each
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memory cell. It does not use capacitor. SRAM is often used as cache memory due to its high speed.
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SRAM is more expensive than DRAM.

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B. ROM (Read Only Memory) :- It is non-volatile memory or permanent storage. It does not lose
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its content when the power is switched OFF. ROM has only read capability, no write capability.
There are three categories of ROM as follow

(a) Programmable ROM (PROM):- Once a PROM has been programmed, its contents can never
be changed.

(b) Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) :- It can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet
light, then rewritten.

(c) Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) :- It can be erased electrically. Itis now
commonly used for holding BIOS.

2. Secondary Memory :- This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-
volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information
permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via
input-output routines. The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main
memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
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Types of Secondary Memory

1. Magnetics Memory:- Magnetic tapes, Magnetic Disks, Hard Disk, Floppy Disks.

2. Optical Memory:- Optical Disks like CD, DVD, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-RW(CD- Rewritable), CD-
R (CD-Recordable) WORM (Write Once Read Many), Blue-ray Disks.

3. Solid State Storage : Pendrive (Flash drive), memory cards.

3. Cache Memory :- It is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU.
It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data
and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are
transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can
access them.

Memory Units
Memory Units Size Size
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Bit 0 &1 Smallest Unit of Memory
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Nibble 4 Bits -
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Byte 8 bits -
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KB (Kilobyte) 1024 bytes 1 Thousand Bytes

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MB (Megabyte) 1024 KB Million Bytes

GB (Gigabyte) 1024 MB Billion Bytes

Terabyte 1024 GB Trillion bytes

So on............