Q1.
Some diseases can be cured by using antibiotics or prevented by vaccination.
(a) (i) Explain fully why antibiotics cannot be used to cure viral diseases.
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(2)
(ii) There has been a large increase in the populations of many antibiotic-resistant
strains of bacteria in recent years.
Explain why.
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(2)
(b) A person can be immunised against a disease by injecting them with an inactive
form of a pathogen.
Explain how this makes the person immune to the disease.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q2.
Measles is a serious disease. A person can die from measles.
The table below shows the number of medically confirmed cases of measles in England
and Wales between 2012 and 2015
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Number of medically
Year
confirmed cases of measles
2012 2030
2013 1843
2014 121
2015 91
(a) Suggest one reason why the actual number of cases of measles in England and
Wales might be higher than is shown in the table above
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(1)
(b) Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of medically confirmed cases of
measles between 2012 and 2015
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Percentage decrease = _______________________ %
(2)
(c) One reason for the decrease in the number of cases of measles is that more
children were vaccinated against the disease.
Vaccinating a large proportion of the population reduces the spread of the measles
virus.
Explain why.
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(2)
(d) The graph below shows the concentration of measles antibodies in the blood of a
boy.
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Explain the differences between antibody production after the vaccine injection and
after exposure to the measles virus.
You should include data from the graph above
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)
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Q3.
(a) Explain how diseases caused by bacteria are usually treated by doctors.
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(2)
(b) Explain, as fully as you can, how white blood cells protect us from disease.
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(5)
(Total 7 marks)
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a) (i) viruses live inside cells
1
viruses inaccessible to antibiotic
allow drug / antibiotic (if used)
would (have to) kill cell
1
(ii) any two from eg
• non-resistant strains killed (by antibiotics)
• so less competition
• overuse of antibiotics / antibiotics prescribed for mild infections
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if no marks gained allow one mark for ‘people do not finish
course of antibiotics’
2
(b) (stimulate) antibody production
ignore antitoxin
1
(by) white cells
1
rapidly produce antibody on re-infection
ignore antibodies remain in blood
1
[7]
Q2.
(a) any one from:
• not everyone would go to the doctor
allow not all cases recorded
allow only medically confirmed cases recorded
ignore some cases are unknown
• sample will not always be sent for analysis
• some cases not tested / diagnosed / confirmed
allow idea that doctor may make a judgemental
error or mis-diagnosis
1
(b)
allow for 1 mark:
96 / 95.5
allow 2 marks for correct rounding of
95.51724138
allow 1 mark for correct calculation using
incorrect subtraction only if working shown
1
an answer of 96 / 95.5 scores 2 marks
allow 1 mark only for 95 or other incorrect
rounding
(c) most people are immune so do not become ill (from infection)
allow herd / community immunity so do not
become ill (from infection)
allow most people are immune so do not become
infected
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ignore most people are immune so don’t get /
catch it
1
less chance of non-immune / unvaccinated individuals being exposed to
pathogen / measles / virus
reference to an organism is needed
allow ‘it’ for the measles virus
allow fewer people to pass it on to non-immune
people
1
(d) Level 3: Relevant points (comparisons / reasons) are identified, given in detail
and logically linked to form a clear account.
5−6
Level 2: Relevant points (comparisons / reasons) are identified and there are
attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear.
3−4
Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear
and there is no attempt at logical linking.
1−2
No relevant content
0
Indicative content
differences (after exposure to measles virus):
• greater number / higher concentration of antibodies produced
• quantitative statement, e.g. 9 times higher or 0.8 to 7.2
• antibodies produced sooner − idea of immediate response
• antibodies produced quicker
• antibodies stay (in higher concentration) for longer
explanation
• white blood cells / leucocytes / lymphocytes / B cells
ignore phagocytes / macrophages
• reference to previous exposure (of white blood cells) to pathogen / virus
• (white blood cells) recognise pathogen / virus / antigen
• memory cells
• production of specific / correct antibodies
[11]
Q3.
(a) use antibiotics; or named one to kill bacteria; (not microbes)
each for 1 mark
2
(b) some ingest/digest bacteria (not microbes) OWTTE
some produce antibodies;
which destroy bacteria/viruses;
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some produce antitoxins;
which counteract poisons released by bacteria
each for 1 mark
5
[7]
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