CSP Exam Revision Cards

1. The Safety Profession and

Preparing for the ASP/CSP Exam

Key Concepts

• Board of Certified Safety Professionals (BCSP): Administers

the ASP and CSP exams

• ASP: Associate Safety Professional (prerequisite for CSP)

• CSP: Certified Safety Professional (advanced certification)

ASP Exam Requirements

• Academic: Bachelor's degree in safety or related field

• Experience: Professional safety experience requirements vary

based on degree

CSP Exam Requirements

• Must hold ASP certification

• Additional professional safety experience requirements

Examination Blueprint

• ASP Exam: Focuses on fundamental safety concepts

• CSP Exam: More advanced concepts and application

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Exam Preparation Strategy

1. Identify strengths and weaknesses

2. Develop structured study plan

3. Use appropriate references and resources

4. Apply effective test-taking strategies

Remember

• Certification demonstrates professional competency

• Structured preparation is essential for exam success

• Time management during exam is critical

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 2. Legal Aspects of the Safety
Profession

Key Concepts

• U.S. Constitution: Foundation of legal system, establishes

federal powers and individual rights

• Court System Structure: Federal and state court hierarchies and

jurisdictions

Types of Law

• Case Law: Based on judicial precedents and court decisions

• Administrative Law: Rules and regulations from government

agencies

• Statutory Law: Laws enacted by legislative bodies

Torts

• Types of Damages: Special (economic) and general (non-

economic)

• Types of Torts: Negligence, intentional torts, strict liability

• Elements of Negligence: Duty, breach, causation, damages

Products Liability

• Manufacturer/seller responsibility for defective products

• Design defects, manufacturing defects, failure to warn

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Vicarious Liability

• Employer responsibility for employee actions

• Respondeat superior doctrine (employer-employee relationship)

• Factors determining employment deviation

Remember

• Safety professionals must understand legal principles to minimize

liability

• Documentation is critical for legal defense

• Regulatory compliance does not guarantee protection from liability

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 3. Recording and Reporting
Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses

Key Concepts

• OSHA Recordkeeping Requirements: Mandatory for most

employers with 11+ employees

• Partial Exemptions: Some low-hazard industries are exempt

from routine recordkeeping

Recording Criteria

• Work-Relatedness: Injury/illness must be work-related

• Recordability Factors: Death, days away from work, restricted

work, transfer, medical treatment beyond first aid, loss of
consciousness, significant diagnosis

• New Cases: Determination based on recovery from previous

condition

Special Recording Situations

• Needlesticks/Sharps Injuries: All work-related cases involving

contaminated sharps

• Medical Removal: Cases where employee is medically removed

under OSHA standards

• Occupational Hearing Loss: Standard threshold shifts meeting

specific criteria

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Reporting Requirements

• Fatality: Report to OSHA within 8 hours

• Hospitalization/Amputation/Eye Loss: Report to OSHA within

24 hours

Record Maintenance

• OSHA Forms: 300 (Log), 300A (Annual Summary), 301 (Incident

Report)

• Privacy Cases: Special handling for sensitive cases

• Retention: Records must be maintained for 5 years

Incident Rate Calculations

• TCIR: Total Case Incident Rate formula

• DART: Days Away, Restricted, or Transfer Rate formula

Remember

• Accurate recordkeeping is legally required and essential for

identifying hazard patterns

• First aid cases are generally not recordable

• Annual summary must be posted from February 1 to April 30

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 4. Regulations

Key Concepts

• Occupational Safety and Health Act: Foundational legislation for

workplace safety in the US

• OSHA Coverage: Applies to most private sector employers and

employees

General Duty Clause

• Section 5(a)(1) requires employers to provide workplaces free

from recognized hazards

• Used when no specific standard applies to a hazard

Employer and Employee Rights/

Responsibilities

• Employer Responsibilities: Provide safe workplace, comply with

standards, train employees

• Employee Rights: Safe workplace, information about hazards,

report hazards without retaliation

OSHA Inspection Process

• Inspection priorities: imminent danger, fatalities/catastrophes,

complaints, programmed inspections

• Citation classifications: willful, serious, other-than-serious, repeat,

failure to abate

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Key OSHA Standards

• Hazard Communication (1910.1200): Chemical hazard

information, labeling, SDS

• Bloodborne Pathogens (1910.1030): Exposure control plan,

universal precautions

• Lockout/Tagout (1910.147): Control of hazardous energy during

maintenance

• Confined Space Entry (1910.146): Permit-required spaces, entry

procedures

• Personal Protective Equipment (1910.132): Hazard

assessment, selection, training

• Respiratory Protection (1910.134): Medical evaluation, fit

testing, proper use

• Fall Protection (1926.500-503): Systems and procedures for fall

hazards

• Respirable Crystalline Silica (1910.1053/1926.1153): Exposure

assessment, controls

Remember

• Horizontal standards apply across industries; vertical standards

are industry-specific

• OSHA penalties increase periodically for inflation

• State-plan states may have more stringent requirements

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 5. Math Review

Key Concepts

• Basic Mathematical Operations: Addition, subtraction,

multiplication, division

• Algebraic Equations: Solving for unknown variables

• Trigonometric Functions: Sine, cosine, tangent relationships

Unit Conversions

• Metric System: Base units and prefixes (kilo-, centi-, milli-, etc.)

• Imperial to Metric: Common conversion factors

• Temperature Scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin conversions

Geometry

• Area Calculations: Rectangles, circles, triangles

• Volume Calculations: Cubes, cylinders, spheres

• Perimeter and Circumference: Linear boundary measurements

Statistics

• Mean, Median, Mode: Measures of central tendency

• Standard Deviation: Measure of data dispersion

• Probability: Basic concepts and calculations

Applied Math for Safety

• Ventilation Calculations: Air flow rates, capture velocities

• Noise Calculations: Decibel addition, time-weighted averages

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 • Exposure Assessments: Concentration calculations, exposure
limits

Remember

• Proper unit analysis is critical for accurate calculations

• Scientific notation simplifies working with very large or small

numbers

• Always verify calculations with dimensional analysis

• Round final answers appropriately for the context

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 6. Particulates and Gases

Key Concepts

• Particulates: Solid or liquid particles suspended in air

• Gases: Substances that expand to fill their container

Particulate Types

• Dusts: Solid particles from mechanical processes (0.1-25 μm)

• Fumes: Solid particles from condensation of vapors (0.1-1.0 μm)

• Mists: Liquid droplets suspended in air (5-100 μm)

• Fibers: Elongated particles with length:width ratio ≥3:1

Particle Size Classification

• Inhalable: Can enter nose and mouth (<100 μm)

• Thoracic: Can penetrate beyond larynx (<25 μm)

• Respirable: Can reach gas exchange region (<10 μm)

Gas Properties

• Vapor Pressure: Tendency of liquid to evaporate

• Vapor Density: Weight compared to air (air = 1.0)

• Flammable Range: Lower and upper explosive limits (LEL/UEL)

Measurement Units

• ppm: Parts per million (volume/volume)

• mg/m³: Milligrams per cubic meter (mass/volume)

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 • Conversion: ppm = (mg/m³ × 24.45) ÷ molecular weight

Remember

• Smaller particles generally pose greater health hazards

• Gas hazards include toxicity, flammability, and asphyxiation

• Temperature and pressure affect gas behavior

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 7. Sampling for Contaminants

Key Concepts

• Industrial Hygiene Sampling: Process of collecting and

analyzing workplace contaminants

• Sampling Strategy: Systematic approach to determine what,

when, where, and how to sample

Types of Sampling

• Personal Sampling: Monitors individual worker exposure in

breathing zone

• Area Sampling: Measures contaminant levels in general work

areas

• Grab Sampling: Short-duration samples for immediate analysis

• Integrated Sampling: Collects samples over extended time

periods

Sampling Equipment

• Active Samplers: Use pumps to draw air through collection

media

• Passive Samplers: Rely on diffusion without mechanical

assistance

• Direct-Reading Instruments: Provide real-time measurements

Statistical Considerations

• Confidence Level: Degree of certainty in sampling results

(typically 95%)

• Sample Size: Number of samples needed for statistical validity

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 • Variability: Understanding temporal and spatial variations in
exposure

Sampling Documentation

• Chain of Custody: Documentation tracking sample possession

• Field Notes: Recording sampling conditions and observations

• Calibration Records: Documentation of equipment accuracy

Remember

• Sampling strategy must consider work patterns and process

variations

• Quality control samples (blanks, duplicates) are essential

• Results must be compared to appropriate occupational exposure

limits

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 8. Chemistry

Key Concepts

• Atoms: Basic building blocks of matter with protons, neutrons,

and electrons

• Elements: Pure substances consisting of one type of atom

• Compounds: Substances formed by chemical bonding of different

elements

Atomic Structure

• Atomic Number: Number of protons in nucleus (defines element)

• Atomic Weight: Sum of protons and neutrons

• Isotopes: Same element with different number of neutrons

Chemical Bonding

• Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms

• Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms

• Metallic Bonds: Sharing of electrons among many atoms

Chemical Reactions

• Law of Conservation: Matter cannot be created or destroyed in

reactions

• Chemical Equations: Representation of reactants and products

• Balancing Equations: Equal atoms on both sides of equation

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Acids and Bases

• pH Scale: 0-14 measure of acidity/alkalinity

• Acids: pH < 7, donate H+ ions (e.g., HCl, H2SO4)

• Bases: pH > 7, accept H+ ions (e.g., NaOH, KOH)

Remember

• pH = -log[H+]

• Atomic weight of compounds = sum of constituent atomic weights

• Chemical formulas use subscripts to indicate number of atoms

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 9. Toxicology

Key Concepts

• Toxicology: Study of adverse effects of chemicals on living

organisms

• Dose-Response Relationship: Increasing dose increases effect

• Risk vs. Hazard: Risk is probability of harm; hazard is potential

for harm

Routes of Entry

• Inhalation: Through respiratory system into lungs and

bloodstream

• Ingestion: Through digestive system

• Absorption: Through skin and mucous membranes

• Injection: Direct entry into bloodstream

Toxicity Measurements

• LD50: Lethal dose that kills 50% of test animals

• LC50: Lethal concentration that kills 50% of test animals

• IDLH: Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health concentration

• NOAEL: No Observed Adverse Effect Level

• LOAEL: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level

Factors Affecting Toxicity

• Individual Factors: Age, gender, genetics, health status

• Chemical Factors: Solubility, reactivity, physical state

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 • Exposure Factors: Duration, frequency, concentration

Remember

• Latency period is time between exposure and symptom onset

• Chronic exposure occurs over long periods (months/years)

• Acute exposure occurs over short periods (minutes/hours/days)

• Synergistic effects occur when combined toxins are greater than

sum of individual effects

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 10. Biological Hazards

Key Concepts

• Biological Hazards: Living organisms or their products that can

cause illness or disease

• Pathogens: Disease-causing microorganisms (bacteria, viruses,

fungi, parasites)

• Zoonotic Diseases: Diseases transmitted from animals to

humans

Types of Biological Hazards

• Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms (e.g., Legionella,

Salmonella)

• Viruses: Non-cellular infectious agents (e.g., Influenza, Hepatitis)

• Fungi: Molds and yeasts (e.g., Aspergillus, Histoplasma)

• Parasites: Organisms that live on or in a host (e.g., ticks, mites)

• Plant/Animal Materials: Allergens, toxins, venoms

Exposure Routes

• Inhalation: Bioaerosols, spores, contaminated dust

• Ingestion: Contaminated food/water, hand-to-mouth transfer

• Skin Contact: Direct contact with infected materials

• Injection: Needlesticks, animal bites, cuts with contaminated

objects

Control Measures

• Engineering Controls: Ventilation, containment, isolation

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 • Administrative Controls: Work practices, training, medical
surveillance

• Personal Protective Equipment: Gloves, respirators, protective

clothing

• Biosafety Levels: BSL-1 through BSL-4 containment protocols

Remember

• Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) requires

exposure control plans

• Universal precautions assume all blood/body fluids are infectious

• Biosafety levels correspond to increasing hazard severity and

containment requirements

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 11. Industrial Hygiene Air
Sampling

Key Concepts

• Industrial Hygiene: Science of anticipating, recognizing,

evaluating, and controlling workplace hazards

• Air Sampling: Collection and analysis of airborne contaminants to

assess exposure

Sampling Methods

• Personal Sampling: Employee wears sampling device during

normal work activities

• Area Sampling: Stationary sampling device placed in work area

• Grab Sampling: Collection of air sample at a specific moment in

time

• Integrated Sampling: Collection over extended period to

determine time-weighted average

Sampling Equipment

• Air Sampling Pumps: Calibrated devices that draw air through

collection media

• Collection Media: Filters, sorbent tubes, impingers based on

contaminant type

• Direct-Reading Instruments: Provide immediate results for

specific contaminants

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Data Interpretation

• Exposure Limits: Compare results to OSHA PELs, ACGIH TLVs,

NIOSH RELs

• Time-Weighted Averages: Calculate exposure over standard

work period

• Adjusted Limits: Modify exposure limits for extended work shifts

Documentation and Management

• Chain of Custody: Tracking samples from collection to analysis

• Laboratory Analysis: Use AIHA-accredited laboratories

• Software Systems: Data management tools for tracking results

and trends

Remember

• Sampling represents a snapshot of conditions at time of collection

• Normal operations or "worst-case scenarios" should be sampled

• Modified PEL = (8 hours × PEL) ÷ total work hours

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12. Fire Prevention and Protection

Key Concepts

• Fire Tetrahedron: Four elements needed for fire (fuel, heat,

oxygen, chemical reaction)

• Fire Prevention: Measures to prevent fires from starting

• Fire Protection: Systems and equipment to detect, control, and

extinguish fires

Fire Classifications

• Class A: Ordinary combustibles (wood, paper, cloth)

• Class B: Flammable liquids and gases

• Class C: Energized electrical equipment

• Class D: Combustible metals

• Class K: Cooking oils and fats

Fire Detection Systems

• Heat Detectors: Fixed temperature or rate-of-rise

• Smoke Detectors: Ionization or photoelectric

• Flame Detectors: Ultraviolet or infrared radiation detection

Fire Suppression Systems

• Portable Extinguishers: Selection based on fire class

• Sprinkler Systems: Wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, deluge

• Special Systems: Clean agent, foam, water mist

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Flammable Liquids

• Flash Point: Lowest temperature at which vapors ignite

• Fire Point: Temperature at which sustained combustion occurs

• Autoignition Temperature: Temperature at which self-ignition

occurs

• Flammable Range: Concentration range between LEL and UEL

Remember

• Portable fire extinguishers require monthly inspections and annual

maintenance

• Hydrostatic testing is required at specific intervals based on

extinguisher type

• Storage of flammable liquids requires specific container types and

quantity limits

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 13. Thermal Stressors

Key Concepts

• Heat Stress: Physiological strain due to excessive heat exposure

• Cold Stress: Physiological strain due to excessive cold exposure

• Thermal Balance: Body's ability to maintain core temperature

Heat Stress Disorders

• Heat Rash: Skin irritation from excessive sweating

• Heat Cramps: Muscle pain due to electrolyte imbalance

• Heat Exhaustion: Fatigue, headache, nausea from fluid/

electrolyte loss

• Heat Stroke: Life-threatening emergency with core temperature

>104°F

Cold Stress Disorders

• Chilblains: Painful inflammation of small blood vessels

• Trench Foot/Immersion Foot: Non-freezing injury from wet

conditions

• Frostbite: Freezing of skin and tissues

• Hypothermia: Dangerous lowering of core body temperature

(<95°F)

Control Measures for Heat Stress

• Engineering Controls: Ventilation, air conditioning, shielding

• Administrative Controls: Work/rest schedules, acclimatization,

hydration

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 • Personal Protective Equipment: Cooling vests, reflective
clothing

Control Measures for Cold Stress

• Engineering Controls: Heated shelters, wind barriers

• Administrative Controls: Work/rest schedules, buddy system

• Personal Protective Equipment: Layered clothing, insulated

gloves/boots

Remember

• Wind chill factor increases cold stress effects

• Heat index combines temperature and humidity effects

• Acclimatization takes 7-14 days and is lost after absence

• Susceptible groups require additional monitoring and protection

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14. Personal Protective Equipment

Key Concepts

• PPE: Equipment worn to minimize exposure to hazards

• Hazard Assessment: Required before PPE selection

• Hierarchy of Controls: PPE is last line of defense

Types of PPE

• Head Protection: Hard hats (Types I, II; Classes E, G, C)

• Eye/Face Protection: Safety glasses, goggles, face shields

• Hearing Protection: Earplugs, earmuffs (NRR rating)

• Respiratory Protection: Filtering facepieces, APRs, PAPRs,

SCBAs

• Hand Protection: Gloves for chemical, physical, biological

hazards

• Foot Protection: Safety-toe footwear, metatarsal guards

• Fall Protection: Harnesses, lanyards, anchorage points

Regulatory Requirements

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132: General requirements

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.133: Eye and face protection

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134: Respiratory protection

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.135: Head protection

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.136: Foot protection

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.137: Electrical protective equipment

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PPE Program Elements

• Written Program: Procedures, responsibilities, training

• Selection Criteria: Based on hazard assessment

• Training: Proper use, limitations, maintenance

• Maintenance: Inspection, cleaning, storage, replacement

Remember

• Employer must provide and pay for most PPE

• PPE must be properly fitted to each worker

• Medical evaluation required for respiratory protection

• Annual fit testing required for tight-fitting respirators

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 15. Ventilation

Key Concepts

• Ventilation: Process of supplying or removing air by natural or

mechanical means

• General Ventilation: Dilution of contaminants throughout entire

space

• Local Exhaust Ventilation: Capture of contaminants at source

General Ventilation

• Air Changes: Number of room air volumes exchanged per hour

• Dilution Ventilation: Reduces concentration by mixing with clean

air

• Makeup Air: Clean air introduced to replace exhausted air

Local Exhaust Ventilation Components

• Hood: Captures contaminants at source

• Duct: Conveys contaminated air

• Air Cleaner: Removes contaminants from airstream

• Fan: Provides motive force for air movement

Hood Types

• Enclosing Hoods: Surround source (most effective)

• Receiving Hoods: Positioned to receive contaminants

• Capturing Hoods: Draw contaminants away from source

• Exterior Hoods: Located outside work area

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Ventilation Calculations

• Capture Velocity: Speed needed to draw contaminants into hood

• Transport Velocity: Speed needed to keep contaminants in duct

• Duct Sizing: V₁A₁ = V₂A₂ (velocity × area remains constant)

• Static Pressure: Resistance to airflow in system

Remember

• Capture velocity decreases with square of distance from hood

• Transport velocity must exceed settling velocity of particles

• Fan static pressure = SPout - SPin + VPin

• Air cleaning devices protect community and enable recirculation

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 16. Noise and Hearing
Conservation

Key Concepts

• Sound: Pressure variations transmitted through air or other media

• Noise: Unwanted sound that can cause hearing damage

• Hearing Conservation Program: Required when noise

exposures equal/exceed 85 dBA TWA

Sound Measurement

• Decibel (dB): Logarithmic unit measuring sound intensity

• A-Weighting (dBA): Adjusted to human ear sensitivity

• Sound Level Meter: Type 1 (precision) or Type 2 (general

purpose)

• Dosimeter: Measures cumulative noise exposure over time

Noise Control Methods

• Engineering Controls: Source modification, path interruption

• Administrative Controls: Work scheduling, rotation

• Personal Protective Equipment: Earplugs, earmuffs

Hearing Conservation Program Elements

• Monitoring: Required when exposures may exceed 85 dBA

• Audiometric Testing: Baseline and annual testing

• Hearing Protection: Required at 85 dBA (optional), 90 dBA

(mandatory)

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 • Training: Annual education on noise hazards and protection

• Recordkeeping: Exposure measurements, audiograms, training

Standard Threshold Shift (STS)

• Definition: Change of 10 dB or more at 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz

• Requirements: Must be confirmed within 30 days

• OSHA Recordable: STS with average hearing level ≥25 dB

Remember

• 14 hours of quiet required before baseline audiogram

• Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) must be derated by 50% for field

use

• OSHA PEL is 90 dBA for 8-hour TWA; Action Level is 85 dBA

• Each 5 dB increase halves allowable exposure time

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 17. Ergonomics

Key Concepts

• Ergonomics: Science of designing the job to fit the worker

• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Injuries affecting muscles,

nerves, tendons, joints

• Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs): Injuries from repeated

microtrauma

Risk Factors

• Force: Exertion required to perform tasks

• Repetition: Performing same motion repeatedly

• Awkward Postures: Non-neutral positions of joints

• Static Postures: Maintaining same position for extended periods

• Contact Stress: Pressure on body tissues from hard/sharp

objects

• Vibration: Mechanical energy transferred to body

• Cold Temperatures: Reduces dexterity and blood flow

Assessment Methods

• Job Hazard Analysis: Systematic breakdown of job tasks

• NIOSH Lifting Equation: Evaluates manual lifting tasks

• Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA): Evaluates upper body

posture

• Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA): Evaluates whole body

posture

• Strain Index: Evaluates hand-intensive tasks

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Control Strategies

• Engineering Controls: Workstation design, tool design,

mechanical assists

• Administrative Controls: Job rotation, rest breaks, training

• Work Practice Controls: Proper techniques, conditioning

programs

• Personal Protective Equipment: Gloves, knee pads, anti-

vibration devices

Statistical Analysis

• Mean: Average value of data set

• Variance: Measure of data spread (σ²)

• Standard Deviation: Square root of variance (σ)

Remember

• Prevention is more effective than treatment

• Multiple risk factors increase MSD probability

• Individual factors (age, health) affect susceptibility

• Early reporting and intervention improve outcomes

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 18. Electrical Safety

Key Concepts

• Electricity: Flow of electrons through a conductor

• Electrical Hazards: Shock, arc flash, arc blast, fires

• Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage, current, and

resistance

Electrical Terms

• Voltage: Electrical pressure (measured in volts, V)

• Current: Flow of electrons (measured in amperes, A)

• Resistance: Opposition to current flow (measured in ohms, Ω)

• Impedance: AC circuit resistance (measured in ohms, Ω)

• Power: Rate of energy use (measured in watts, W)

Electrical Calculations

• DC Circuits: V = IR, P = VI, R = ρL/A

• AC Circuits: V = P/(I×cosφ), P = (V²×cosφ)/R

Electrical Injuries

• Shock: Current passing through body (≥5mA can be dangerous)

• Arc Flash: Intense heat and light from electrical discharge

• Arc Blast: Explosion from rapid heating of air and vaporized

materials

• Burns: Thermal burns from heat, electrical burns from current

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Protective Measures

• Insulation: Prevents current leakage

• Guarding: Physical barriers to prevent contact

• Grounding: Provides low-resistance path to earth

• Circuit Protection: Fuses, circuit breakers, GFCIs

• Lockout/Tagout: De-energizing and securing equipment

Remember

• Current as low as 50mA can be fatal

• Resistance varies with body conditions (wet/dry)

• NFPA 70E establishes safe work practices

• Qualified persons must be trained and authorized

• Approach boundaries: Limited, Restricted, Prohibited

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 19. Machine Guarding

Key Concepts

• Machine Guarding: Physical barriers or devices that prevent

contact with hazardous machine parts

• Point of Operation: Area where work is performed on material

• Power Transmission: Components that transfer energy to

working parts

Hazard Types

• Mechanical: Caught-in, crushing, shearing, cutting, nipping points

• Non-mechanical: Electrical, thermal, noise, vibration, chemical

• Human Factors: Fatigue, distraction, improper training

Guarding Requirements

• Prevent Contact: Guard must prevent any part of body from

contacting hazardous areas

• Secured: Guards must be difficult to remove or bypass

• Protection from Falling Objects: Prevent objects from falling

into moving parts

• No New Hazards: Guards must not create additional hazards

• Minimal Interference: Should not impede operator's work

Types of Guards

• Fixed Guards: Permanent part of machine, most reliable

• Interlocked Guards: Shut down machine when guard is opened

• Adjustable Guards: Can be adjusted for different operations

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 • Self-adjusting Guards: Move with material being processed

Safeguarding Devices

• Presence-sensing Devices: Light curtains, pressure mats

• Pullback/Restraint Devices: Prevent operator from reaching

danger zone

• Safety Controls: Two-hand controls, emergency stops

• Gates: Powered barriers synchronized with machine cycle

Remember

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.212: General requirements for machine

guarding

• Guards must be designed for specific machines and applications

• Lockout/tagout procedures required during maintenance

• Training essential for operators and maintenance personnel

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 20. Hydrostatics and Hydraulics

Key Concepts

• Hydrostatics: Study of fluids at rest

• Hydraulics: Study of fluids in motion

• Pascal's Law: Pressure applied to confined fluid is transmitted

equally in all directions

Hydrostatic Pressure

• Definition: Force per unit area exerted by a fluid

• Calculation: P = F/a (where F = weight, a = area)

• Units: Pounds per square inch (psi) or pascals (Pa)

• Conversion: 1 Pa = 0.000145 psi

Fluid Properties

• Density: Mass per unit volume

• Specific Gravity: Ratio of fluid density to water density

• Viscosity: Resistance to flow

• Water Weight: 62.4 lb/ft³ at standard conditions

Torricelli's Law

• Definition: Relates fluid velocity through an opening to height of

fluid

• Formula: v = √(2gh)

• Application: Determines discharge velocity from tanks

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Hydraulic Systems

• Mechanical Advantage: Force multiplication through pressure

• Components: Pumps, valves, actuators, reservoirs, accumulators

• Applications: Heavy lifting, precision control, power transmission

Pressure Calculations

• Pressure in Vertical Pipes: P = ρgh (ρ = density, g = gravity, h =

height)

• Volume of Cylinder: V = πr²h

• Area of Pipe: A = πr²

Remember

• Pressure increases with depth in a fluid

• Pressure acts equally in all directions at a point

• Confined fluids can transmit force with minimal loss

• Hydraulic systems multiply force but not energy

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 21. Training

Key Concepts

• Training: Systematic process to develop knowledge, skills, and

attitudes

• Needs Analysis: Determining if training is the appropriate solution

• Performance Objectives: Specific, measurable outcomes of

training

Training Program Development Steps

• Written Performance Objectives: Clear statements of expected

outcomes

• Content Outline: Structured organization of training material

• Delivery Method Selection: Appropriate to content and audience

• Materials Development: Resources that support learning

objectives

• Testing and Evaluation: Measuring effectiveness and learning

Performance Objective Components

• Target Audience: Who will receive the training

• Behavior: Observable actions learners will demonstrate

• Conditions: Circumstances under which performance occurs

• Degree/Standard: Level of proficiency required

Training Evaluation Methods

• Pretests: Assess knowledge before training

• Review Tests: Monitor progress during training

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 • Posttests: Evaluate learning after training completion

• Performance Evaluation: Observe application in workplace

Adult Learning Principles

• Relevance: Content must be applicable to job tasks

• Experience: Build on existing knowledge and skills

• Participation: Active involvement enhances retention

• Feedback: Timely information on performance

Remember

• Training objectives must be SMART (Specific, Measurable,

Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound)

• Multiple delivery methods increase effectiveness

• Evaluation should measure both learning and behavior change

• Course materials should support various learning styles

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 22. Management Theories

Key Concepts

• Management Theory: Frameworks for understanding

organizational behavior and leadership

• Organizational Effectiveness: Achieving goals through proper

management approaches

• Leadership Styles: Different approaches to directing and

motivating employees

Major Management Theories

• Scientific Management (Taylor): Focuses on efficiency,

standardization, and systematic training

• Classical Management: Emphasizes hierarchical structure and

formal authority

• Administrative Management (Fayol): Based on 14 principles of

management

• Human Relations Theory (Mayo): Focuses on employee needs

and social factors

• Management by Objectives (Drucker): Setting mutual goals

between management and employees

• Contingency Theory (Fiedler): No single best way to manage;

approach depends on situation

• Systems Theory: Views organization as interconnected parts

working toward common goals

• Chaos Theory: Examines how small changes can lead to

significant organizational impacts

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Fayol's 14 Principles

• Division of labor, authority, discipline, unity of command

• Unity of direction, subordination of individual interests

• Remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order

• Equity, stability of tenure, initiative, esprit de corps

Management Functions

• Planning: Setting objectives and determining courses of action

• Organizing: Arranging resources to achieve objectives

• Leading: Influencing and motivating employees

• Controlling: Monitoring performance and making corrections

Remember

• Different theories are appropriate for different situations

• Modern management often combines elements from multiple

theories

• Effective management requires adapting to organizational culture

and environment

• Employee engagement is critical to organizational success

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 23. Accident Causation and
Investigation Techniques

Key Concepts

• Accident: Unplanned event that results in harm or damage

• Incident: Event with potential to cause harm (near miss)

• Causation Theories: Frameworks for understanding why

accidents occur

• Investigation: Systematic process to determine causes and

prevent recurrence

Investigation Process

• Secure the Scene: Preserve evidence and ensure safety

• Collect Data: Physical evidence, witness statements, documents

• Interview Witnesses: Gather firsthand accounts promptly

• Analyze Information: Identify direct and root causes

• Develop Recommendations: Corrective and preventive actions

• Document Findings: Comprehensive report with conclusions

Investigation Techniques

• Scientific Method: Observations, hypotheses, testing

• Gross Hazard Analysis (GHA): Initial assessment of risks

• Job Safety Analysis (JSA): Breaking job into steps to identify

hazards

• Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA): Evaluating

potential failures

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 • Fault Tree Analysis: Logic diagram showing potential causes

Effective Interviewing

• Timing: Interview witnesses as soon as possible

• Environment: Comfortable, non-threatening setting

• Approach: Open-ended questions, active listening

• Documentation: Written statements, diagrams, photos

• Verification: Cross-check statements with physical evidence

Remember

• Focus on facts, not fault or blame

• Identify both immediate and root causes

• Consider human factors, equipment, environment, and

management systems

• Develop SMART recommendations (Specific, Measurable,

Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound)

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 24. Ergonomics Assessment
Methods

Key Concepts

• Ergonomics Assessment: Systematic evaluation of work-related

musculoskeletal disorder risks

• NIOSH Lifting Equation: Tool to evaluate manual lifting tasks

• Recommended Weight Limit (RWL): Maximum acceptable

weight for specific lifting conditions

• Lifting Index (LI): Ratio of actual weight to recommended weight

limit

NIOSH Lifting Equation Components

• Load Constant (LC): Baseline weight (23 kg or 51 lbs)

• Horizontal Multiplier (HM): Distance from body to load

• Vertical Multiplier (VM): Starting height of lift

• Distance Multiplier (DM): Vertical travel distance

• Asymmetric Multiplier (AM): Twisting angle during lift

• Frequency Multiplier (FM): Lifting rate and duration

• Coupling Multiplier (CM): Quality of hand-to-object grip

Calculation Formulas

• RWL = LC × HM × VM × DM × AM × FM × CM

• Lifting Index (LI) = Load Weight ÷ RWL

• Horizontal Distance (H): When V < 25 cm: H = 20 + (W/2); When

V ≥ 25 cm: H = 25 + (W/2)

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Interpretation

• LI < 1: Acceptable risk for most workers

• 1 < LI < 3: Increased risk, engineering controls recommended

• LI > 3: Substantially increased risk, redesign required

Other Assessment Methods

• RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment): Evaluates upper body

posture risks

• REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment): Evaluates whole body

posture risks

• Strain Index: Evaluates hand-intensive tasks

• OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysis): Evaluates whole

body working postures

Remember

• Horizontal distance has the greatest impact on lifting risk

• Optimal lifting zone is between knuckle and shoulder height

• Multiple risk factors increase MSD probability exponentially

• Assessment should lead to control measures implementation

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 25. Construction Safety

Key Concepts

• Construction Hazards: Falls, struck-by, caught-in/between,

electrical

• Excavation Safety: Preventing cave-ins and other excavation

hazards

• Competent Person: Individual capable of identifying hazards and

authorized to take corrective measures

Excavation Requirements

• Competent Person: Must inspect excavations daily and as

conditions change

• Utility Location: Contact utility companies before digging

• Soil Classification: Type A (most stable), Type B, Type C (least

stable)

• Protective Systems: Required for excavations 5 feet or deeper

Protective Systems

• Sloping: Cutting back trench walls at an angle (varies by soil

type)

• Type A: 3/4:1 (53°)

• Type B: 1:1 (45°)

• Type C: 1½:1 (34°)

• Shoring: Support systems that prevent soil movement

• Shields/Trench Boxes: Protective structures that protect workers

• Engineer-Designed Systems: Required for depths over 20 feet

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Safe Entry and Exit

• Access/Egress: Required within 25 feet of lateral travel for

trenches 4+ feet deep

• Ladders: Must extend 3 feet above landing

• Ramps/Stairs: Must be properly designed and constructed

Common Violations

• No protective system when required

• Excessive surcharge loads near excavation

• No access/egress for deep excavations

• No competent person on site

Remember

• Daily inspections are mandatory

• Spoil piles must be at least 2 feet from excavation edge

• Water accumulation increases cave-in hazards

• Atmospheric testing required in excavations 4+ feet deep where

hazardous atmospheres could exist

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 26. Fall Protection

Key Concepts

• Fall Protection: Systems and procedures to prevent falls from

heights

• Fall Hazards: Leading cause of fatalities in construction

• Trigger Height: Generally 6 feet in construction (varies by

application)

Fall Protection Systems

• Guardrail Systems: Top rail (42"), midrail, toeboard

• Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS): Anchorage, connectors,

body harness

• Safety Net Systems: Catch falling workers, installed below work

area

• Positioning Device Systems: Allow hands-free work on vertical

surfaces

• Warning Line Systems: Barrier erected on roof to warn of fall

hazard

• Controlled Access Zones: Areas where certain work can be

performed without conventional fall protection

Safety Net Requirements

• Installation: No more than 30 feet below working surface

• Extension: Must extend outward from work surface (8-13 feet

based on fall distance)

• Testing: Drop test with 400-pound bag of sand from highest

working surface

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 • Inspection: Weekly and after any incident that could affect
integrity

Crane and Derrick Safety

• Operator Requirements: Must follow manufacturer's

specifications and limitations

• Inspections: Daily by competent person, annual thorough

inspection

• Wire Rope Criteria: Specific conditions requiring removal from

service

• Proximity to Power Lines: Minimum clearance distances based

on voltage

• Guarding: Moving parts must be guarded to prevent contact

Remember

• Fall protection training required for all workers at risk of falling

• Anchorage points must support 5,000 pounds per attached worker

• Free fall distance limited to 6 feet maximum with PFAS

• Safety nets must be drop-tested before use and every 6 months

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 27. Risk Assessment and
Management

Key Concepts

• Risk Assessment: Systematic process to identify hazards and

evaluate risks

• Risk Management: Process of controlling or mitigating identified

risks

• Hazard: Source of potential harm or damage

• Risk: Combination of likelihood and severity of potential harm

Risk Assessment Process

• Hazard Identification: Recognize potential sources of harm

• Risk Analysis: Determine likelihood and consequences

• Risk Evaluation: Compare risk levels against established criteria

• Risk Control: Implement measures to eliminate or reduce risks

• Monitoring and Review: Ongoing assessment of control

effectiveness

Risk Assessment Methods

• Qualitative Analysis: Subjective evaluation using descriptive

terms

• Quantitative Analysis: Numerical values assigned to probability

and severity

• Semi-quantitative Analysis: Combines numerical scales with

descriptive categories

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 • Risk Assessment Matrix: Tool combining likelihood and severity
ratings

Control Measures

• Educational Controls: Training, procedures, communication

• Physical Controls: Barriers, guards, warning signs, PPE

• Avoidance Controls: Eliminating exposure to hazards

Control Hierarchy

1. Elimination: Remove the hazard completely

2. Substitution: Replace with less hazardous alternative

3. Engineering Controls: Design solutions to reduce risk

4. Administrative Controls: Procedures, training, scheduling

5. Personal Protective Equipment: Last line of defense

Remember

• Controls must be practical, supported, and effectively

implemented

• Residual risk must be evaluated after controls are applied

• Risk assessment should be documented and regularly reviewed

• Stakeholder involvement improves risk assessment quality

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 28. Hazardous Materials
Management

Key Concepts

• Hazardous Material: Any substance that can harm people,

organisms, property, or environment

• Hazardous Waste: Solid waste that poses substantial health or

environmental hazards

• HAZWOPER: Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency

Response standard

Site Operations Planning

• Organizational Structure: Clear chain of command and

responsibilities

• Comprehensive Work Plan: Detailed procedures for each

operational phase

• Site Safety and Health Plan: Hazard analysis and control

measures

Training Requirements

• General Site Workers: Site safety plan, safe work practices,

hazard recognition

• Specialized Training: Based on job function and anticipated

hazards

• Emergency Response: Handling emergencies and self-rescue

procedures

• Equipment Training: Safe use of field equipment and PPE

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Medical Program Components

• Medical Surveillance: Pre-employment, periodic, and termination

examinations

• Treatment Protocols: Emergency and non-emergency

procedures

• Record Keeping: Documentation of exposures and medical

monitoring

• Program Review: Regular evaluation of effectiveness

Site Characterization

• Offsite Characterization: Information gathering before site entry

• Initial Onsite Surveys: Limited entry by reconnaissance

personnel

• Ongoing Monitoring: Continuous assessment of site conditions

Air Monitoring

• Purpose: Select PPE, delineate hazard zones, assess health

effects

• Parameters: Oxygen content, flammability, toxicity, radiation

• Monitoring Equipment: Direct-reading instruments, sampling

devices

Site Control and Decontamination

• Site Control: Zones (exclusion, contamination reduction, support)

• Decontamination: Removing contaminants from personnel and

equipment

• Decon Line: Systematic stations for removing contamination

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Remember

• Hazard assessment must precede site entry

• PPE selection based on site characterization data

• Decontamination procedures must be established before site

entry

• Medical surveillance is mandatory for HAZWOPER workers

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 29. Radiation Safety

Key Concepts

• Radiation: Energy emitted in the form of waves or particles

• Ionizing Radiation: Sufficient energy to remove electrons from

atoms

• Non-ionizing Radiation: Insufficient energy to ionize atoms

• Electromagnetic Spectrum: Range of all types of

electromagnetic radiation

Ionizing Radiation Types

• Alpha Particles: Helium nuclei; limited penetration but high

energy

• Beta Particles: High-speed electrons; moderate penetration

• Gamma Rays: High-energy photons; high penetration

• X-rays: Similar to gamma rays but man-made

• Neutrons: Uncharged particles; high penetration

Non-ionizing Radiation Types

• Ultraviolet (UV): Can cause skin damage and eye injuries

• Infrared (IR): Absorbed as heat by skin and eyes

• Microwave (MW): Can cause heating of tissues

• Radio Frequency (RF): Lower energy than microwaves

Radiation Measurement

• Roentgen (R): Exposure in air

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 • Rad: Absorbed dose

• Rem: Dose equivalent (biological effect)

• Sievert (Sv): SI unit for dose equivalent (1 Sv = 100 rem)

• Curie (Ci): Activity of radioactive material

• Becquerel (Bq): SI unit for activity (1 Ci = 3.7 × 10^10 Bq)

Radiation Protection Principles

• Time: Minimize exposure time

• Distance: Maximize distance from source

• Shielding: Use appropriate materials to block radiation

• Containment: Prevent spread of radioactive materials

Microwave Radiation Calculations

• Near Field: W = 16P/πD² (where W = power density, P = antenna

power, D = diameter)

• Far Field: W = GP/4πr² or AP/λ²r² (where G = gain, A = effective

area, λ = wavelength, r = distance)

Remember

• Different radiation types require different shielding materials

• Biological effects depend on dose, dose rate, and type of radiation

• Personal dosimetry required for monitoring exposure

• Annual occupational dose limit is 5 rem (50 mSv)

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30. Walking and Working Surfaces

Key Concepts

• Walking-Working Surface: Any horizontal or vertical surface on

or through which an employee walks, works, or gains access

• Fall Protection: Systems to prevent falls from elevated surfaces

• Competent Person: Individual capable of identifying hazards and

authorized to take corrective measures

Dockboards

• Definition: Bridge plates used between loading platforms and

transport vehicles

• Requirements: Must support intended load, be secured against

movement

• Fall Protection: Required when fall hazard is 4+ feet (with

exceptions)

• Safety Features: Edge protection to prevent equipment runoff

Scaffolds

• Definition: Temporary elevated platform and supporting structure

• Types: Tubular, suspended, and specialty scaffolds

• Common Hazards: Support failure, defective equipment,

improper construction, falls

• Supervision: Erection/dismantling must be supervised by

competent person

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Scaffold Construction Requirements

• Bracing: Transverse bracing at ends and specified intervals

• Building Ties: Required at bearer levels between transverse

bracing

• Longitudinal Bracing: Required in specific patterns based on

scaffold dimensions

• Planking: Must support at least 4 times intended load

• Platform Width: Minimum 18 inches wide

• Plank Extension: 6-12 inches beyond support members

Rope Descent Systems

• Definition: Suspension system allowing controlled descent

• Requirements: Proper anchorage, rope inspection, limited to 300

feet height

• Training: Specialized training required for users

Remember

• Scaffold accidents are a leading cause of construction injuries

• Scaffold platforms must be fully planked with minimal gaps

• Deflection of planking should not exceed 1/60th of span when

loaded

• Fall protection required for most elevated working surfaces

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 31. Materials Handling and
Storage

Key Concepts

• Manual Materials Handling: Moving objects by hand

• Ergonomics: Designing tasks to fit the worker

• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Injuries from improper

lifting/handling

• Safe Lifting Techniques: Methods to reduce injury risk

Lifting Techniques

• Basic Lifting (Diagonal Lift):

• Bend at knees, keep back straight

• Hold load close to body

• Avoid twisting (pivot feet instead)

• Maintain clear visibility

• Team Lifting:

• Use similarly-sized individuals

• Designate a team leader

• Coordinate movements

• Taller person on lower level when using stairs

• Half-Kneeling Technique:

• One knee on ground

• Maintain neutral spine

• Used for light to moderate loads

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 • Tripod Lift:

• Used for unbalanced loads

• Good for those with limited arm strength

• Not recommended for those with knee problems

• Power-Lifting Technique:

• Wide stance

• Legs spread when bending

• Keep load close to body

• Golfer's Lift:

• For small, light objects

• One hand on fixed surface

• Extend one leg as counterbalance

Risk Factors

• Heavy loads

• Awkward postures

• Repetitive motions

• Long carrying distances

• Unstable loads

Remember

• Evaluate need for manual handling before lifting

• Check path for obstacles before moving load

• Maintain firm grip throughout lift

• Use mechanical aids when available

• Train workers in proper techniques

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 32. Powered Industrial Trucks

Key Concepts

• Powered Industrial Truck (PIT): Self-propelled vehicles used to

carry, push, pull, lift, or stack materials

• Forklift: Most common type of powered industrial truck

• Operator Training: Required for all PIT operators

• Stability Triangle: Concept explaining forklift stability and tipping

hazards

Training Requirements

• Formal Instruction: Classroom training on principles and safety

• Practical Training: Hands-on operation under supervision

• Evaluation: Performance testing in actual workplace

• Refresher Training: Required after accidents, near-misses, or

observed unsafe operation

• Recertification: Every three years minimum

Workplace-Related Topics

• Surface Conditions: Evaluate operating surfaces for hazards

• Load Stability: Assess composition and stability of loads

• Traffic Management: Pedestrian safety and right-of-way

• Environmental Conditions: Ventilation, hazardous locations

• Specialized Operations: Ramps, narrow aisles, restricted areas

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Safe Operating Procedures

• Always look in direction of travel

• Keep body inside operator compartment

• Travel with load lowered and tilted back

• Sound horn at intersections and blind spots

• Operate at safe speeds

• Never carry passengers

• Avoid loose objects and holes

• Travel in reverse if load blocks forward view

Loading Dock Safety

• Dock-Lock Systems: Prevent trailer separation

• Wheel Chocks: Secondary protection against movement

• Warning Lights: Indicate safe/unsafe conditions

• Dock Plates: Must be secured and rated for intended loads

• Edge Protection: Prevent falls from dock edges

Remember

• When traveling on ramps, load must face uphill

• Never turn on a ramp

• Inspect trailer floors before entry

• Pedestrians always have right-of-way

• Park with forks lowered, controls neutralized, brakes set

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 33. Safety Management Systems

Key Concepts

• Safety Management System (SMS): Comprehensive framework

for integrating safety program elements

• Continuous Improvement: Core principle of effective safety

management

• Risk Management: Systematic approach to identifying and

controlling hazards

• Integration: Combining safety with other management systems

SMS Components

• Safety Policy: Demonstrates management commitment and sets

direction

• Safety Risk Management (SRM): Process for hazard

identification and risk control

• Safety Assurance: Monitoring and measuring performance

• Safety Promotion: Training, communication, and safety culture

development

• Documentation and Records: Evidence of system

implementation

PDCA Model in Safety Management

• Plan: Establish objectives and processes

• Do: Implement the processes

• Check: Monitor and measure processes against policies and

objectives

• Act: Take actions to continually improve performance

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Related Management Systems

• ISO 14001: Environmental Management System

• ISO 45001: Occupational Health and Safety Management System

• ISO 9001: Quality Management System

Benefits of SMS

• Reduced incidents, injuries, and illnesses

• Improved management of risks and hazards

• Framework for changing organizational safety culture

• Regulatory compliance

• Improved overall organizational performance

Site Security Components

• Site Information: Location, contacts, operations details

• Management Policies: Security protocols and procedures

• Physical Security Measures: Access controls, surveillance,

barriers

• Risk Assessment: Identifying and prioritizing security

vulnerabilities

Remember

• Safety Manager should lead SMS implementation

• Risk management focuses on prevention rather than reaction

• Documentation is essential for demonstrating compliance

• Integration with other management systems enhances

effectiveness

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 34. Sustainability and
Sustainability Principles

Key Concepts

• Sustainability: Meeting present needs without compromising

future generations

• Triple Bottom Line (TBL): Framework incorporating people,

planet, and profit

• Sustainable Development: Economic growth that protects

environmental and social resources

• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Business practices that

benefit society

Three Pillars of Sustainability

• Environmental Sustainability: Protecting ecosystems and

natural resources

• Social Sustainability: Ensuring equitable access to resources

and opportunities

• Economic Sustainability: Maintaining profitable operations while

minimizing negative impacts

Triple Bottom Line Theory

• People: Fair wages, humane working conditions, community

support

• Planet: Environmental stewardship, renewable resources, waste

reduction

• Profit: Financial success while considering impacts on people and

planet

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Environmental Aspects

• Ecosystem Conservation: Protecting clean air, water, soil, and

climate regulation

• Biodiversity Protection: Managing plant and animal diversity for

sustainable development

• Resource Conservation: Reducing consumption of non-

renewable resources

• Pollution Prevention: Minimizing waste and environmental

contamination

Social Aspects

• Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: Empowering all segments of

society

• Poverty Reduction: Ensuring basic needs are met for all people

• Education Enhancement: Providing knowledge and skills for

sustainable living

• Healthcare Access: Ensuring physical and mental wellbeing

Economic Benefits of Sustainability

• New Markets and Growth: Creating sustainable products and

services

• Cost Reduction: Decreasing waste, energy, and raw material

usage

• Risk Management: Reducing business uncertainty and liability

• Brand Loyalty: Building trust with customers and stakeholders

Remember

• Sustainability requires balancing environmental, social, and

economic factors

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• Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) provides standards for
sustainability reporting

• Key performance indicators should measure progress in all three

sustainability domains

• Sustainable practices often lead to improved financial

performance

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 35. Environmental Management

Key Concepts

• Environmental Management: Systematic approach to protecting

and conserving the environment

• Environmental Regulations: Laws governing pollution control

and resource conservation

• Environmental Impact: Effect of human activities on natural

systems

• Compliance: Meeting or exceeding regulatory requirements

Major Environmental Laws

• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA):

• Regulates pesticide distribution, sale, and use

• Requires registration of pesticides with EPA

• Mandates proper labeling and use instructions

• Evaluates environmental fate and human health impacts

• Clean Air Act (CAA):

• Regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources

• Establishes National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

• Requires state implementation plans (SIPs)

• Controls hazardous air pollutants through MACT standards

• Addresses acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic emissions

Pesticide Registration Criteria

• Composition warrants proposed claims

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 • Labeling complies with requirements

• Performs intended function without unreasonable adverse effects

• Does not cause unreasonable adverse effects when used properly

Clean Air Act Amendments (1990)

• Introduced market-based principles (emissions trading)

• Promoted alternative clean fuels

• Encouraged use of clean, low-sulfur coal and natural gas

• Required phase-out of ozone-depleting chemicals

• Enhanced enforcement programs

Environmental Assessment Components

• Product Chemistry: Physical and chemical characteristics

• Environmental Fate: Effects on environment and non-target

organisms

• Residue Chemistry: Frequency, amounts, and persistence of

applications

• Hazard Evaluation: Toxicity testing and exposure assessment

Remember

• "Unreasonable adverse effect" considers economic, social, and

environmental factors

• Major sources emit ≥10 tons/year of a single hazardous air

pollutant or ≥25 tons/year combined

• Good Laboratory Practice standards required for environmental

studies

• Environmental regulations balance protection with economic

considerations

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 37. Safety Program Auditing
Techniques and Checklist

Key Concepts

• Safety Program Auditing: Systematic evaluation of safety

programs to ensure effectiveness and compliance

• Leading Indicators: Predictive metrics that can help prevent

incidents before they occur

• Lagging Indicators: Metrics that measure past performance

(TCIR, SR, DART)

Effective Audit Components

• Comprehensive Baseline Survey: Initial thorough assessment of

all safety systems

• Periodic Updates: Regular reviews to identify new or changing

hazards

• Employee Involvement: Critical for effective program

implementation and improvement

• Worksite Analysis: Systematic examination to identify existing

and potential hazards

Leading Indicators Characteristics

• Must be reliable, repeatable, consistent, and independent

• Should allow accurate comparisons

• Must be well understood by everyone involved

• Should have a quantitative basis

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 • Must measure what they're supposed to consistently and
accurately

Worksite Analysis Elements

• Comprehensive baseline and periodic update surveys

• Change analysis for new facilities, processes, and equipment

• Routine job hazard analyses

• Regular safety and health inspections

• Analysis of injury/illness records and other safety data

Audit Checklists

• Should be tailored to specific workplace environments

• Include weighted scoring systems for prioritization

• Cover all critical safety areas (PPE, hazardous materials, etc.)

• Document findings and corrective actions

Remember

• Leading indicators are better predictors of future safety

performance

• Employee participation is essential for effective safety programs

• Regular audits help identify system failures before incidents occur

• Effective metrics should drive continuous improvement

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 38. Management of Change

Key Concepts

• Management of Change (MoC): Systematic approach to ensure

safety is maintained when implementing changes in an
organization

• Change Types: Includes personnel, process, equipment,

materials, and procedural changes

• Risk Assessment: Evaluating potential hazards and impacts

before implementing changes

Elements of Successful MoC Program

• Leadership Commitment: Management support and resource

allocation

• Clear Procedures: Documented processes for identifying and

managing changes

• Risk Assessment: Thorough evaluation of potential hazards

before implementation

• Communication: Effective information sharing with all affected

stakeholders

• Training: Ensuring personnel understand new procedures or

equipment

• Documentation: Maintaining records of changes and approvals

MoC Process Steps

1. Identify Change: Recognize when a change is needed or

occurring

2. Analyze Change: Assess potential impacts and hazards

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 3. Develop Plan: Create comprehensive implementation strategy

4. Review/Approve: Obtain necessary authorizations

5. Implement: Execute the change according to plan

6. Monitor/Evaluate: Track effectiveness and identify adjustments

7. Document: Record all aspects of the change process

Regulatory Requirements

• OSHA Process Safety Management (PSM): Requires formal

MoC procedures

• EPA Risk Management Program (RMP): Includes MoC

requirements

• Industry Standards: Various sector-specific guidelines for

change management

Employee Involvement

• Critical for successful implementation of changes

• Provides valuable insights from those most familiar with

processes

• Increases buy-in and compliance with new procedures

Remember

• Unmanaged change is a significant contributor to workplace

incidents

• MoC should be proactive rather than reactive

• Documentation is essential for tracking and accountability

• Regular review of MoC effectiveness is necessary for continuous

improvement

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 39. Emergency Management and
Preparedness

Key Concepts

• Emergency Management: Systematic approach to prevent,

prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies

• Emergency Types: Natural disasters, fires, chemical spills,

workplace violence, medical emergencies

• Emergency Management Cycle: Mitigation, preparedness,

response, and recovery

Emergency Management Components

• Mitigation: Actions taken to prevent emergencies or reduce their

severity

• Preparedness: Planning, training, and equipping before

emergencies occur

• Response: Immediate actions during an emergency to protect life

and property

• Recovery: Activities to restore operations and return to normal

conditions

Emergency Action Plan Requirements

• Procedures for Reporting Emergencies: Clear protocols for

notification

• Evacuation Procedures: Routes, exits, and assembly points

• Critical Operations Procedures: Shutdown and safety measures

• Accounting for Employees: Methods to ensure all personnel are

safe

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 • Rescue and Medical Duties: Responsibilities and trained
personnel

• Contact Information: Names and roles of emergency

coordinators

Business Continuity Planning

• Focuses on maintaining essential operations during and after

emergencies

• Identifies critical functions and alternative methods to continue

operations

• Establishes backup systems and redundancies

• Includes supply chain considerations and alternative suppliers

Workplace Violence Prevention

• Risk assessment for potential violence scenarios

• Physical security measures and access controls

• Training on recognizing warning signs

• Response procedures for violent incidents

• Coordination with law enforcement

Remember

• Regular drills and exercises are essential for effective emergency

response

• Plans must be regularly reviewed and updated

• All employees must be trained on emergency procedures

• Coordination with external agencies is critical for effective

response

• Business continuity is an integral part of comprehensive

emergency management

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 40. BCSP Code of Ethics

Key Concepts

• Professional Ethics: Set of codes establishing operating

guidelines for the safety profession

• BCSP: Board of Certified Safety Professionals, administers the

ASP and CSP exams

• Code of Ethics: Defines professional conduct expectations for

certified safety professionals

Core Ethical Principles

• Hold Paramount: Safety, health, and welfare of the public,

employees, and clients

• Honesty and Integrity: Be truthful and ethical in all professional

relationships

• Objectivity: Avoid conflicts of interest and disclose those that

cannot be avoided

• Competence: Practice only within areas of competency and

maintain professional development

• Confidentiality: Protect proprietary information and respect

privacy

Ethical Obligations

• Disclosure: Inform clients, employers, and appropriate authorities

of dangers and unacceptable risks

• Professional Judgment: Exercise sound judgment based on

established scientific principles

• Representation: Accurately represent qualifications, education,

and experience

CSP Exam Revision Cards - Page 79

 • Professional Development: Maintain and improve knowledge,
skills, and competencies

• Support: Assist colleagues and cooperate with others in

upholding the profession

Ethical Violations

• Fraud: Misrepresentation of credentials or qualifications

• Negligence: Failure to exercise reasonable care in professional

duties

• Conflict of Interest: Allowing personal interests to compromise

professional judgment

• Confidentiality Breach: Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive

information

• Incompetence: Practicing beyond one's professional capabilities

Disciplinary Actions

• Reprimand: Formal expression of disapproval

• Censure: Severe criticism for unethical conduct

• Suspension: Temporary removal of certification

• Revocation: Permanent removal of certification

Remember

• Ethics are fundamental to maintaining the integrity of the safety

profession

• Ethical conduct builds trust with employers, clients, and the public

• Safety professionals must prioritize safety over competing

interests

• Continuous professional development is an ethical obligation

• Ethical dilemmas require careful consideration of all stakeholders

CSP Exam Revision Cards - Page 80