Power Plant Engineering from Renewable

Energy
Power 4.49
4.3. TIDAL ENERGY

(iii) Sea-shore site

site. dal energy is a form of hydro energy recurring with every tide. The periodic rise and
shallow water
(iv)
Of-shore
need to be considered level which are carried by the action of sun
selection, some
other factors fall of sea
water
and moon on water of the earth is
Apart from the
location
economic and other
factors. The main such a called "7ide. The rise and fall of tidal water is maximum near seashore and Iriver mouths.
technical,
environmental,
social,
installation are as
follows. considerations for Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy
selectinga site for wind turbine
Wind farms are located away from main cities to avoid resistance to the ain into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. It is the only form of energy whose
of tides
1. movement created by buildings. So, the flat area is advisable to locate wind mil. source is the
moon.

structure to obstruct wind for a distance of 3 km to

There should not be
any high the The main feature of the tidal cycle is the difference in water surface elevations at high
windmill. tde and low tide. If this differential head could be utilized in operating a hydraulic turbine,
Wind power is based on the wind [Link] the wind power is proportional tto the he tidal energy could be Converted into electrical energy by means of a generator which is
1. cubic power of wind speed. The basic requirement for a successful use of a windmill onupled to it. The difference in potential energy during high-tide and low-tide is converted
into tidal energy.
wind speed.
is an adequate supply of
The selected site should provide good average of wind velocity throughout the Tidal energy, in particular, is one of the best available renewable energy sources. In
oontrast to other clean sources such as wind, solar, geothermal etc. Tidal energy can be
for continuous generation of energy.
nredicted for centuries ahead from the point of view of time and magnitude. Tidal energy can
3. The proposed site should be checked for high altitude due to strong winds whi. furnish a significant portion of all such energies which are renewable in nature. There is
will increase the electric power output of wind energy conversion system. much interest in the use of tidal energy especially in the development of large scale tidal
4 A stable ground is selected. power schemes. However, this energy source such as wind and solar energy is distributed
5 Small trees and grass are avoided under wind mill in order to minimise the over large areas which present a difficult problem for collecting it. The power is obtained
installation cost because the height of tower needs to be increased in such case.
through the flow of water when filling and emptying partially closed sea basins. As the tide
runs into the 'low' basin, it drives turbines and as the tide retreats, again turbines are turned to
6 The selected site should be easily accessible to provide a transport facility for the produce large amount of electricity. Unfortunately, the production of tidal energy involves
erection of equipment and structures as well as for maintenance. huge initial cost and there may be a possibility of damage to the local ecology. Such a project
7 The site should be near the consumer for reducing the cost and transmission losses could also cause severe damage to wildlife in the area including birds, shore-life and fish and
of the generated power. plants that thrive in the delicate ecosystem.
8 The land cost should be favourable so that the total project cost is minimal.
4.3.1. Principle of Tide Generation
9 Wind direction is also considered for the site selection.
Mainly, tides are produced by gravitational attraction of the moon and sun on the water
10. Topography such as mountain gap helps to channelise and of solid earth. Nearly, 70% of the tide produces force due to moon and remaining 30% by the
speed up winas.
I1. The selection of coastal area or lake area for wind nill installation is favourau Sun. So, the moon is the main factor to form tides in the sea. During the tide formation, the
because differential heating of water Surface water is pulled away from earth towards moon and sun due to the gravitational force
The wind blow from the and land generates wind of sufficient spel.
land to the sea during day time and it is reversed during but at the same time, the solid earth is pulled away from the water at the opposite side due to
night time. Centrifugal force of rotation of earth. Therefore, high tides form in these two areas and low
udes are formed at intermediate points. Due to the rotation of earth, the position of the solid
 Power Plant Engineering
Power
from
Renewable
Energy 4.51

450 Thus, aperiodic

succession of high and Ifthe tide's range is maximum, it is called spring tide. These spring tides are called high
forming tides.
Around no
thereby moon and full moon days, the sun, moon and
changes relative
to moon rides. earth form a line. The tidal
area force due to the sun reinforces the moon. Hence, high tides are produced.
formed. of 24hours and 25 minutes. The
low tides is
tides ocur in
a lunar dav
two low the earth. The time
Two high
tides and
moon
revolution about delay between Neap tides:

apparent day of point directly under the moon. .hen the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter., the sun and moon are separated by y0
lunar day is the
successive tides is 6
hors. High tide
occurs at a
day of the month. These
Therefore, viewed from the earth and the solar gravitational
full moon and no moon tides are when force partially cancels the moon. At
prodced during in sinusoidal wave
high tides are sea water is forms shown these points in the lunar cycle, the tide's range is minimum called neap tide.
rise and fall of
semi-diwnal tides. So, the
called
in Figure 4.17. First quarter
Range oftide: denoted by Þ
between high and low water levels
Range is the difference
at low tide
tide -water elevation
R=water elevationat high
m. The tide range R is higher for hiob Sun
The range of tides varies from 4.5 m to 12.4 less for high tides
time, the tide range R is
and it is low for lower tides. At the sarme a
for low tides called neap tides. These tides are formed during first quarter and third
Moon days.
Third quarter

A
+6

+4 Figure4.19 Formation of neap tides

+2 R Tidal range Tidal variation in a lunar month:
New moon Fist quarter Full moon Third quarter New moon

wwwwwwww
12 h 25 min

Figure 4.17 Formation of atide Spring tides Neap tides Spring tides Neap tides Spring tides
Spring tides:
Full moon
Figure 4.20 Tidal variation in alunar month
New moon

Earth
The tidal variation resulting in spring and neap tides in a lunar month is shown in Figure
Sun 4.20.

Figure 4.18 Formation of spring

tides
 Power Plant Engineenino Power
from Renewable Energy 4.53
Figure 4.21 shows the process of transformation of tidal energy to electric energy in very
452 simple terms.

Energy of Tides Components,

, namely, potential and kinetic. The
43.2. contains twO
above the ocean
The enery
of the tide
wave

done in lifting the mass of water surface. This Tidalmnotion Barrage Potential
potential enengy
is the wok energy
cskulsted as
erergv can
be

E-gpt [d= 0.5gpA

Opening of Energy
barrage doors Kinetic energy generation
where E= energy by turbines
g=xreleration of gravity motion
volume
p=eaWater desity =
mass per urit
Electrical
consideration energy
4=es aea under
surface, and
=ical coordinate of the ocean Figure 4.21 Transformation of tidal energy to electric energy
kisthe tide pitnde.
forasts A.3.4. Types of Tidal Energy Technologies
TanE a a Eg I 0 . I 5 E fu seawater, tidal energy is obtained
) Tidal barrages:

E=L4 These involve the creation of huge concrete dams with sluíces. Tidal barrages make use
of the potential energy in the difference in height between high and low tides. Most of the
existing tidal power plants use this type of design.
E=54
Tidal
The iesc eegs Tcf te wr rS n is is capacity to do work by virtue of its tecchnoTg

sECci TEsredby I=5 Tetotal tide energy equals the sum of its potertial

Tidal Tidal stream

422 Taston f Ta Energ sto Eectrical Energy Dynamic
barrages generators
tidal power
Te gaeaion of iericy esg t l poraer is basically the transformaion of tiel
EinE 2 see rmnTg te use ofa barze or sma1 dan built at the entrance Gz Figure 4.22Layout of tidul energy technologies
wien a rNIs0 r s yhigo leves of varision. This barrage wíll trap tI (ti) Tidal stream generators:
W in t r a n g a eswE evd which will in
tum geate potetial n Tidal stream generators make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power
Tis pI y a te sed is reisa kinetic enery as
SpEAet atí fe wtez TUs fr he his evd o te doors in the barae turbines. These are very similar to the principles in wind power generation. Here, water flows
ker evel. This kinetic eneEY WI across blades which turn a turbine much similar to how wind turms blades for wind power
STi nio sTana kiaeic egy t wil rode turbines eiving electrical enu turbines.
 Power Plant Engineeino rom
Renewable Energy
4.57
Aower

for the furbine to produce power between basin side and sea
4.56
isimportant side of the barTge
level difference is reduced more quickly than ehh generation,
barrage power generation. In this type,
The a v a i l a b l e
Rvers floNINZ
of may further reduce the energy potential instead
() Ebb generation:

gates are closed the

form basin
and most
common
Then, the sluice of enhancinz it as in enn
high tide.
into the

head across Thethe

simplest
It is the sluices during
to create a sufficient generation
flled through filled
tidal basin is until the
sea level
through turbines to sea
when its
closed
gate is open
ö i i )T o - W Y g e n e r a t i o n :

kept
turbine gates are made to flow
is then g e n e r a t i o n stops, the gates

barrage. The
stord nater
the head is
low. When
the
turbines are
protecting the
disconnected and the In this type,
the water is made to flow through turbines for power generation both duing
pomer until
sluices are
opened,
basin sea to basin and during low tides from basin to sea.
to generate the tides from
turbines are
closd again and
itself. Ebb
generation also
known as
outflow generation high
and turbines are closed until near the end of the flood tide when water is
cvcle repeats changesthe tidal
isagain flled.
The
generation occurs
energy
as the tide
direction. Sluice gates
through turbines into the basin creating electricity. At the point where the
because the flow to
takes its narne allowed

hydrostatic
head is insufficient for power generation the sluice gates are opened and kept
Dam or dyke high tide
open until hi when they are closed. When the tide outside the barage has dropped
sufficiently water is allowed to flow out of the basin through the turbines again creating
Low tde electricity.
-Tidal basin

Barrage
turbines) High tide level
Turbine generator set (Reversible
Turbine
Sea_
Figure 4.24 Ebb generation Lowtide level

(i) Flood generation:

Basin

Darn or dyke
High tide (a) Duringfling

Barrage
Tidal basin High tide leve
Turbine

Turbine generator set (Reversible turbines) Lowtide level

Sea -Basin
Figure 4.25 Flood generation
In this type, the tidal basin is filled when the sea water is made to flow through the
turbine during high tide. This process is just reverse of ebb generation. It is (6) During empying
generally
less efficient than ebb generation because the volume
contained in the upper half or ne
is greater than the volume of lower half of the basin. Figure 4.26 Two way generation
Therefore the available level dine
 Power Plant Engineenine f o m
Renewable Energy
4.59
Power

as well
as high tide. The turbine-generator units are
458

tide
mounted within the ducts inside
low
and turbining: dyke.

(i) Pumping dam

the
or
using:
The reservoir is filled
high tides
water during
> rise of sea reservoir.
into the
pumps to pump sea water
> pump extra water into the
The turbines in
the barrage can be used to basin at period Dyke
when demand is low, extra water is pumped in and
at night
low demand, generally
at times of high
demand.
the,
siuice gate
Basin
power is generated
Barrage Power Power house
Generation of Tidal
4.3.7. Modes of Dyke
As mentioned earlier, the power generation from tides involves flow between a
artificially developed basin and the sea. In order to have a more or less continuous generatioa Sluice gate
more basins.
this basic scheme can be
elaborated by having two or Accordingly, the
based on the number of basins as foow
power generation schemes are classified
Figure 4.27 Stngle basin aTangement
1. Single basin arrangemnent
2. Double basin arrangement Dam or dyke
High tide

43.7.1. Single Basin Arrangement

The single basin schemes have only one basin interacting with sea. The sea and basin aR Sea
separated by a dam or dyke and the flow between them is through sluice gates locatsd Tidal basin
conveniently along the dyke as shown in Figure [Link] rise and fall of tidal water levek
provide the potential head. Power generation is intermittent and mostly during off-peak ld Turbine generator set (Reversible turbines)
period on daily load curves. (a) High Tide

The generation of power can be achieved in a single basin arrangement by either of te Dam or dyke
following system.
a) Single ebb-cycle system
b) Single tide-cycle system Low tide
Tidal basin-
c) Double tide-cycle system.
Single ebb-cycle system is the one same as ebb generation' as
topic. Similarly, the single tide-cycle system discussed in the
the earlier topic. Double tide-cycle is same as the flood generation' as discussed ia Turbine #enerator set (Reversible turbines)
system is the two-way generation system.
(b) Low Tide
Figure 4.27 shows a cross section of the general
plant (two-way generation). Such arrangement of single basin r
plants generally use reversible water turbines to gennerateo Figure 4.28 Cross section of single basin arrangement
4.60 Power Plant Enginesrting
When there is incoming tide and sea level and tidal-basin are equal, the Power
fom Renewable Energy
is closed. When the sea level reaches sufficient to run turbine, the
and the sea water flows into the basin through the turbine runner and it
turbine valves 4372 Double Basin Arrangement
are gpene
generates
The turbine continues to generate power until the tide passes through its power, Asingle
basin plant
cannot generate
4.64

s storage plant if
the load power continuously
begins to drop. Then, the water head diminishes quickly till1it is not high 1 purmped
supply fluctuates considerablthyoOugh
o point and'
enough similar to an ebb it might do
losses. t
supply no-o operates

generation
is used to pump single-basin system.
. There are
so by using
two basins but it
oftheelectricity
water into the The only
To gain maximum water level into the basin, a by-pass valve quickly second basin diference is a proportion
water comes into the basin. When sea and basin water level are opens and te A double basin scheme can provide allowing storage.
closed as wellas the turbine conduit.
again equal, the In the simplest double-basin power continuously or on demand
advantage.

valves , scheme, there which is

also a dam between
seaand basins containing the must be a dam between each basina great and
The basin level stays constant while the tide continues to go athigh tide and the other one is power house. With two
out. The emptied at low tide.
again opened after getting sufficient water head. The water now flows turbine valves at Turbines are placed basins, one is filled
thereby generating power.
from basin
to the sa
Working: between basins.
Figure 4.29 shows a general
Estimation of energy and power produced by a single basin tidal system: arrangement
located apart and their water of double basin tidal power plant. In
wo basins are
Mass of water in the basin, m= density, p x volume, V is never this type,
exchanged.
Volume, V= Area, A x range of tide, R
Potential energy of water in the basin, E= mgR
E- px AxRxgxR= pgAR
Mean energy stored in the sea water,
Sluice gate
En= E/2 Upper basin
Dyke
Em=pgARI2 Power house
Power is developed only at the time of emptying the
basin. Sea
ooo
Power, P= E Itime
= pgAR I (2×22350) Dyke
[The total time 12h, 25minute. for single tide, Lower basin
tim = 6h, 12.5mintues (22350 seconds))
sluice gate
P= pgAR|44700
Assuming sea water density, p = 1025 kglm
Average power per unit area = 1025×9.81R/
44700
= 0.225R in W/m
The actual power
generated by tides will be less than to
friction losses, conversion the theoretical power due Figure 4.29 Double basin type tidal power plant
efficiencies of turbine and conversion efficiency of electrid
generators. Generally, 25 to 30% power e turbine is set up between two basins. One basin is intermittently filled by the flood
ide and other
will be lost by losses. basin is internittently drained by the cbb tide. Water flowing from high basin