Lecture No.

5 and 7
Rose
Breeding objectives in Rose

•To develop varieties suitable for cut flower with long stem for cultivation in open
field as well as under protected conditions.

• enhanced vase life, resistant to diseases like black spot, dieback etc.,
resistant to various insect pests like trips, red spider mite, bud borer.,
demanded in domestic and international market for varied colour and
fragrance, production for rose oil., like cut flower, pot plant, border plant
as well as to develop varieties suitable for landscaping purpose.

• To develop varieties for reliving or using as shock absorber.

• To develop varieties for improved yield and quality for open field as well as for
protected condition
• Develop varieties with new and rare colors.
• To develop thornless varieties.
Important species of Rose:
Several important species of Asian origin are diploid having chromosome number
14.
These are:
•Rosa chinensis: large climbing evergreen shrub armed with brown, scattered and
hook prickles. Flowers single, blush pink or crimson or pink, non-fragrant.
•Rosa gigantea: very vigorous climber with thick, hooked prickles. Flowers
large, single, white or pale yellow, fragrant and borne singly.
•Rosa moschata: vigorous climber with reddish, sparsely prickly stems. Flowers
with, usually semi double but sometimes single with musk fragrance in terminal
clusters.
•Rosa multiflora: deciduous shrub with vigorous climbing branches. Flowers
single, white with golden centre of stamens, borne in clusters and scented.
•Rosa wichuriana: a vigorous rambler producing single flowers, white with
yellow centre, scented in large clusters. Valuable as a parent of garden ramblers.
Floral Biology of Rose
Habit: Perennial; herbs, shrubs, and trees.

Roots: Fibrous tap root and fibrous adventitious roots. 3.. Stem: Herbaceous or
woody; stem is covered with prickles.

Leaves: Petiolate; alternate; simple or compound (pinnate type): Stipulate (adnate)

Inflorescence: Racemose or mostly cymose, some are solitary.

Flower: Pedicillate; bractcate: actinomorphic; Regular; complete; hermaphrodite;

perigynous. sometimes epigenous.

Calyx: 5 or 4 sepals: free. Sometimes, epicalyx of bracteoles is present

Corolla: 5 or multiple of 5 petals; free; imbricate.

Stamens: numerous stamens; lice, sometimes united by their filaments; versatile.

Carpel: I to numerous carpels; pocarpotis or syncarpous; placentation basal or axile.

Fruits: Drupe. pome or an etaerio of drupes or achenes of follicles

Seed: non-endospermic seed

Techniques of Breeding
1. Natural Crossing and Selection:
•Roses in nature are cross pollinated by insects, especially the
bees.
•During the course of development, a huge amount of
heterozygosity and different ploidy levels have been
accumulated in roses.
•Seeds from naturally formed rose fruits may give a variable
progeny, especially in the modern varieties, possessing a
complex pedigree.
•Even without artificial crossing of hybridization, many new
forms may be obtained from the segregating populations.
•A large number of modern rose varieties have been
developed through selection.
2. Hybridization
•Hybridization of different species has been primarily responsible for the
evolution of new groups of roses.
•Interspecific hybridization has played an important role in rose
improvement.

Steps of hybridization
•Emasculation should be done during the bud stage, just before they open
out. This should be done carefully with a pair of finely pointed scissors
or sharp knife, without damaging the stigma and to avoid self
fertilization
•The petals of the flowers selected as a male parent are removed and anthers
are gently rubbed on stigma of the female parent with the help of soft
camel brush.
•Pollen may also be applied with the help of fingers of soft brush.
•After crossing, a small polythene or butter paper bag is put over the crossed
flower to protect it from any further natural cross pollination by insects.
•The pollinated flowers are labeled indicating the parents of the cross as well
as the date of crossing.
•Rose fruits (hips) containing seeds, which takes 3-6 months to mature are
harvested when they turn brownish red.
3. Mutation breeding:

•Recently many cultivars with novel flower colours have been

evolved which are generally the results of artificial induction of
mutations.

•These were produced as a result of treating the buds with X-rays,

radio isotopes or various chemical mutagens.

•Several cultivars have been evolved through natural mutations or

as bud sport of the existing cultivars.
Important mutants of rose developed in India
Sr. Mutants Parents Mutagen Centre whrere
No. released
1. 'Pusa Christina' Christian Dior Gamma rays IARI
2. 'Abhisarika' Kiss of Fire Gamma rays IARI
3. 'Madhosh' Gulzar EMS (0.25% for 8 IARI
hours)
4. 'Su Kumare' Queen Elizabeth Gamma rays (3 Kr) NBRI, Lucknow
5. 'Saroda' Queen Elizabeth Gamma rays NBRI, Lucknow
6. 'Shavda' Queen Elizabeth Gamma rays NBRI, Lucknow
7. 'Mrinalini Mrinalini H.T. Gamma rays -----
striped'
8. 'Mrinalini light Mrinalini cv. Gamma rays -----
pink mutant'
Genetic Engineering in Rose

•In the past, roses were simply red, yellow or white. Blue roses could
not exist as rose plants are unable to produce blue pigments
naturally

•By means of gene technology, this goal has been achieved. Designer
cut flowers are being created with exceptional colours with
prolonged shelf life, with added fragrances or with built in frost
protection.

•After 13 years of joint research by Australian company Florigene

and Japanese company Suntory, a blue rose was created in
2004 using genetic engineering.

•Years of research resulted in the ability to insert a gene for the plant
pigment delphinidin cloned from petunia and into an old
garden Cardinal de Richelieu rose.
Rose breeding in India and abroad
•The work on rose breeding is being carried out at the Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, National
Botanical Research institute (NBRI), Lucknow and IHBT, Palampur.
•NBRI has developed and released nine gamma ray mutants, and also
detected three spontaneous mutants.

IARI, New Delhi:

H.T. Rose: Abhisarika, Anurag, Arjun, Bhim, Charugandha, Chitwan, Dr. B.P. Pal, Ganga,
Jawahar, Mother Teresa, Mridula, Mrinalini, Nurjehan, Priyadarshini, Pusa Sonia,
Raj Kumari, Raktagandha, Rangasala, Surabhi, Vasant
Floribunda: Arunima, Chandrama, Deepshikha, Himangini, Mohini, Nav Sadabahar,
Neelambari, Prema, Sadabahar, Saratoga, Shabanam, Sindoor, Suchitra,
Suryodaya
Miniature: Delhi Scarlet
Poliantha: Swati

NBRI, Lucknow:
Hybrid Tea: Light Pink Prize, Mrinalini Stripe, Pink Montezuma, Summer Holiday
Mutant, Winter Holiday Mutant
Floribunda: Ankara, Curio, Pink Contempo, Salmon Beauty Lighter, Sharada,
Sukumari, Twinkle, Yellow Contempo, Pink Imperator
Miniature: Windy City Mutant
Climber: Climbing Cri Cri
Different Varieties evolved in India
Rose varieties evolved by amateur growers:
DR. B. P. PAL (Evolved 105 Varieties)
•H.T. Rose: Akash Sundari, Apsara, Aravali Princess, Ashirwad, Dilruba, Diva Swapna, Dr.
Homi Bhabha, Dr. M.S. Randhawa, Dr. R. R. Pal, Golden Afternoon, Hasina, Homage,
Indian Princess, Kamla Devi Chattopadhyay Kanakangi, Lalima, Lal Makhamal,
Mechak, Mrs. K.B. Sharma, Maharani, Nayika, Nishada, Pahadi Dhun, Poornima, Raat ki
Rani, Raja Surendra Singh of Nalagarh, Rajhans, Ranjana, Sandeepani, Sharmili, Shanti Pal, Sir
C.V. Raman, Surkhab, Uma Rao
•Floribunda: Akash Nartaki, Banjaran, Chitchor, Delhi Brightness, Delhi Princess, Deepak,
Jantar Mantar, KumKum, Madhura, Manmatha, Paharan, Parwana, Rangini, Rupali,
Suryakiran, Tarang
•Climber: Climbing Dr. Homi Bhabha, Delhi White Pearl, Delhi Pink Pearl
M.N. Hardikar: Cynosure, First Rose Convention, Flying Tata, Swami
Y.K. Hande: lndian Pearl, Perfumer, Ajanta Caves, Gauri, Good Morning, Pink Wave
Muniswami : Poliantha- Pink Shower
M.S. Viraraghavan
•H.T. Rose: Kanchi, Nefertiti, Priyatama, Rajni, Tamrabarani, Vamsadhara
•Floribunda: Amarapali, Bhagmati, First Offering, Mahadev, Vanamali
•Climber: Kanyakumari
S.C. Dey: Martin Luther King, Sun God
Raja Surendra Singh of Nalagarh
•H. T. Rose: Ghajal, Nazr-e-Nazar, Yamini Krishnamurthy
•Floribunda: Gopika
Braham Datt
H.T. Rose: Don NieIson, Gond Beauty, Indian festival, K.K. Thakur, Pride of Nagpur, Soft Touch
Rose varieties evolved by nurserymen in India
Ajanta, Dr. P. Banerjee, Dr. S.D. Mukherjee, Heart Throb, Kalima, President Radhakrishnan,
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ramakrishna Devgandha, Jai Hind, Menaka, Muktadhara, Pandit Nehru,
Peetmanjari, Sir Jagdish Bose, Urvashi, Agnihotri, Anupama, Blue Delight, Chitrangini, Lemon Time,
Pestel Delight inivasa, Tungbhadra, Vaishnavi, Vasavi, Arkavathi, Devadasi, Hemavathi, Kamini,
Kumari, Natravathi, Priya etc.

Breeding work done in Abroad

Hybrids teas
Sr.No. Cultivars Parents Remarks
1 Allegro(Geranium Red) (Happiness x Independence) x (Soraya) Meilland,1962
2 Americana (Bright Red) (Poinsettia Seedling x New Yorker) Boerner,1961
3 Apollo(Yellow) (High Time x Imperial gold) Armstrong,1972
4 Avon(Bright Red) (Nocturne X Chrysler Imperial) Morey,1961
5 Buccaner (Yellow colour) (Golden Rapture Max Krause x Capt.Thomas) Swim,1952

6 Champagne (Apricot Flowers) (Charlotte Armstrong x Duquesa De Penaranda) Lindquist,1961

7 Christian Dior(Velvety Red) (Independence x Hapiness) x (Peace x Happiness) Meilland,1958)

8 Confidence (Light Pink) (Peace x Michele Meilland) Meilland 1951

9 Duet (Light Red) (Fandango x Roundelay) Swim,1960
10 Eiffel tower(pink) First love x named seedling) Armstrong and
Swim,1963
11 First Lady Nancy(Yellow) (American Heritage x First Prize) Armstrong 1981
12 Happiness (Red) (Rome Gloryx Tassin) x (Charles P.Kilham Meilland,1949
x(Charles p.Kilham x Capucine Chambari)
13 Montezuma (Velvety Red) (Fandango x Floradora) Swim 1955
14 Oklahoma (Dark Red) (Chrysler Imperial x Charles Mallerin0 Swim and Weeks 1964

15 Peace (Yellow) (George Dickson x Souvenir De Claudius Pernet0 x Meilland,1942

(Goanna Hil x Charles p Kilham) x (Margaret
Macgredy)
Floribundas
Sr.No. Cultivars Parent Remarks
1 Allgold (yellow) (Goldilocks x Ellinor Legrice) Le Grice,1956
2 Arabian Nights (Salmon-Orange) (Spartn x Beaute) Mc Gredy, 1963

3 Charleston (Yellow) Masquerade x (Radra x Caprice) Meilland,1963

4 Daily Sketch (Pink) (MA Perkins x Grand Gala) Mcgredy,1960
5 Fashion (coral Peach) (Pinocchio x Crimin Glory) Boerner,1949
6 Flamenco (Salmon) (Cinnabar x Spartan) Mcgredy,1960
7 Gala (pink, yellow base) (Unnamed Seedlings x Seventeen) Jeelly,1973
8 Independence (Scarlet) (Baby chateau x crimson Glory) Kordes,1950
9 Mercedes (Scarlet) (Anabell x Unnamed Seedlings) Kordes,1974
10 Queen Elizabeth (Carmine, pink) (Charlotte Armstrong x Floradora) Lammerts,1954

Polyanthas
Sr. No Cultivars Description Remarks
1 Baby Faurax Purple Flowers, produced in clusters, with Lille,1924
bluish tinge
2 Cameo Salmon-pink with orange shade very attractive De Rviter,1932

3 Echo Dwarf form of Tausendschon pink and white Lamberi,1914

flowers I cluster
4 Emmleloord Olala x Finale, Orange Red borne in cluster Buisman and Son,1973

5 George Elger Yellow baby Rambler Dwarf Growing Turbat,1912

6 Ideal Dark velvety Crimson flowers Best Polyantha Spek,1921
in this.
7 Renoncule Blooms small, Soft, Rose Pink Barbier,1913
Miniatures

Sr. No Cultivars Parent Remarks

1 Army’s Delight Little Darling x Little Chief Williams,1980
2 Antique Rose Baccara x Little chief Moore,1980
3 Brightside Persian Princess x Persian Princess Moore,1974
4 Cream puff Little Darling x Elfinesque Bennett,1980
5 Dusty Rose Little Vanderbilt x Cecile Brunner Morey,1974

Climbers and Ramblers:

•Auriel Dombasle: Climbers with medium sized flowers of vermillion and yellow
shade on reverse.
•Dublin Bay: Climbers with medium sized blood red flowers in clusters.
•Gold Bunning: Large golden yellow blooms in abundance over a long season.
•Dynamite: Flowers bright red with a fiery colour, long pointed buds, free bloomers.
•Landora: Climbing form of H.T. Landora, flowers yellow, well shaped
•John F. Kennedy: Climbing form of John F. Kennedy with large white flowers
•Snow Garden: Climber with rich glowing deep pink flowers
•Golden Showers: Daffodil yellow, fragrant flowers, produced singly or in clusters on
strong stems.
•Mermaid: Hybrid of Rosa bracteata X Yellow Tea Rose. Pale yellow buds with a
mass of amber stamens, single and fragrant flowers
•Pinata: Yellow blooms with orange red on edge of petals, always covered with
blooms.