2020/2021 SESSION SS1 ELECTRONIC DATE PROCESSING (EDP)

TOPIC: DATA AND INFORMATION

DATA
Data: Data is raw, unorganized or unprocessed facts and figure collected but not yet processed
(need to be processed). Data comprise of numbers, alphabets, or any other of data like pictures
sounds, etc.
TYPES OF DATA
1. Qualitative Data: Qualitative data is descriptive information (it describes something).
2. Quantitative data: Quantitative data is numerical information (numbers). Quantitative
data can also be discrete or continuous.
3. Continuous data: Continuous data can take any value (within a range). Continuous data is
also measured data.
4. Discrete data: Discrete data can only take certain value (like whole numbers). Discrete
data counted data.
Examples of Data.
Below are examples of data:
1. Numbers
2. Name of things, place or animals,
3. Words
4. Measurement
5. Observation or
6. Description of things:

SOURCES OF DATA.
Data can come from different sources depending on the importance of the data. The process of
getting data is called data gathering or collection process. Below are sources of data:
1. Television
2. Internet
3. Articles containing Original research data.
4. Government documents and public records.
5. News paper and magazine clippings
6. Text books
7. Biographies.

Information
Information can be defined as data that has been manipulated through a processing system to
make it more meaningful and relevant for effective decision making. Information is also a
processed data that is meaningful to the user.
Examples of Information
1. Student ID card
2. Weather reports
3. student’s Report card
4. International passport
5. Utility bills e.g. PHCN, Water bill etc

Sources of Information
Information can be gotten from
1. Internet
2. Data base
3. Magazine/ news paper
4. Census board
5. Documents.

Differences between Data and Information

Data Information
1. It is not significant alone by itself It is significant by itself
2. It is obtained through observations and It is obtained through analysis.s
recordings.
WAYS OF HANDLING DATA
Data have to be manipulated through a processing system in order to obtain meaningful
information that could be used for effective decision making. The ways by which data are
handled or manipulated to get information is referred to as data processing.
Data handling is the process, way of ensuring that data is obtained, stored, achieved or disposed
in a manner that retains its integrity in a secure manner. Also data handling is basically the
process or way of imputing and storing data in a computer. Data is then processed into
information.
There are two ways of handling data which are:
1. Manual (non- electronic) Method
2. Electronic Method.
1. Manual (non-electronic) Method: Manual method involves the use of simple manual
tools such as chalk, wall, pencil, pen, papers, filling cabinets and some electro-
mechanical tools like type writers, calculators, etc. to manipulate or process data
manually. The use of electro- mechanical devices to also termed manual data processing
because human intervention is highly required during the processing cycle.
Advantages of manual method
1. It is less expensive
2. It is easy to understand.
3. It is easy to understand
4. It does not depend on electricity / power supply
5. Data is processed in human sensible form
Disadvantages.
1. It is very slow
2. It is less accurate
3. It is prone to human error.
4. Data processing is limited by human intelligence.
2. Electronic Method: This is the use of electronic systems such as Computers, storage
media like video tape, CD, DVD, Memory Cards and other electronic devices to obtain,
store, archive, share or dispose data.This method involves purely, the use of computers to
 process data automatically with little or no human intervention during the processing
cycle.

Advantages of Electronic Metthod

1. Speed
2. Accuracy: It can handle large volume of data accurately.
3. It can handle computations
4. It has medium for effective storage
5. Retrieval of data and information is faster and easier
Disadvantages of Electronic Method
1. The initial or acquisition cost is very high
2. It requires special skill or technical know how
3. The cost of maintenance is high
4. It cannot work without constant supply of electricity

Factors to be considered when handling data electronically

i. Data integrity
ii. Regular update of data
iii. Validation of data
iv. Security of data/Encryption
v. Type of data
vi. Type of storage to be used
vii. Data volume/Size
viii. Access control
ix. Regular Anti-Virus Update
x. Limit physical access to storage media
xi. Regular Backups
xii. Ensure data recoverability
xiii. Login/Password
xiv. Record date and time
xv. Power Supply
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations
of computing devices.
A generation refers to the state of improvement in the product development process. The term is
also used in the different advancements of new computer technology.With each new generation,
the circuiting has gotten smaller and more advanced than previous generation before it. There are
five (5) generations of computer, names;
1. First Generation Computers (1940 to 1956) : Vacuum tubes.

Characteristics of First Generation Computers.

Hardware Technology The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory. The input to the computer was through punched cards and paper
tapes. The output was displayed as printouts.
Software Technology The instructions were written in machine language. Machine language
uses 0s and 1s for coding of the instructions. The first generation computers could solve one
problem at a time.
Computing Characteristics The computation time was in milliseconds.
Physical Appearance These computers were enormous in size and required a large room for
installation.
Application They were used for scientific applications as they were the fastest computing
device of their time.
The first generation computers used a large number of vacuum tubes and thus generated a lot of
heat. They consumed a great deal of electricity and were expensive to operate. The machines
were prone to frequent malfunctioning and required constant maintenance. Since first generation
computers used machine language, they were difficult to program.

Examples include; Colossus, designed by Alan Turing for the British in 1943, The first general-
purpose programmable electronic computer,ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) built by J. Prosper Eckert and John V. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania,
and Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC).UNIVAC (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer), the first commercial Computer designed in 1952.

2. Second Generation Computer (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors

Hardware Technology Transistors (Figure 1.5) replaced the vacuum tubes of the first
generation of computers. Transistors allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
energy efficient and reliable. The second generation computers used magnetic core technology
for primary memory. They used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage. The
input was still through punched cards and the output using printouts. They used the concept of a
stored program, where instructions were stored in the memory of computer.
Software Technology The instructions were written using the assembly language. Assembly
language uses mnemonics like ADD for addition and SUB for subtraction for coding of the
instructions. It is easier to write instructions in assembly language, as compared to writing
instructions in machine language. High-level programming languages, such as early versions of
COBOL and FORTRAN were also developed during this period.
Computing Characteristics The computation time was in microseconds.
Physical Appearance Transistors are smaller in size compared to vacuum tubes, thus, the size
of the computer was also reduced.
Application The cost of commercial production of these computers was very high, though less
than the first generation computers. The transistors had to be assembled manually in second
generation computers.

Second generation computers generated a lot of heat but much less than the first generation
computers. They required less maintenance than the first generation computers
Example include, TRADIC at Bell laboratories in 1954 and TX – O at MIT’S Lincoh
Laboratory, PDP-8, IBM 1401 and CDC 1604.

3. Third Generation Computers (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits

Hardware Technology The third generation computers used the Integrated Circuit (IC)chips.
shows IC chips. In an IC chip, multiple transistors are placed on a silicon chip. Silicon is a type
of semiconductor. The use of IC chip increased the speed and the efficiency of computer,
manifold. The keyboard and monitor were used to interact with the third generation computer,
instead of the punched card and printouts.

IC chips
Software Technology The keyboard and the monitor were interfaced through the operating
system. Operating system allowed different applications to run at the same time. High-level
languages were used extensively for programming, instead of machine language and assembly
language.
Computing Characteristics The computation time was in nanoseconds.
Physical Appearance The size of these computers was quite small compared to the second
generation computers.
Application Computers became accessible to mass audience. Computers were produced
commercially, and were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Examples IBM 370, PDP 11, CDC 6600 developed by Seymour Cray in 1964, the IBM360/91.
The third generation computers used less power and generated less heat than the second
generation computers. The cost of the computer reduced significantly, as individual components
of the computer were not required to be assembled manually. The maintenance cost of the
computers was also less compared to their predecessors.

4. Fourth Generation Computers (1971 – Present): Using Microprocessors.

Hardware Technology They use the Large Scale Integration (LSI) and the Very Large Scale
Integration (VLSI) technology. Thousands of transistors are integrated on a small silicon chip
using LSI technology. VLSI allows hundreds of thousands of components to be integrated in a
small chip. This era is marked by the development of microprocessor.
Microprocessor is a chip containing millions of transistors and components, and designed using
LSI and VLSI technology. This generation of computers gave rise to Personal Computer (PC).
Semiconductor memory replaced the earlier magnetic core memory, resulting in fast random
access to memory. Secondary storage device like magnetic disks became smaller in physical size
and larger in capacity. The linking of computers is another key development of this era. The
computers were linked to form networks that led to the emergence of the Internet. This
generation also saw the development of pointing devices like mouse, and handheld devices.
Software Technology Several new operating systems like the MS-DOS and MSWindows
developed during this time. This generation of computers supported Graphical User Interface
(GUI). GUI is a user-friendly interface that allows user to interact with the computer via menus
and icons. High-level programming languages are used for the writing of programs.
Computing Characteristics The computation time is in picoseconds.
Physical Appearance They are smaller than the computers of the previous generation. Some
can even fit into the palm of the hand.
Application They became widely available for commercial purposes. Personal computers
became available to the home user.
Examples The Intel 4004 chip was the first microprocessor. The components of the computer
like Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory were located on a single chip. In 1981, IBM
introduced the first computer for home use. In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh. The
microprocessor has resulted in the fourth generation computers being smaller and cheaper than
their predecessors. The fourth generation computers are also portable and more reliable.
They generate much lesser heat and require less maintenance compared to their predecessors.
GUI and pointing devices facilitate easy use and learning on the computer. Networking has
resulted in resource sharing and communication among different computers.

5. Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Next): Using Artificial Intelligence

The goal of fifth generation computing is to develop computers that are capable of learning and
self-organization. The fifth generation computers use Super Large Scale Integrated (SLSI) chips
that are able to store millions of components on a single chip. These computers have large
memory requirements. This generation of computers uses parallel processing that allows several
instructions to be executed in parallel, instead of serial execution. Parallel processing results in
faster processing speed. The Intel dualcore microprocessor uses parallel processing. The fifth
generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). They try to simulate the human
way of thinking and reasoning. Artificial Intelligence includes areas like Expert System (ES),
Natural Language Processing (NLP), speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, etc. The
term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts
institute of Technology.
Active plays in the trend of computer generation
1. The American participation: John Atanas off invented the Atanas Berry Computer
(ABC), Howard Aiken is regarded as one of the pioneers who introduced the computer
age, ENIAC.
2. The German Participation: KONRAD Zuse.
3. The British Participation: The Colossus
4. The Japanese Participation:
5. The African Participation: Philip Emeagwali
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Computing machines can be classified in many ways and these classifications depends on their
functions and definition. They can be classified by the technology from which they were
constructed, the uses to which they are put, their capacity or size, the era in which they were
used, their basic operating principle and by the kind of data they process. Some of these
classification techniques are discussed as follows.
1. Classification by Technology:
This classification is a historical one and it is based on what performs the computer
operating, or the technology behind the computing skill.
1. Flash: Before the advent of any kind of computing device at all, human beings
performed. Computation by themselves. This involved the use of fingers, toes and any
other part of the body.
2. Wood: Wood became a computing device when it was first used to design the abacus.
3. Metals: Metals were used in the early machines of Pascal, Thomas and theproduction
versions from such as Brundsviga, Monre etc.
4. Electromechanical Devices: As differential analyzers, these were present in the early
machines of Zuse, Aiken, Stibitz many others
5. Electronic Elements: These were used in the colossus, ABC, ENIAC and the stored
program computers.
2. Classification by Type (types of data handled).
There are three types of computer under this category. They are:
AnalogueComputers: These are computers that measure the continuous physical
magnitude or electrical states. For example pressure, temperature, voltage, volume, etc.
 For instance a petrol pump at the filling station uses an analog device to measure the
quantity of petrol. A speedometer in a vehicle is another example of analog computer.
Analog computers are used for scientific, engineering and process control purposes.Since
they deal with quantities that are continuously varying in nature, they give only
approximate resulti.e. Not accurate as in digital computer. Other examples are
thermometer, etc.
Digital computers: these are computers designed to process data in discrete numerical
form which are represented by discrete signal using binary code, numbers, letters, and
symbols are represented by code based on the binary number system consisting of two
digits i.e. 1, 0. Digital computer must convert all data to binary form. They are be used
for both counting and calculating numbers example are calculator, adding machine,
counting machine, etc
Hybrid computers: These are computers thatcombine the features of digital and analog
computers together. They can be used for both counting and measuring. In fact, they are
very useful in the control of manufacturing and processing. The hybrid system provides
the good precision that can be attained with analog computers and the greater control that
is possible with digital computers, plus the ability to accept the input data in either form.
3. Classification by size.
1. Super computers: The super computers are the biggest and fastest machines today and
they are used when billion or even trillions of calculations are required. These machines
are applied in nuclear weapon development, accurate weather forecasting and as host
processor for local computer and time sharing networks. They have high processing
speed compared to other computers. The speed of a super computer is generally measured
in FLOPS (Floating Point Operation per Second). Super computers are very expensive
and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amount of
mathematical calculations (number crunching) for example, weather forecasting,
aerodynamic design simulation, scientific simulation, (animated) graphic, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design and analysis of geological data
(in petrochemical prospecting).
b. Main frame computers: Main frame computers are multi-user, multi-programming and
high performance computers. They operate at a very high speed, have large storage
 capacity and can handle the work load of many users. Main frame computers are large
and powerful system generally used in centralized data bases. Their main memory is
large and a lot of data and instruction can be stored. Main frame computers are used in
organizations like bank, insurance companies, manufacturing forms, universities,
government agencies, large businesses, etc, where many people require frequent access to
the same data. Some examples are CDC 6600 and IBM E5000 series.
c. Mini computers: Mini computers are digital computers, generally used in multi- user
systems. They have higher processing speed and higher storage capacity than the micro
computers. Mini computers can support 4200 users simultaneously. The user can access
the mini-computer through their PCs or terminal. They are used for real- time
applications in industries, research centers, etc. Examples are PDP II, PDP – 8, IBM
(800 series), the Honey well 200 and 1200.
d. Micro computers: Micro computers also known as personal computers or PCs are the
types of computers used in most homes and computer room or lab in many schools. In
other words, they are the common type of computers in use nowadays. They are terribly
limited in what they can do when compared to the larger models because they can only be
used by one person at time, they are much slower than the larger computers and they
cannot store nearly as much information, but they are excellent when used in small
businesses, homes and schools. These computers are inexpensive and easy to use.
The micro computer is a digital computer system that is controlled by a stored program that uses
a micro processor, a programmable read- only memory (ROM) and randon- access memory
(RAM). Other than Desk top computer other personal computers include:
1. Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
2. Tablet PC
3. Towers
4. Work station
5. Lap tops
6. Note book computer
7. Hand- held computer.
4. Classification by functionality (purpose)
There are two types of computers under category. They are
a. General purpose computers: These are multipurpose computer capable of solving a wide
range of problems (task). They can be used in and for various aspects like drawing,
calculating, designing, typing, multimedia functions, playing games etc. Most digital
computers are general- purpose computer. Examples of micro computer;
desktop.Computers Laptop, mini tower etc.
b. Special purpose computers: Special purpose computer perform only one type of job.
These are dedicated computer designed solely for the purpose for solving a particular
problem. Examples of their areas of application are road traffic light control, calculators,
Robots (Robitics),air line reservation system. Most analog computerare special purpose.

HISTORY OF COMPUTING
Introduction
Computing is the study of how computer and computer system work and how they are
constructed and programmed. It is a process of utilizing computer technology to complete a task.
Computing may involve computer hardware and/or software, but must involved some of a
computer system. Computing is intimately tied to the representation of numbers.
The modern definition of computing machine is based on Von Neuman’s concepts: A device that
accept inputs input, processes data, stored data and produce output (information).
Concrete Devices in Computing
1. ABACUS: Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculatingdevice. Which was
used to perform addition and subtraction easilyand speedily. This device was first
developed by the Egyptians in the 10th century B.C, but it was given it final shape in the
12th century A.D by Chinese educationists. Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which
rod where fitted across with round beads sliding on the rod.
2. SLIDE RULE: The slide rule, also known as a slapstick, is a mechanical analog
computer. The slide rule is used primary for multiplication and division. It is also used
for functions such as calculating roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but is not commonly
used for addition and subtraction. William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule
in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier.
3. NAPIER’S BONE: The Napier’s Bone was invented by John Napier, the inventor of
logarithm, who was the first person to use decimal point in number. Napier’s bone is very
much like the normal times (multiplication) tables.
4. PASCAL’S CALCULATOR (BLAISE PASCAL 1623 - 1662). In the year 1642, Blaise
Pascal a french scientist invented an adding machine called Pascal’s calculator or
Pascaline, which represents the position of digit with the help of years in it. He built the
first mechanical digit calculator.
5. LEIBNITZ CALCULATOR/ MULTIPLIER:In 1671, a German mathematician, Gotfred
Leibniz modified the Pascal calculator and he developed a machine which could perform
various calculation based on multiplication and division as well.
6. JACQUARD’S LOOM: Joseph- Marie Jacquerd, a silk- weaver, invented an improved
textile loom called Jacquard’s loom in1801. The Jacquerd loom was the first machine to
use punched card.
7. ANALYTICAL ENGINE: In 1833, Babbage designed a machine called an “Analytical
Engine” . This was the first fully- automatic calculating machine. Charles Babbage
(1792- 1871) first conceived the idea of an advanced,calculating machine to calculate and
print mathematical tables in 1812. This machine, conceived by Babbage in 1834, was
designed to evaluate any mathematical formula and to have even higher powers of
analysis than his original difference Engine for the 1820s.
8. Herman Hollerith Punch card (Holleroth’s census machines)The first commercial data
processing machines were punched card tabulating systems. Herman Hollerith (1860-
1929) worked at the US Census Bureau. While there he began designing machines that
could reduce the labour and time that would be requied to process the data that would be
collected in the 1890 census.
Components of the Hollerithis Electronic Tabulator
1. Card Reader
2. Hollerith’s Tabulator Dials
3. Sorting Table
9. ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER (1939-1942) was built at lowa state by Prof. John
V. Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry. This machine represented several
 “first” in computing, including a binary system of arithematic, parallel processing,
regenerative memory, separation of memory and computing functions
10. COLOSSUS (1940s) This is a vacuum tube computing machine which brokeHitler’s
code during World War II. It was instrumental in helping Turing break the German’s
codes during World War II to turn the tide of war.
11. ENIAC (1946) This is the world’s first electronic, large scale, general purpose computer.
It was built by Mauchly, and activated at the University of Pennsyluanfain 1946.

NUMBER SYSTEM
A numeral system is a collection of symbols used to represent small numbers, together with a
system of rules for representing larger numbers. Each numeral system uses a set of digits. The
number of various digits including zero, that a numeral system uses to represent numbers
is called base or radix.
1. Decimal System: Decimal notation is the writing of numbers inthe base ten numeral
system, which uses various symbols (called digits) for no more thanten distinct values
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9) to represent any number, no matter how large. These digits are
often used with a decimal separator which indicates the start of a fractional part, and with
one of the sign symbol + (positive) or –(negative) in front of the numeral to indicate
sign.However, the number 123 represent (“^” representsexponentiation) 1 10 2+ 2
10 1 + 3 10 0 = 100 + 20+3
Each digit appearing to the left of the decimal point represents a value between zero and
nine times as increasing power of ten Digits appearing to the right of the decimal point
represent a value between zero and nine times an increasing negative power of ten. For
example, the value 123.456 means:
1 10 2+2 10 1+3 10 0+4 10 – 1 + 5 10 -2 +6 10 -3 = 100 +20 +3+
0.4+0.05+0.006.
2. Binary System: The binary number is base 2 and therefore requires only two digits, 0 and
1. The binary system is useful for computer programmers, because it can be used to
represent the digital on/off method in which computer chips and memory work. A binary
number can be represented by any mechanism capable of being in two initially exclusive
states.
3. Hexadecimal system: The hexadecimal system is base 16. Therefore, it requires 16 digits.
The digits 0 through 9 are used, along with the letters A through F, which represent the
decimal values 10 through 15. The hexadecimal system (often called the hex system) is
used in computer work because it is based on powers of 2. Each digit in the hex system is
equivalent to a four- digit binary number.
4. Octal system: Binary is also easily converted to the octal numeral system, since octal uses
a radix of 8, which is a power of two 23, So it takes exactly three binary digits to
represent an octal digit).

BINARY NUMBER CONVERSION.

1. Binary to Octal
An easy way to convert from binary to octal is to group binary digits into sets of three, starting
with the least significant (right most) digits.
a. Binary: 11100101= 11100 101 (Pad the most significant digits with zeros if necessary to
complete a group of three:
1001010102011,100,101 = 3458 Oct.
b. 1001010102 to Octal
1001010102 100 101 0102 = 4528 Oct
c. 11100111102 to Octal
1110011110 = 001 110 011 110 1636 →16368coct)
2. Binary to Hexadecimal.
An equally easy way to convert from binary to hexadecimal is to group binary digits into
sets of four, starting with the least significant (right most) digits.
a. Binary: 11100101 = 1110 010
E 5
= E516
b. 1001010102 = 0001 0010 1010
=1 2 A
= 12A16
c. 11100111102 = 0011 1001 1110
3 9 E
 39Ehex16
3. Binary to Decimal: To convert from binary to decimal involves addition and
multiplication.
Example 11100000000
1x210 + 1x29 + 1x28 + 0x27 + 0x26 + 0x25 + 0x24 + 0x23 + 0x22 + 0x21 + 0x20
1024+ 512+256+0+0+0+0+0+6+070+0
= 1792
DECIMAL NUMBER CONVERSION
A repeated division and remainder algorithm can convert decimal to binary, Octal, or
hexadecimal.
STEPS:
1. Divide the decimal number by the desired target radix (2,8 or 16)
2. Append the remainder as next most significant digit.
3. Repeat until the decimal number has reached zero.
Decimal to Binary
Eg.1 Convert 1792 to binary

2 1792
2 896 r 0
2 448 r 0
2 224 r 0
2 112 r 0
256 r 0 111000000002
2 28 r 0
2 14 r 0
2 7r0
 2 3r1
2 1r1
2 0r1

Decimal to Octal:
Convert 1792decimal to Octal
8 1792
8 224 r 0
8 28 r 0
8 3 r 4 3400 oct.
0r3

Decimal to hexadecimal.
1. 16 1792
16 112 r 0
16 7r7 70016
0r7
The only addition to the algorithm when converting from decimal to hexadecimal is that a table
must be used to obtain the hexadecimal digit if the remainder is greater than decimal 9.
2. Convert 48899 to hexadecical

16 48879
16 3054 r15 F
16 190 r14 E
16 11 r 14 E
0 r 11 B
= BEEF16

OCTAL NUMBER CONVERSION

1. Octal to binary: simply look up each Octal digit to obtain the equivalent group of three
binary digits.
Eg. 3458 to binary
3 4 5
011 100 101 = 0111001012
2. Octal to Hexadicimal: when converting from octal to hexadecimal, it is often easier to
first convert the octal number into binary and then from binary into hexadecimal.
Eg. Convert 3458 into Hexadecimal
345 = 011 100 101 → 0111001012
011100101211100101 = E516
3. Octal to Decimal:E This5 can be performed by showing each digit place as an increasing
power of 8.Eg.
0
345Oct = ( )+ ( )+ ( )=( ) ( ) ( )
= 192+32+5
= 229.
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER CONVERSION
1. Hexadecimal to Binary
Convert A 2 D EHexto Binary
1010 0010 1101 1110 10100010110111102
2. Hexadecimal to Octal
When converting from hexadecimal to Octal, it is often easier to first convert the hexadecimal
number into binary and then from binary into Octal. Example;Convert A2DE16 into Octal
A 22 D E
1010 0010 1101111O 10100010110111102
1010001011011110 001 010 001 011 011 110
1 2 1 3 3 6
= 1213368oct.
A2DE16 = 1213368

DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
Meaning of Digitalization of Data.
Digitalization of data is the process by which physical or manual records such as text, images,
video, documents, audio, or a signal (usually an analog signal) are converted into digital forms.
Digitalization is the process of converting information into a digital format. In this format
information is organized into discreteunits of data (called bits) that can be separately addressed
(usually in multiple bit groups called bytes.) This is the binary data that computers and many
devices with computing capacity (such as digital cameras and digital hearing aids) can process.
“Digitalization can also be defined as the integration of digitaltechnologies into everyday life.
Modern camera, television, phones and computers are all examples of digital technology.
Digitalizing information makes it easier to preserve, access and share.
Note: Prior to the digital system, most technologies ran on be the analog system. An analog
system uses a continuous signal that varies in amplitude to represent a variable, such as voice or
data. A digital system uses a binary numeric system in which electronic pulses are represented by
either 1 for a high pulse or 0 for a low pulse.
Digitalized data offers the following benefits:
1. Long term preservation of documents
2. Orderly archiving of documents
3. Easy and customized access to information
4. Easy information dissemination of images, text, audio and through CD- ROM, internet,
intranets and extranets
SOME APPLICATION AREAS OF DIGITALIZATION
The following among other area are the areas where digital technology have been extremely
useful:
1. Books
2. Research Journals and conference papers
3. Annual report and price list
4. Data base archiving
5. Movies, sounds and High quality image preservation.
6. Electronic catalogues and Brochures.
7. Product/ service training manuals
8. Geographical information system.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT AND TYPES OF COMPUTERS.

Components of Computer
The computer system refers to a combination of both a set of electronic parts (refers to as hard
ware) and a set of programs (known as soft ware) all used together as a single unit including the
users of the computer system.Therefore, computer system = Hard ware + Soft ware + users.
A. HARD WARE SYSTEM: Hard ware means the electronic part whichare the physical
parts of the computer system that can be touched, seen, felt or handled. Hard ware can
further be divided into:
1. Input Unit: The input is the medium through which data and instructions are fed into the
computer system. An input medium accepts data as inputs and transmits the data into the
computer primary memory. Examples of input devices are: Keyboard, mouse, Digitalizer,
scanner, light pen, Digital camera, Joystick, microphone, etc. Basically any device that
once connected to the outside of the computer can directly input (add or change) data in
the computer is referred to as an input device.
2. Output Unit: The Output unit is made up of devices through which the data and
information are sent to the user. The resultofprocessingare fed back to the user through
the output unit.Examples of output devices are monitor (Visual Display Unit-VDU),
printers, speakers etc. Output can be in the forms of hard copy (printed on paper) and soft
copy (on the screen).
3. Strong Unit: The storage unit is made up of devices used to store data, instructions and
information for future use. Examples of storage devices are:
1. Hard disk
2. Floppy disk
3. CD- ROM disk
4. Flash drive etc
4. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the little chip in a computer that control that
controls all the activities of the entre computer system and which also perform all
computations (arithmetic and logical). The CPU is referred to as the brain of computer. It
is used to process data. All other parts of a computer like the mouse, key board, etc are
connected to the CPU.
This is the actual “brains” of the computer. It does the calculations, the processing of
data, the reading (and interpreting) of the computercode and converts it to whatever
output we or the program tells it. It turns the massive I’s and O’s (binary machine
 language) and hexadecimal code into real English (or your preferred language). It also
controls the components in the computer. The CPU is divided into three parts namely:

1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) The ALU is the unit within the computer processor
where arithmetic operations (i.e addition, subtraction, division multiplication and
exponentation) as well as logical operation (Relational operation and comparison using
AND, NOR, NOT, etc) are carried Out.
2. Control (CU): The control unit coordinates all the functions if the CPU the CU also
interprets and carries out instruction contained in a program and send signals to
peripheral devices.
3. Memory Unit: This is also known as the memory or the primary memory. It provides
temporary storage for all the date being processed as well as the programs diecting the
processing. The primary memory can be divided into two parts namely: RAM and ROM.
B. COMPUTER SOFT WARE: Computer soft ware programs (instruction) that control and
co-ordinate the activities of the computer hardware and direct the processing of data. it
makes the hardware works for us. It is the part of the computer you cannot touch.
Different types of software and their uses
The computer software is divided into two major types. These are;
System software and application software.
A. THE SYSTEM SOFTWARE: is the software that controls the activity of a computer
system. it controls the operations of the computer system. they are software or programs
that operate behind the scene to ensure that the computer system and its components
function properly. The three main types of system software are;
Operating system
Utility programs and
Language translators
Operating System: this is the system software that makes it possible for a computer to work.
It controls the overall activity of a computer. it is the first program loaded when the computer
is turned on ( the booting of a computer) to make it ready to work. An operating system
controls the different parts of the computer system and enables all parts to function
collectively.
 Functions of an operating system
The operating system initiates, processes and approves everything that happens on a
computer.
i. Controls hardware: an operating system controls the different parts of a computer
system and enables all the parts to work smoothly and efficiently.
ii. Runs software: an operating system runs application software, such as ms-word,
photoshop, games, corel draw, etc.
iii. Manages information: an operating system provides ways to store, manage and
organize information on a computer. Examples of operating systems are: Disk
Operating System (DOS), UNIX, LINUS, WINDOWS, etc.
Utility programs: utility software are programs used in repairing a computer when it is not
working properly. It is a type of system software that performs a specific task, usually related to
managing a computer. Examples of utility programs are anti-virus, backup utility, defragmenter,
file compression, disk scanner, screen saver and disk repair software, etc.
Language translators: is the software that interprets and translates instructions we give to a
computer when working with it. It is a program that converts program written in one language to
another language. Examples of computer language translators are;
- Assemblers: it translates assemble language
- Interpreters: it translates High level language
- Compiler: it compiles high level programming language instructions
B. APPLICATION SOFTWARE: is the software designed to perform one kind of work.
They are used to do a specific task. They come in compact disk (CDs) or DVDs which are
installed to do a specific work. Examples of application software are;
i. Word Processing Software/Packages: used for creation of documents, and
processing words quickly and efficiently e.g Word Perfect, Microsoft Word etc,
Microsoft word is a commonly used word processing program.
ii. Spreadsheets: Spreadsheet software is used to do arithmetic work ( calculations,
data analysis, and presentation of information). Example is Microsoft Excel, Lotus
1-2-3 and SuperCalc.
 iii. Database: helps to manage a large collection of information. it is used for creation
of files and to retrieve, manipulate and update the data stored in files e.g Microsoft
Access, Dbase, Oracle.
iv. Graphics Software: is used for drawing objects and used for pictorial representation
of data eg Ms paint, Photoshop, Corel draw, etc.
v. Games Software: used for entertainment. Games software can be used to play
games on the computer e.g Test drive5, etc
vi. Presentation: is used to create presentations which can be viewed as slides (slide
show) e.g Microsoft Power point.
vii. Educational Packages: packages used for training eg Typing Tutor, etc.
viii. Statistical Packages- these are packages used for statistical analysis e.g SPSS.

USER( HUMANWARE)
Users are the people who communicates with a computer or uses the information it generates.
The user is also called humanware. Users can be categorized into three types;
a. Programmers
b. Operators
c. Computer policy makers
ICT APPLICATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE
ICT means information and communication Technology (ICT). ICT means the processing and
transmission or distribution of data using computer hard ware and soft ware,
telecommunications, and digital electronic devices. It is concerned with the storage, retrieval,
manipulation, transmission and or receipt of digital data or information.
There are three main components of ICT.
1. Computers: Used to process data into information.
2. Communications networks: for transmission of information.
3. Technical know- how: this is the technology used in the processing and transmission.
USES OF ICT IN EVERYDAY LIFE
ICT IN HOMES:
1. Word Processing and spread sheet: Computers are used to type documents faster and
effectively than type writers. Also spread sheet application can be used to organize
household accounts.
2. Personal Organizers: Computer and data base or other task manager can be used as
personal organizers to keep electronic address books, diary of events, house hold or
business records.
3. Music: multimedia capable computers may be used to play music and videos at home.
4. Games: Educational games, and other entertaining and leisure games such as chess,
scrabbles, etc can be played on the home PC.
5. Internet Access: Internet connectivity is now possiblefrom the comfort of one home once
the necessary device such as internet modem (either MTN, AIRTEL, GLO, ETISALAT)
or Wifi are available.
ICT IN EDUCATION.
1. Computers are used in the sector of education because they can offer interactive
experiences, enhanced learning, Cognitive development.
2. Teachers use computers to research for teaching materials, participate in online forums
and online conferences as well asto aid their teaching.
3. Students use computers as reference tool. Students use computers to browse the internet
to look for information.
4. Researchers use computers to collect and process data
5. School administrators use computers for administrative purpose to make sure that the
entire operation runs smoothly.
Majorly, in educational institutions such as nursery, primary, secondary schoolsand
higher institutions, the computer can be used for the following
1. Computer aided instruction (CAI)
2. Computer Assisted Learning (CAL)
3. Computer Based Training (CBT)
4. Computer Aided Assessment (CAA)
5. E- learning or E- Training.
ICT IN BANKING
The computer is the nerve centre of the banking system around the world, it functions to control
the entire banking system that also includes Electronic Banking services (E- banking). E-
Banking is the application of computer and ICT in carrying out banking transactions.
1. Customers can make any transactions at the 24-hour service centres or via online.
2. Business men can save their time by using the online service offered by banks. They can
access company accounts for loan application, business transactions and update on their
cash flow at any time.
3. Bank administrations can over see the entire banking activities such as reconciliations,
inter-branch transactions (IBT), telegraphic transfer and others by referring to the
banking system.
4. Electronic fund Transfer (EFT)
5. Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
6. Electronic Card.
ICT IN INDUSTRY
Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control systems, to support chain
management and to help in product design in the industrial sector. Areas of application of ICT in
business and industry
1. Payroll
2. Inventory control
3. Auditing operations
4. Personal Record keeping
5. Preparation of customer utility bills and payment orders
6. Management information system
7. High quality production controls
8. Financial market transactions
ICT IN HEALTH CARE (HOSPITAL)
Provision of health care facilities is one of the major area where computer applications have
proved most beneficial to mankind. Some of the application of ICT in health care delivery are:
1. The computer is used to conduct fast and accurate laboratory test for blood, urine, stool
and so on.
2. The computer is used in the diagnosis and physiological monitoring of patients’ life
during surgical operation and intensive care programmes
3. There is also a wide range of application packages for the scientific preparation and
administration of drugs, X-ray techniques,blood bank management and on.
4. An equally important application of the computer is the simulation provided in the
training of medical and paramedical staff and students
5. The computer can be used to provide a data bank of medical history to meet the data
needs of health insurance scheme and vital health care statistical reports.
6. Medical practitioners can access the internet for information on newly discovered
diseases, drugs and technology such as HIV/AIDS, effectively malaria control drugs, etc.

ICT IN COMMERCE
E- Commerce is also known as e-shopping or e –business. It is the use of the internet, the world
Wide web (www) and e- mail to carry out commercial activities (marketing and selling of
products and services). It makes buying and selling activities easier, more efficient and faster.
1. Customers use computers to be connected online with suppliers to purchase products.
This methods can save time and cost
2. Suppliers use computers to keep track of their transactions. All products are bar coded
and can be read by the computer scanner to help in determining process and managing
inventory.
3. Employees use computers and telephone to communicate with their customers for any
enquiries.
ICT IN GOVERNMENT
1. Public record system
2. Administrative Record System
3. Information System.
IMPACT OF ICT IN THE SOCIETY
POSITIVE IMPACTS
1. Faster Communication Speed
2. Lower Communication Cost
3. Reliable Mode of Communication
4. Effective Sharing of Information.
5. Paperless Environment
6. Borderless Communication.
NEGATIVE IMPACT OF ICT
1. Social problems
a. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than real time
conversations.
b. People tend to become more individualistic and introvert.
c. A lot of people have been duped by online friends and through online shopping and
internet scammers.
d. Computer is prone to virus attacks which may corrupt special and major files and ground
the whole system.
e. Unemployment especially of administrative and marketing staff.
f. Pornography
g. Hacking
2. Health problems
a. A computer may harm users if they use it for long hours frequently.
b. Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress.
In order to solve the health problem, an ergonomic environment can be introduced.
THE ART OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
Definition: The series of steps and procedures involved in the production of information from its
raw materials (data) is referred to as acquisition processing.
Information processing is concerned with the acquisition, recording organization, retrieval,
display and dissemination of information.
Information processing includes all the activities that must be carried out in order to turn a set of
correlated facts and figures (known as data) into a meaningful whole (known as information) for
use in the management’s process of business planning, decision- making and control.
The processing of information involves subjecting the basic facts ie. Data to a
number of processing operations which includes; Collectionand collation, verification and
validation, organization (sorting, merging, grouping, etc), analysis (Calculating, comparing,
computing, printing, etc) interpretation and application.
When an electronic device (eg. a computer) is used to process data into information this is called
electronic information processing.
Information Processing Procedures
The procedures for information processing are the steps or stages involved in processing
information or information system. These includes:
1. Collation of information: Collation is to gather information together, examine it carefully
and compare it with other information to find any differences. It is the assembling of
written information into a standard order. Collation differs from classification in that
classification is concerned witharranging information into logical categories, while
collation is concerned with the ordering of items of information, usually based on the
form of their identifies. The main advantage of collation is that it makes it fast and easy
for a user to find an element in the list, or to confirm that it is absent from the list.
2. Organization of information: It refers to the standard protocols by which information is
arranged. Other terms that are sometimes used are cataloging and classification, technical
services, etc. Data can beorganized in various ways. The processes of organizating data
should include non- electronic means such as paper- based forms, as well as electronic
forms.
Ways of Organizing Information:
1. Category, Classifying
2. Arranging/ Sorting
3. Time
4. Location
5. Alphabet.
3. Analysis of information: Involves all the operations and processes that will make the
collated and organized information become more meaningful and useful for effective
decision making. It is also a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming and modeling
data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions, and
supporting decision making. Information can then be analyzed by using computers or by
manual methods: Data base and spread sheets make it very easy to analyze information
4. Interpretation of information: Is the process or art of drawing inference or conclusion
from a piece of information. This involves the generation of reports, that show specific
interest from the whole information. It is upon the conclusion drawn that
recommendations and effective decision would be made. In other words, It is the critical
examination of the result of information analysis with the aim of applying of the
information to suite one’s specific purpose.
Advantages of using computers for information processing.
1. Tasks can be completed faster because computers work at amazing speed
2. Computers can process large amounts of data and generate error- free results, provided
that the data is entered correctly.
3. Computers can store enormous amounts of data for future use.
4. Electronic information processing ensure high efficiency and productivity.
5. The running cost becomes lower in the long term.
6. It allows automation as the processing can be completed with little human intervention.
7. The management can observe new information and new trends more quickly.
8. Computers with communicating capacity can share data and information with other
computers.
9. Over all security can be raised due to less human intervention.
10. Customer services can be improved due to more efficiently management and operations.
Disadvantages of Using Computers for Information Processing include:
1. The initial investment cost (installation) can be high.
2. Specialized staff are needed to operate and design the data processing system.
3. Job loss due to computerization may lower the morale of staff.
4. Some staff has to be trained or retrained.
5. Face- to face interactions among staff may be reduced.
6. Virus/Hackers susceptibility
7. prone to unauthorized access
8. Overwriting/Loss of data
9. Power dependent
10. System failure/system malfunctioning

PROCESS OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION

Definition:
Information transmission is the process of distributing information over a communication
network or medium. It is also the process of sendingand receiving information from one place to
another or from one persons to another at a particular point.
Methods of Information Transmission
There are two method of transmitting information, these are:
A Ancient method of information transmission.
These are old methods of disseminating information. These includes
1. Town criers
2. Letter writing
3. Smoke
4. Metal gong, flutes, trumpets
5. Drum beating
6. Fire or smoke lighting/ signal
7. Birds
8. Lanterns
9. Flags or Flash tag lights
10. Story telling
11. Drawing diagrams
12. Signs.
3. Modern Method of Information Transmission.
1. Printing
2. Writing
3. Newspaper.
4. Telegraph
5. Telephone
6, Television
7. Radio
8. Photography
9. Cell phone
10. Fax (facsimile)
11. Satellite
12. Internet
13. Computer
14. E- mail
Medium of Information Transmission
There are three types of information transmission medium, namely:
1. Satellite:In satellite communication, signal transferring between the sender and receiver
is done with the help of satellite. Satellite transmission requires an unobstructed line of
sight. The line of site will be between the orbiting satellite and a station on earth. Satellite
signals must travel in straight lines but do not have the limitations of ground based
wireless transmission, such as the curvature of the earth.
2. Wireless: wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a
distance without help of wires, cables or any forms of electrical conductors. The
transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (eg. a television’s remote
control ) thousands of kilometers (eg. radio communication). Some of the devices used
for wirelesscommunication are cordless telephone, mobiles, GPS unit, wirelessComputer
parts and satellite television.
2. Cable: Cable used for information transmission is fiber- optics, also, called optical
fiber, is a technology that allows light to travel along thin glass or plastic wires. These
 wires are typically bundled into fiber- optic cables. Telephone calls, the internet, and
television are examples of the kinds of information that can pass through fiber- optic
cable.
MEANS OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
Means of transmitting information can be classified into:
1. Electronic means
a. Fax machine: fax, which stands for facsimile or telefacsimile, is a technology that sends
copies of document over the telephone line. Fax machine is an example of digital communication
system.
b. Telephone/ mobile phone
c. Telegraph
d. Television
e. Radio
f. Satellite
g. Internet
h. Print media
2. Non- Electronic means
1. Drums
2. Metal gong
3. Animals
4. Sign
5. Horns
6. Fire lighting.
MODES OF RECEIVING INFORMATION
1. Audio
2. Audio- visual
3. Visual