1.
Explain any three phases of NLP with examples:
Natural Language Processing (NLP) involves processing human language so that computers can
understand, interpret, and respond. Three important phases of NLP are:
1. Tokenization:
- It is the process of breaking text into smaller units called tokens (words, punctuation marks).
- Example: "I love AI" ["I", "love", "AI"]
2. Part-of-Speech Tagging (POS):
- Each word is tagged with its grammatical role (noun, verb, etc.).
- Example: "He runs" He (pronoun), runs (verb)
3. Named Entity Recognition (NER):
- Identifies named entities such as names of people, places, brands, etc.
- Example: "Google is based in California" Google (Organization), California (Location)
2. Describe Branch and Bound Algorithm:
Branch and Bound is an optimization algorithm used for solving problems like the Traveling
Salesman Problem or shortest path.
- It explores all possible solutions but avoids exploring branches that can't lead to a better solution.
- Branching means dividing the problem into sub-problems.
- Bounding means calculating a bound (minimum or maximum) to decide whether to proceed.
- It saves time by eliminating bad choices early.
3. Define Problem Solving, Search Space in AI:
Problem Solving in AI means finding a sequence of actions to achieve a specific goal from a given
initial state.
- The Search Space is the total set of possible states or actions that can be taken to reach the goal.
- AI searches through the space using algorithms like DFS, BFS, A*, etc., to find the most efficient
solution.
4. Explain Hill Climbing with Example:
Hill Climbing is a heuristic search technique that always moves towards the direction of increasing
value (uphill) to find the peak.
- It starts with an initial solution and checks its neighbors to find a better solution.
- If no neighbor is better, it stops.
- Problem: It may get stuck at local maxima.
- Example: Finding the highest point on a hilly terrain by only going uphill.
5. Describe Fundamentals of Robotics:
Robotics involves designing, building, and programming machines (robots) to perform tasks
automatically.
Key components include:
- Sensors: To perceive the environment.
- Actuators: Motors and parts that move.
- Controllers: Brains of the robot, usually software.
Applications: Manufacturing, medicine, space, defense, etc.
6. Describe Different Methods Used in Robotics:
Methods in Robotics include:
- Kinematics: Study of motion without force.
- Dynamics: Motion with forces and torques.
- Control Systems: Maintain stability and accuracy.
- AI and ML: Used for intelligent behavior.
- Programming Languages: Used to instruct robots.
- Path Planning: Finding optimal paths.
7. How Many Levels Are Used in Programming? Explain with Example:
There are three levels in robot programming:
1. Joint Level:
- Controls each joint or motor directly.
- Example: Rotate joint 1 by 90 .
2. Motion Level:
- Controls motion of parts to reach positions.
- Example: Move end-effector to coordinates X,Y,Z.
3. Task Level:
- High-level commands like pick, place.
- Example: Pick up the object and place on conveyor.
8. Differentiate Between A* and AO* Algorithm:
| Feature | A* Algorithm | AO* Algorithm |
|----------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| Graph Type | Simple graph/tree | AND-OR graph |
| Use | Pathfinding | Decision making with subgoals |
| Output | Single best path | May involve multiple sub-paths |
| Cost Function | g(n) + h(n) | Similar but for AND-OR structure |
A* is suitable for linear problems, AO* for hierarchical problems.
9. Define Problem Reduction:
Problem Reduction is breaking a large complex problem into smaller sub-problems.
- These sub-problems are solved individually.
- It is a divide-and-conquer approach.
- Example: Solving a puzzle by solving one part at a time.
10. Explain Kinetics in Robotics:
In robotics, Kinetics often refers to motion due to force (same as Dynamics).
- It studies the relationship between motion and the forces causing it.
- Important in designing robots that handle varying loads, gravity, friction, etc.
- Example: Calculating torque needed for a robotic arm to lift an object.
