COURSE TITLE: AI TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRIC AND HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (PROFESSIONAL
ELECTIVE)
[18EE743]
(1) With the help of block diagram, explain the architecture of plug-in hybrid electric
vehicle
Fig. 1 Architecture of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
Power train/Drive train: group of components in a vehicle that generate power and delivers it to the
road surface, water or air. The major power trains are categorized as
(i) ICEV (IC Engine vehicle) (ii) HEV (Hybrid electric vehicle)
(iii) PHEV (Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (iv) FEV/BEV (Full electric vehicle/battery electric vehicle
(v) FCEV (Fuel cell electric vehicle)
The fuel to wheel efficiency of the hybrid electric vehicle is too slow. To overcome this draw-back,
the alternate type of vehicle called PHEV is designed.
Energy management in the energy storage system, energy management between electric vehicle &
charging station etc. is essential to ensure the reliability of supply.
The fuel economy is improved in PHEV due to charge depletion mode of vehicle. If charging station
is available everywhere, the progress of PHEV will be increased.
Fig. shows the architecture of PHEV with the power flow directions. The source of PHEV are fuel &
energy storage systems (Battery). The fuel source is generally an engine-generator set, where the
potential chemical energy of fossil fuel or natural gases is converted into mechanical energy by the
engine, and the generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The energy storage
system consists of battery. The battery is charged from the charging station via interface circuit. The
electrical energy from the sources is converted into the mechanical energy via motor & coupled to
wheels of the vehicle.
(2) Explain the significance of hybrid energy storage systems in PHEV. And hence
discuss the problem description and solution for improving the efficiency of PHEV
Energy storage system
The performance of PHEV varies depends on the energy storage systems present in it. ESS consists
of only battery in the normal EV. The ESS supplies the required high energy to the vehicle. But vehicle
need both high energy and high power. Consequently, an ultra-capacitor is incorporated to supply
high power to the vehicle (torque/acceleration).
This energy storage system which consists of both ultra-capacitor & battery is recognized as hybrid
energy storage system.
Problem description & formulation in PHEV
For the energy storage system in PHEV, energy is not the only requirement for an EV to drive, while
driving along the slope, the vehicle requires high power. So HESS is brought in which is incorporated
with the ultra-capacitor along with batteries.
In the PHEV, the fuel to wheel efficiency is enhanced with the presence of HESS, that is battery-ultra
capacitor model.
The power allocation between battery & ultra-capacitor reduces energy losses in the vehicle.
Thereby it enriches the fuel economy of the vehicle.
(3) With the help of block diagram, explain the modeling of hybrid energy storage system considering
the battery and ultra-capacitor parameters
Modeling of hybrid energy storage system [HESS]
Fig. Structure of proposed system
Table 1: Battery parameter
Table 2: Ultra capacitor parameters
The presence of electric motor in the PHEV mitigate the use of ICE. By this means emissions of
pollutants are decreased & the fuel efficiency of the vehicle are increased. In the proposed system,
the hybrid energy storage system of PHEV consists of both ultra-capacitor pack & battery pack is
modeled.
The ultra-capacitors are cascaded with boost converter & batteries are cascaded with buck-boost
converter. The power required for the vehicle is calculated from the driving cycle pattern of the
vehicle.
The battery parameters such as voltage, current & SoC are monitored with the scope & the battery
power is calculated from the battery voltage & battery current.
Similarly, the ultra-capacitor parameters are monitored & power of UC is calculated from the UC
voltage and current.
The power of HESS is calculated by adding the source power with adder block.
Both the energy sources are charged & discharged according to the requirement. At the time of
starting, the SoC of battery is 100%.
When vehicle gets started, the SoC of the battery decreases, ie, the battery voltage starts discharging.
When applying brake, the UC gets charged due to regenerative braking.
The incorporation of UC with battery ensures the reliability of power supply of the vehicle.
Super capacitor/ultra-capacitor
Parameters Conventional Capacitor UC/SC
Power Density (W/m^3) 10^12 10^6
Energy Density 50 10^4
(Wh/m^3)
Cycle life unlimited UC/SC: 10^5
Battery: 1000 to 2000
Discharging time Micro seconds UC/SC: 100 sec
Battery: 5000 sec
(1) UC/SC with high specific power are suitable to provide sudden transient power demand, such
as during acceleration & hill climbing.
(2) The device can also be used efficiently to capture recovered energy during regenerative
braking.
(4) With the help of characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle, explain the plots of SOC, battery
current and voltages referred to battery characteristics
Case 1: Gradual acceleration of vehicle
Characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle
(a) Battery characteristics
The characteristics of the battery pack, such as State of Charge (SoC), current, and voltage during the
gradual acceleration of the vehicle, are depicted in Figure (a). Initially, the battery voltage is very high
but stabilizes to a nominal value due to the constant load.
The relationship between the battery current and voltage is complementary in nature:
When the battery discharges, indicated by a rise in current, the voltage decreases.
Conversely, when the discharge current decreases to zero (indicated by a fall in current), the
battery voltage begins to rise, forming a positive slope.
Similarly, as the battery discharges (with a rise in current), the SoC gradually decreases. After 200
seconds, the SoC drops from 100% to 80%, and the peak battery voltage reduces from 31 V to 28 V.
(5) With the help of characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle, explain the plots of SOC, battery
current and voltages referred to ultra/super capacitor characteristics
Case 1: Gradual acceleration of vehicle
Characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle
(b) Ultra capacitor/super capacitor characteristics
In Figure (b), the characteristics of the supercapacitor (SC), including current, voltage, and SoC, are
illustrated. Initially, the supercapacitor voltage is very high but decreases gradually under load.
The SC supplements the battery by providing additional power during the gradual acceleration mode.
Specifically:
For every rising edge of the battery current, the SC delivers a spike current of up to 120A to boost
the system's power.
The plots of the SC's SoC and voltage exhibit a similar trend.
Over a period of 200 seconds, the SoC of the SC decreases from 100% to 30%, and the voltage drops
from 16 V to 6 V.
(6) With the help of characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle, explain the plots of ultra/super-
capacitor power and battery power.
Case 1: Gradual acceleration of vehicle
Characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle
(c) Power of Ultra capacitor pack and battery pack
Figure (c) shows the power delivered by the super-capacitor and the battery pack to the load. At the
peak time the power required for the load is delivered by the ultra-capacitor. The power supplied by
the super-capacitor is 1,500 W and the battery supplies 1,100W. This power is calculated from the
voltage and current values of the battery and super-capacitor.
(7) With the help of characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle, explain the plots of hybrid energy
storage system power and actual power required in PHEV
Case 1: Gradual acceleration of vehicle
Characteristics of gradually accelerated vehicle
(d) Power output of HESS and power required
Figure (d) shows the power supplied by the energy storage system and the power required for the
electric vehicle. This power is the sum of the powers of both battery and super-capacitor and it is
2,600 W. The power required for the electric vehicle tracks the driving cycle pattern of the vehicle.
In this the power required is set as 2,000 W.
Thank you!
Wish you all Good Luck!!!
