www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.

in

&

n
l.i
da
ka
vi
al
.k
w
w
w

Cell: 94433 81701, 94422 69810, 90474 74696

81110 94696, 89400 02320, 89400 02321 235/-

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

PUBLISHER
Copy right : © LOYOLA PUBLICATION
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system without the prior written Permission of the publisher.

Dear Students
PREFACE
→ XIIth Bio-Botany book has been made EC - bearing in mind the needs and grasping power of
the students.
→ The subject matter given is simple, lucid and self - explanatory.
SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE BOOK
→ This guide has been framed based on the New 100 marks pattern
→ Theory based pattern for 70 marks.
Additional MCQS,VSA, SA, LA questions with answer are given in each unit.
→ Every chapter has its technical terms, exhaustive one mark questions and simplified diagrams.

n
→ Answers include `key points’ to be taken into account during public exam paper valuation.
→ Other than textual questions enough additional questions with the right answers are given.

l.i
→ This guide is prepared in a special way that students can study for both 12th Govt. Exams and
NEET Exams.

da
TIPS TO GET CENTUM IN BIO-BOTANY
→ Use memory techniques
ka
→ Read - study, recall and revise systematically so as to store it in the LTM (Long Term Memory)
file.
Above all learn thoroughly with involvement.
vi
→
→ What to Study after 12th Std? Guidelines and Suggestions for your future career is given in EC
al

Guide.

.k

Enclosing prayers and wishes

LOYOLA PUBLICATIONS
w

Authors
w

Mrs. Helen Cronans Dr. A.T. Jai Prasadh

w

Mr. Daniel Rajan Hubert Mr. Saravanan

Mrs.Vijayarani Mrs. Jothi Nirmala

For PTA, All Govt. Questions,

Additional Questions & Answers

MáÇa®fŸ k‰W« khzt®fŸ ïªj QR Code °nf‹ brŒJ c§fsJ bjhiyngá

v©iz gâî brŒJ bfhŸsî«. ïj‹ _y« ghl« r«gªj¥g£l FWŠbrŒâfŸ,
whatsapp k‰W« SMS _ykhf mD¥g¥gL«. ïjid¥ ga‹gL¤â¡ bfhŸsî«.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

byhnahyh g¥Ë¡nfõÅ‹ - neh¡f«

neh¡f« :
• go¥ãš ã‹j§»a khzt®fŸ / khzÉfis ca®ªj Ãiy¡F¡
bfh©L tUjš (6M« tF¥ò Kjš 12M« tF¥ò tiu).
neh¡f¤ij mila í¡âfŸ :
1. khzt / khzÉfË‹ csÉaš mo¥gilÆš vËâš òÇa it¤jš.
2. khzt / khzÉfŸ m¢rÄ‹¿ muR¤ nj®îfis vâ® bfhŸs cjîjš.
3. muR¤ nj®îfËš Éil¤jhŸfis kâ¥ÕL brŒí« Éil¡F¿¥ò (Key)
mo¥gilÆš jahÇ¥ò.
4. x›bthU nfŸÉ¡FÇa gâšfŸ RU¡fkhfî«, bjËthfî« ïU¤jš.

n
5. bkšy¡f‰F« khzt / khzÉfS¡F nkY« vËik¥gL¤â¡

l.i
bfhL¤jš.
(jÄœ k‰W« M§»y tÊ¡ fšÉÆš

da
10M« tF¥ò - jÄœ, M§»y«, m¿Éaš, r_fm¿Éaš)
11M« tF¥ò - jÄœ k‰W« M§»y«
ka
12M« tF¥ò - jÄœ k‰W« M§»y«
áw¥òfŸ :
vi
1. muR¤ nj®Éš nf£f¥gL« ò¤jf Édh¡fis¤ jÉu TLjš Édh¡fŸ
al

ekJ gâ¥òfËš ïl« bg‰WŸsd.

2. byhnahyh <á üšfis th§»¥ ga‹gL¤J« khzt / khzÉfŸ ...
.k

v muR¤ nj®Éš nj®¢áailant KoahJ v‹w ÃiyÆš cŸst®fŸ

Äf vËâš 35% kâ¥bg©fŸ bg‰W nj®¢á bgwyh«.
w

v 35% - 40% kâ¥bg©fŸ bgW« khzt / khzÉfŸ

w

75% - 80% kâ¥bg©fŸ tiu bgwyh«.

v 80% kâ¥bg©fŸ bgW« khzt / khzÉfŸ
w

95% - 99% kâ¥bg©fŸ tiu bgwyh«.

v 10, 11 k‰W« 12M« tF¥ò muR¤nj®îfËš nf£f¥gL«
Édh¤jhŸfËš 98% Édh¡fS« k‰W« gy M©LfËš 100%
Édh¡fS« ïl«bg‰W tU»‹wd v‹gJ byhnahyh gâ¥òfË‹
áw¥ò.
tÊfh£Ljš :
 ca® go¥ã‰F khzt / khzÉfË‹ vâ®fhy eyid¡ fU¤âš
bfh©L mt®fS¡F tÊfh£L« neh¡»š 10, 12M« tF¥ò nj®¢á¡F¥
ã‹ v‹d go¡fyh«? v‹gij¥ g‰¿a MnyhridfŸ ïl«
bg‰WŸsd.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

What to study
after 12th std? Department of Atomic Energy Free Chance for Education
1. Free Opportunities (Both Education and Employment) and Employment
2. Medical & Para Medical Courses
zz Department of Atomic Energy conducts an examination
3. Engineering and Technology called National Eligibility cum Screening Test (NEST) every
4. Agriculture and Allied Courses year. Selected Candidates will be given admission either
5. Fisheries and Allied Courses in National Institute of Science Education and Research
6. Veterinary Science and Allied Courses (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odhisa or Centre for Excellence
in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai. All candidates
7. Law
selected will be given admission to 5 Years Integrated
8. Fashion Technology and Design Courses either in Mathematics, Physics , Chemistry or

n
9. Fine Arts (Art, Painting, Dance, Drama or Acting, Biology. A stipend of Rs.65000/- per annum will be given
Music, and Sculpture) to each candidate and Rs.20,000/- per year as summer

l.i
10. Arts & Science Courses internship. Successful candidates after completing the
11. Courses related to Civil Aviation course will be absorbed by Department of Atomic Energy.

da
For Details :www.nestexam.in
12. Courses related to Shipping
13. Foreign Language Courses MEDICAL AND PARA MEDICAL COURSES
ka
14. Hotel Management and Catering Technology Courses MEDICAL COURSES
zz MBBS , BDS, BAMS (Ayurveda), BHMS (Homoeopathy),
FREE OPPORTUNITIES BSMS (Siddha), BUMS (Unani Medicine), and BNYS
vi
10 + 2 Technical Entry Scheme given by Indian Army (Naturopathy and Yoga).
al

zz All Courses are of 5 ½ Years duration including 1 Year

zz Qualification required 12th Std. with Physics, Chemistry Internship except B.D.S which is of 4 ½ Years Duration.
and Maths. Minimum 60 % Marks.Should appear for IIT
.k

zz NEET is compulsory for all Medical Courses except BNYS

JEE Main Exam.Selection through SSB Interview. (Service (Naturopathy and Yoga) for which there is no need to have
Selection Board Interview) NEET Exam.
w

zz After selection 10 Months Basic Military Training in Indian zz Eligibility for all the above mentioned Courses : 12th
Standard with Physics, Chemistry and Biology or Physics,
w

Military Academy, Dehradun and after that Cadets will

be admitted in Military College of Engineering, Pune for Chemistry, Botany and Zoology with 50 % Marks for
General Candidates and 40 % Marks for BC, MBC, SC and
w

B.E Course. After completing B.E a Post Commissioned ST students. For Details : www.tnmedicalselction.org or
Training will be given and after that Employment as www.tnhealth.tn.gov.in
Lieutenant.
zz For Details : www.joinindianarmy.nic.in PARA MEDICAL COURSES
zz B.Pharm, B.Sc (Nursing), B.P.T (Physiotherapy), B.O.T
10 + 2 Cadet Entry Scheme or 10 + 2 Matric Entry Scheme (Occupational Therapy), B.Sc – MIT (Medical Imaging
zz Qualification – same as 10 + 2 Technical Entry Scheme. Technology), B.Sc Optometry, B.Sc – Operation Theatre and
Selection also as per 10 + 2 TES. Anesthesia Technology, B.Sc – Cardio Pulmonary Perfusion
Care Technology, B.Sc – Dialysis Technology, B.Sc – Medical
zz After Selection 6 Months Basic Naval Training in INS Laboratory Technology, B.Sc – Cardiac Technology, B.Sc –
Chilka. After that Cadets will be admitted in Naval College Radio Therapy Technology, B.Sc – Cardiac Technology, B.Sc –
of Engineering ,Lonovala, Maharashtra for B.E. After Critical Care Technology, B.Sc – Critical Care Technology, B.Sc
completing B.E Post Commissioned Training will be given – Accident and Emergency Care Technology, B.Sc – Physician
for 10 months and after that Employment as Lieutenant. Assistant, B.Sc – Respiratory Therapy Technology, B.Sc –
Neuro Electro Physiology, B.Sc – Clinical Nutrition, B.A.S.L.P
zz For Details :www.joinindiannavy.gov.in (Bachelor of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology)

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

zz Eligibility: For All Para Medical Degree Courses 12th VETERINARY SCIENCE AND ALLIED COURSES
Standard with Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Physics,
zz B.V.Sc& A.H (Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal
Chemistry, Botany and Zoology Except B.Pharm and B.Sc
– Optometry. The Eligibility for these two courses is Physics, Husbandry) – 5 ½ Years. Including 1 year Internship. No
Chemistry, Biology or Physics, Chemistry, Computer NEET Needed. Only through Counseling. www.tanuvas.
Science or Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology or ac.in Eligibility : 12th Standard with Physics, Chemistry
Physics, Chemistry and any other subject like Micro Biology, and Biology or Botany and Zoology.
Bio Technology etc. For Details : www.tnmedicalselction. zz B.Tech. Dairy Technology, B.Tech. Poultry Science
org (or ) www.tnhealth.tn.gov.in Technology, B.Tech. Food Technology - All 4 Years duration
zz Para Medical Diploma Courses are also available on and Eligiblity : 12th Std. with Maths, Physics and Chemistry.
all the specialties. Please go through the Tamilnadu LAW
Dr.M.G.R.Medical University Website for further Details.
zz B.A, LL.B – Eligibility 12th Standard with any group
www.tnmgrmu.ac.in
zz B.Com, LL.B – Eligibility 12th Standard with Commerce Group
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY zz B.C.A, LL.B – Eligibility 12th Standard with Computer
zz B.E, B.Tech, B.Plan & B.Des – All Four Years Duration Science Group. For Details :www.tndalu.ac.in

n
zz B.Arch.(Architecture) – 5 Years. FASHION TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN

l.i
zz Eligibility for all the Engineering and Technology Courses
zz B.Des in Many Disciplines. Two Institutes of National Importance
zz 12th Standard with Maths, Physics and Chemistry with 50
zz National Institute of Fashion Technology – www.nift.ac.in

da
% Marks for General Candidates, 45 % for Backward Class
zz National Institute of Design – www.nid.edu
Candidates and 40 % for Most Backward, Scheduled
Caste, and Scheduled Tribe Candidates. FINE ARTS COURSES
ka
zz For B.Plan and B.Des Candidates should have appeared zz B.F.A in Art, Painting, Dance, Drama or Acting,
for IIT – JEE and Clear JEE Main and Advanced Exam. Music,Sculpture. For Details :www.tnjjmfau.ac.in
vi
zz For B.Arch. Students should clear NATA (National
Aptitude Test for Architecture) Exam. For further details : ARTS AND SCIENCE COURSES
al

www.annauniv.edu , www.nata.in , www.jeemain.nta.ac.in zz B.A , B.Com, B.B.A, B.Sc and all other Arts and Science
AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SCIENCES Courses www.tngasa.in
.k

zz B.Sc – Agriculture , B.Sc – Horticulture , B.Sc – Forestry , CAREERS IN CIVIL AVIATION

B.Sc – Home Science, B.Sc – Sericulture B.Sc (Hons) –
w

zz Pilot, Air Traffic Controller, Flight Dispatcher, Air Hostess,

Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Ground Staff, and many other professionals related
w

zz B.E – Agricultural Engineering, B.E – Energy and Training and Courses www.dgca.nic.in
Environmental Engineering, B.Tech. – Agricultural Bio
COURSES RELATED TO SHIPPING
w

Technology, B.Tech. – Food Technology B.S (Hons) – Agri

Business Management zz B.Sc – Nautical Science, B.Tech. Marine Engineering,
zz Eligibility for Science Courses : 12th Standard with zz B.Tech. Naval Architecture and Ship Building,
Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Botany, Zoology of zz B.B.A – Shipping and Logistics and many Courses .
Vocational Agri Group. zz For Details : www.imu.edu.in, www.dgshipping.gov.in
zz Eligibility for Engineering Courses : 12th Standard
FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURSES
with Maths, Physics, Chemistry and any other Subject.
For Details :www.tnau.ac.in zz B.A (Hons) in English, French, German, Spanish, Russian,
Persian, Portuguese, Chinese.
FISHERIES AND ALLIED COURSES zz Contact : English and Foreign Languages University,
zz B.F.Sc – Bachelor of Fisheries Science – Eligibility 12th Tarnaka, Hyderabad – 500 007. www.efluniversity.ac.in
with Physics, Chemistry, Biology or Botany and Zoology. Hotel Management and Catering Technology, Charted
zz B.Tech. Fisheries Engineering – Eligibility : 12th with Accountancy, Cost Accountancy, Geology, Geography and
Maths, Physics and Chemistry. For other Courses and many more other courses will be published in detail in our
details :www.tnjfu.ac.in forthcoming books.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

CONTENTS
Bio – Botany Botany
Pg. Pg.
UNIT CHAPTER TITLE UNIT CHAPTER TITLE
No. No.

Govt. Question – March 2024 7 Govt. Question – March 2024 8

REPRODUCTION IN REPRODUCTION IN
PLANTS PLANTS
Asexual Asexual
VI 1 11 VI 1 30
and Sexual and Sexual

n
Reproduction in Reproduction in

l.i
Plants Plants

GENETICS GENETICS

da
2 38 2 Classical Genetics 38
Classical Genetics
VII VII
Chromosomal
ka
Chromosomal
3 Basis of 57 3 Basis of 73
Inheritance Inheritance
vi
BIO TECHNOLOGY BIO TECHNOLOGY
Principles and
al

Principles and
4 83 4 Processes of 83
Processes of
VIII VIII Biotechnology
.k

Biotechnology

Plant Tissue
w

Plant Tissue
5 102 5 Culture 102
Culture
w

PLANT ECOLOGY PLANT ECOLOGY

6 Principles of 115 6 Principles of 115
w

Ecology Ecology
IX IX
7 Ecosystem 134 7 Ecosystem 152
Environmental Environmental
8 156 8 Issues 168
Issues
ECONOMIC BOTANY ECONOMIC BOTANY
9 172 9 Plant Breeding 184
Plant Breeding

X Economically X Economically
Useful Plants and Useful Plants and
10 188 10 Entrepreneurial 200
Entrepreneurial
Botany Botany

Govt. Question – June 2023 205 Govt. Question – June 2023 206

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

GOVT. PUBLIC EXAM - MARCH 2024

12-BIO-BOTANY
Time Allowed : 1.30 Hours Maximum Marks : 35
SECTION - 1
Note : i) Answer all the questions. 8×1=8
ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the given four alternatives and write
the option code and the corresponding answer.
1. The unit for measuring ozone thickness is:
a) Watt b) Dobson c) Kilo d) Joule
2. Fruit colour in squash is an example of:
a) Complementary genes b) Recessive epistasis
c) Inhibitory genes d) Dominant epistasis
3. Size of pollen grain in myosotis is _________ micrometer.

n
a) 10 b) 2000 c) 20 d) 200

l.i
4. Assertion (A) : Gamma rays are generally used to induce mutation in wheat varieties.
Reason (R) : Because they carry lower energy to non-ionize electrons from atom.

da
a) (A) is wrong, (R) is correct b) (A) and (R) are correct
c) (A) and (R) are wrong d) (A) is correct, (R) is wrong
ka
5. 
The wavelength of photosynthetically active radiation lies between the range of:
a) 200 - 700 nm b) 300 - 700 nm c) 500 - 700 nm d) 400 - 700 nm
vi
6. Match the following:
Column - I Column - II
al

(1) Cowpea - (i) Pusa Sadabahar

(2) Wheat - (ii) Pusa Swarnim
.k

(3) Chilli - (iii) Himgiri

(4) Brassica - (iv) Pusa Komal
w

a) (1) - (iv), (2) - (i), (3) - (ii), (4) - (iii) b) (1) - (ii), (2) - (iv), (3) - (i), (4) - (iii)
w

c) (1) - (ii), (2) - (i), (3) - (iv), (4) - (iii) d) (1) - (iv), (2) - (iii), (3) - (i), (4) - (ii)
7. The native of groundnut is:
w

a) North America b) Philippines c) Brazil d) India

8. Plasmids are:
a) tiny bacteria b) circular protein molecules
c) confer resistance to antibiotics d) required by bacteria
SECTION - 2
Note : Answer any four of the following questions. 4×2=8
9. Give the names of the scientists who rediscovered Mendelism. Chap 2
10. What is called phyto remediation? Chap 6
11. Mention the names of the enzymes required for Genetic engineering. Chap 4
12. What are embryoids? Chap 5
13. Pyramid of energy is always upright. Give reasons. Chap 7
14. How are microbial inoculants used to increase the soil fertility? Chap 9

7 Govt. Question

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

SECTION - 3
Note : Answer any three of the following questions Q.No. 19 is compulsory. 3×3=9
15. What is genetic mapping? Write its uses. Chap 3
16. Give an account on Cryopreservation. Chap 5
17. Distinguish between habitat and niche. Chap 6
18. How do forests help in maintaining the climate? Chap 8
19. Draw the structure of an ovule and label its parts. Chap 1

SECTION - 4
Note : Answer all the questions. 2×5=10
20.
(a) What is single cell protein? Mention its applications. Chap 4

(OR)
(b) What are Millets? What are its types? Give an example for each type. Chap 10

21. (a) Bring out the inheritance of chloroplast gene with an example. Chap 2

n
(OR)
(b) Discuss the steps involved in the microsporogenesis.
Chap 1

l.i
GOVT. PUBLIC EXAM - MARCH 2024

da
ka
12-BOTANY
Time Allowed : 3.00 Hours Maximum Marks : 70
vi
PART - I
Note : i) Answer all the questions.
al

ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the given four alternatives and write the
option code and the corresponding answer. 15 x 1 = 15
.k

1. In which techniques Ethidium Bromide is used?

w

a) Polymerase Chain Reaction b) Southern Blotting Techniques

c) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis d) Western Blotting Techniques
w

2. Assertion : Turmeric fights various kinds of cancer.

Reason : Curcumin is an anti-oxidant present in turmeric.
w

a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct

b) Assertion is correct, Reason is wrong
c) Both Assertion and Reason are wrong
d) Assertion is wrong, Reason is correct
3. In majority of the plants, pollen is liberated at:
a) 3 celled stage b) 1 celled stage c) 4 celled stage d) 2 celled stage
4. Match the following:
(1) Totipotency (i) Reversion of mature cells into meristem
(2) Dedifferentiation (ii) Biochemical and structural changes of cells
(3) Explant (iii) Properties of living cells that develops into entire plant
(4) Differentiation (iv) Selected plant tissue transferred to culture medium

Govt. Question 8

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

a) (1) - (ii), (2) - (i), (3) - (iv), (4) - (iii) b) (1) - (iii), (2) - (i), (3) - (iv), (4) - (ii)
c) (1) - (iv), (2) - (ii), (3) - (iii), (4) - (i) d) (1) - (i), (2) - (iii), (3) - (ii), (4) - (iv)
5. Read the following statements and fill up the blanks with correct option.
i) Total water content in soil is called __________.
ii) Water not available to plants is called __________.
iii) Water available to plants is called __________.
(i) (ii) (iii)
(a) Chresard Echard Holard
(b) Holard Echard Chresard
(c) Holard Chresard Echard
(d) Echard Holard Chresard
6. Coleorhiza is found in:
a) Pea b) Paddy c) Tridax d) Bean

n
7. Which of the following are not regulating services of ecosystem services?

l.i
i) Genetic resources ii) Recreation and aesthetic values
iii) Invasion resistance iv) Climatic regulation

da
a) (i) and (ii) b) (i) and (iii) c) (i) and (iv) d) (ii) and (iv)
8. Dihybrid test cross ratio is:
ka
a) 1 : 2 : 1 b) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 c) 1 : 1 d) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
9. The International Ozone day is:
vi
a) June 05 b) March 21 c) September 16 d) May 22
10. The active principle trans-tetra hydro canabinal is present in:
al

a) Marijuana b) Opium c) Andrographis d) Curcuma

.k

11. Dwarfing gene of wheat is:

a) Norin 10 b) Pal I c) Pelita 2 d) Atomita I
w

12. One green house gas contributes 20 % of total global warming and another contributes 60
%. These are respectively identified as:
w

a) CH4 and CO2 b) N2O and CO2 c) CH4 and CFCs d) CFCs and N2O
w

13. Which Mendelian idea is depicted by a cross in which the F1 generation resembles both the
parents?
a) Inheritance of one gene b) Incomplete dominance
c) Co-dominance d) Law of dominance
14. Removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order during transcription is called:
a) Inducing b) Splicing c) Slicing d) Looping
15. Restriction enzymes are:
a) Not always required in genetic engineering
b) Essential tool in genetic engineering
c) Nucleases that cleave DNA at specific sites
d) Both (b) and (c)

9 Govt. Question

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

PART - II
Answer any six questions. Question No. 24 is Compulsory. 6 x 2 = 12
16. Name the chemicals used in gene transfer. Chap 4
17. Give four examples of plants cultivated in commercial agroforestry. Chap 8
18. What is phytoremediation? Chap 6
19. Construct the food chain with the following data.
Hawk, plants, frog, snake, grasshopper Chap 7
20. What is back cross? Chap 2
21. How do Dioscorea reproduces vegetatively? Chap 1
22. Differentiate between primary introduction and secondary introduction. Chap 9
23. What is the difference between missense and nonsense mutation? Chap 3
24. Draw and label the parts of cut opened dicot seed. Chap 1

PART - III
Answer any six questions. Question No. 33 is Compulsory. 6x3=18

n
25. What is vivipary? Name a plant group which exhibits vivipary. Chap 6

l.i
26. What are Agro chemicals? Chap 8
27. Write the plants that are found in sub-alpine forests. Chap 7

da
28. Write the salient features of Sutton and Boveri concept. Chap 3
29. What are the advantages of seed dispersal? Chap 6
30. 
A person got irritation while applying chemical dye. What would be your suggestion for
ka
alternative? Write its any two uses. Chap 10
31. Compare the various types of Blotting techniques. Chap 4
vi
32. Name the seven contrasting traits studied by Mendel. Chap 2
33. Write a short note on Sterilization of Explants in plant tissue culture. Chap 5
al

PART - IV
.k

Answer all the questions. 5 x 5 = 25

34. a) Mention the name of man-made cereal. How it is formed? Chap 3
w

(OR)
b) Describe dominant epistasis with an example.
w

Chap 2
35. a) Enumerate the characteristic features of Entomophilous flowers. Chap 1
w

(OR)
b) Explain afforestation with case studies. Chap 8
36. a) What is soil profile? Explain about the different soil horizons. Chap 6
(OR)
b) List the ways by which seeds can be stored for longer duration. Chap 9
37. a) Write in detail about the protocol for artificial seed preparation and its advantages.
 Chap 5
(OR)
b) Write the steps involved in recombinant DNA technology. Chap 4
38. a) Tabulate the differences between primary and secondary succession. Chap 7
(OR)
b) Explain the DNA replication in eukaryotes. Chap 3

  

Govt. Question 10

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola Chapter Reproduction in Plants EC 12 th

Bio-Botany


UNIT Asexual and Sexual
VI Reproduction in Plants
Part - I - TEXTBOOK EVALUATION
1. Choose the correct statement from the 3. Identify the correctly matched pair
following a) Tuber-Allium cepa b) Sucker - Pistia
a) Gametes are involved in asexual c) Rhizome-Musa d) Stolon - Zingiber
reproduction  Ans : c) Rhizome - Musa
b) Bacteria reproduce asexually by budding 4. Size of pollen grain in Myosotis
c) Conidia formation is a method of sexual 
S.V. GMQ-19, L.V-Aug-21 S.V. Mar 24

reproduction a) 10 micrometer b) 20 micrometer

d) Yeast reproduce by budding c) 200 micrometer d) 2000 micrometer

n
Ans : d) Yeast reproduce by budding  Ans : a) 10 micrometer

l.i
5. First cell of male gametophyte in
2. An eminent Indian embryologist is angiosperm is S.V. May-22, L.V-May-22

da
a) S.R.Kashyap b) P.Maheswari a) Microspore b) megaspore
c) M.S. Swaminathan d) K.C.Mehta c) Nucleus
d) Primary Endosperm Nucleus
ka
 Ans : b) P.Maheswari
 Ans : a) Microspore
6. Match the following Qty - 19
vi
I) External fertilization i) pollen grain a) I-iv;II-i;III-ii;IV-iii
al

II) Androecium ii) anther wall b) I-iii;II-iv;III-i;IV-ii

III) Male gametophyte iii) algae c) I-iii;II-iv;III-ii,IV-i
.k

IV) Primary parietal layer iv) stamens d) I-iii;II-i;III-iv;IV-ii

w

Ans : b) I-iii;II-iv;III-i;IV-ii
w

7. Arrange the layers of anther wall from c) Nucellus – nutritive tissue for developing
locus to periphery embryo
w

a) Epidermis, middle layers, tapetum, d) obturator – directs the pollen tube into
endothecium micropyle
b) Tapetum, middle layers, epidermis, Ans : c) Nucellus – nutritive tissue for
endothecium
developing embryo
c) Endothecium, epidermis, middle layers,
9. Assertion : Sporopollenin preserves pollen
tapetum
d) Tapetum, middle layers endothecium in fossil deposits.
epidermis Reason : Sporopollenin is resistant to
Ans : d) T
 apetum, middle layers endothecium physical and biological decomposition.
epidermis a) Assertion is true; reason is false
b) Assertion is false; reason is true
8. Identify the incorrect pair.  L.V. GMQ;–19
c) Both Assertion and reason are not true
a) sporopollenin - exine of pollen grain
d) Both Assertion and reason are true
b) tapetum – nutritive tissue for developing
microspores. Ans : d) Both Assertion and reason are true

Chapter - 1 11 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

10. Choose the correct statement(s) about 18. Parthenocarpic fruits lack  S.V. AUG-2021
tenuinucellate ovule a) Endocarp b) Epicarp
a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal c) Mesocarp d) seed Ans : d) seed
b) Ovules have fairly large nucellus
c) Sporogenous cell is epidermal 19. In majority of plants pollen is liberated at
d) Ovules have single layer of nucellus tissue  L.V. June 23 L.V. Mar 24

Ans : a) Sporogenous cell is hypodermal a) 1 celled stage b) 2 celled stage

and d)ovules have single layer of nucellus tissue c) 3 celled stage d) 4 celled stage
 Ans : b) 2 celled stage
11. Which of the following represent
megagametophyte  S.V.March-2023 20. What is reproduction?
a) Ovule b) Embryo sac ➢ It is a vital process for the existence of a species.
c) Nucellus d) Endosperm ➢ It brings suitable changes through variation
Ans : b)Embryo sac in off springs.
➢ Plant reproduction is important for the
12. In Haplopappus gracilis, number of existence of all other organisms.
chromosomes in cells of nucellus is 4. ➢ Reproduction occuring in organisms fall
What will be the chromosome number in

n
under two major categories
Primary endosperm cell?  L.V. Aug 22
i) Asexual reproduction

l.i
a) 8 b) 12 c) 6 d) 2 ii) Sexual reproduction
Ans : C) 6

da
21. List out two sub-aerial stem modifications
13. Transmitting tissue is found in with example.
a) Micropylar region of ovule
Sub aerial stem Example
ka
b) Pollen tube wall
c) Stylar region of gynoecium modification
d) Integument 1. Runner Centella asiatica
vi
Ans : c) Stylar region of gynoecium 2 Stolen Mentha and Fragaria
14. The scar left by funiculus in the seed is
al

22. What is layering?

a) tegmen b) radicle  L.V. May 22 ➢ It is an artificial method of vegetative
c) epicotyl d) hilum  S.V. June 23
.k

propagation.
Ans : d) hilum ➢  Stem of the parent plant is allowed to
develop roots while still intact.
w

15. A Plant called X possesses small flower

with reduced perianth and versatile anther. ➢ The root develops. The rooted part is cut. It
is planted to grow as a new plant.
w

The probable agent for pollination would

be QY - 2019 Ex. Ixora, Jasminum.
w

a) water b) air 23. What are clones?

c) butterflies d) beetles ➢  The individuals (Ex.Bacteria) formed by
Ans : b) air asexual reproduction are morphologically
16. Consider the following statement(s) and genetically identical.
i) In Protandrous flowers pistil matures earlier ➢ They are called clones.
ii) In Protogynous flowers pistil matures earlier 24. A detached leaf of Bryophyllum produces
iii) Herkogamy is noticed in unisexual flowers new plants. How?
iv) Distyly is present in Primula ➢ Bryophyllum can be reproduced by vegetative
a) i and ii are correct b) ii and iv are correct propagation by using piece of its stem or
c) ii and iii are correct d) i and iv are correct leaves.
Ans : b) ii and iv are correct ➢ The leaves of a Bryophyllum plant have special
17. Coelorhiza is found in  S.V. Aug 22, L.V. Aug 22 buds with notches called epiphyllous buds
a) Paddy b) Bean L.V. Jun 23 L.V. Mar 24 in their margins which may get detached
c) Pea d) TridaxAns: a) Paddy from the leaves, fall to the ground and then
grow to produce a new plant.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 12 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

25. Differentiate Grafting and Layering. S.V.March-2023 L.V.March-2023

Grafting Layering
1 Two different plants are involved. Only one parent plant is involved.
2  arts of Two different plants are joined
P Stem of the parent plant is allowed to develop
and continue to grow as one plant. roots.
3 Plant used for grafting is called scion. The rooted part is cut and grown as new plant.
4 Shows characterisitic of scion Results in propagation of parent plant.
5 Ex: Citrus, Mango, Apple Ex. Ixora, Jasminum
26. ‘‘Tissue culture is the best method for propagating rare and endangered plant species’’ - Discuss.
Micropropagation.
➢ The growth of plant tissue in special culture medium under suitable controlled conditions is
known as “tissue culture”.
➢ It is the regeneration of whole plant from a single cell or tissue.

n
Advantages.

l.i
➢ Rare, Endangered plants are propagated.
➢ In short duration, plants with desirable characteristics can be multiplied.

da
➢ Produce Genetically identical plants.
➢ Done in any season.
➢ Plants without viable seeds (or) difficult to germinate can be propagated.
ka
➢ Meristem culture produces disease free plants.
➢ Cells can be genetically modified or transformed.
vi
27. Distinguish mound layering and air layering.
Mound layering Air layering
al

1 Applicable for plants with flexible Applicable for flexible and non-flexible branches.
.k

branches.
2 Lower branch is bent to the ground and The stem is girdled at nodal region and hormones
w

buried in the soil and tip of the branch is are applied to this region which promotes rooting.
exposed above the soil.
w

3 Hormones are not required to promote Hormones are applied to promote rooting.
rooting.
w

4 A cut is made in parent plant so the Branches removed from the parent plant and
buried part grow into a new plant after grown in a seperate pot or ground after root
root formation. formation.

28. Explain the conventional methods adopted b) Grafting (Ex. Citrus, Mango)
in vegetative propagation of higher plants. ➢ Two different plants are joined.
a) Cutting (Ex. Hibiscus) ➢ They grow as one plant.
➢ Plant parts like stem, leaf are cut from the ➢ Plant in soil is called stock.
parent plant. ➢ Plant used for grafting is scion.
➢ Cut part is placed in suitable medium. i) Bud grafting :
➢ It produces root and grows into new plant. ➢ A ‘T’ shaped incision is made in the stock
➢ 3 types of cutting in plants and the bark is lifted.
i) Root cutting - Malus ➢ The scion bud with little wood is placed in
ii) Stem cutting - Hibiscus the incision beneath the bark and properly
iii) Leaf cutting - Begonia bandaged with a tape.
Chapter - 1 13 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

ii) Approach grafting: 30. List any two strategy adopted by bisexual
➢ Cut surfaces of stock scion are tied together. flowers to prevent self-pollination.
➢ The stock is grown into a pot and it is brought 1) Dichogamy
close to the scion. Anthers and stigmas mature at different
➢ Both of them should have the same thickness. times.
➢ A small slice is cut from both and the cut i) Protandry - Stamens mature earlier.
surfaces are brought near and tied together Eg: Helianthus
and held by a tape. ii) Protogyny - Stigmas mature earlier.
➢ After 4 weeks the tip of the stock and base Eg. Aristalochia
of the scion are cut off and detached and 2) Herkogamy
grown in a separate pot. ➢ Self pollination is impossible by the
iii) Crown Grafting: arrangement of stamens and stigmas.
The stock is large in size. The scions are ➢ Eg: Gloriosa superba
cut into wedge shape and are inserted on
the slits (or) clefts of the stock and fixed in 31. What is endothelium? L.V-Aug-21 L.V-May-22

n
position using graft wax. ➢  It is otherwise known as integumentary
iv) Tongue grafting: tapetum.

l.i
The scion and stock having the same ➢ In some species, the inner layer of integument
thickness is cut obliquely and the scion is fit of ovule becomes specialized to perform

da
into the stock and bound with a tape. nutritive function for the emboyo sac and is
v) Wedge grafting : called as endothelium.
Eg: Asteraceae.
ka
➢ A slit is made in the stock (or) the bark is cut.
➢ A twig of scion is inserted and tightly bound 32. ‘‘The endosperm of angiosperm is
so that the cambium of the two is joined. different from gymnosperm’’. Do you
vi

c) Layering agree. Justify your answer.  S.V.GMQ-19

al

➢ Stem of parent plant is allowed to develop Yes: I agree

roots while still intact. Endosperm of Endosperm of
.k

➢ The root develops. The rooted part is cut and Angiosperm Gymnosperm
planted to grow as a new plant.
w

1 Angiosperm is Gymnosperm is
i) Mound Layering triploid (3n), haploid because it
➢ Flexible branch is buried in soil. because, it is is formed from the
w

➢ Roots emerge from buried stem. It grows formed when the haploid megaspore by
into a new plant. second gamete repeated division.
w

Eg: Ixora and Jasminum (n) fuses with the

ii) Air Layering secondary nuclei
➢ Nodal region is girdled. (2n) and forms
triploid edosperm
➢ Hormones are applied.
(n+2n)
➢ Rooting is promoted.
➢ This area is covered by moist soil. 2 The funtion is It acts as the female
to nourish the gametophyte and
➢ Roots emerge in 2-4 months.
developing embryo later acts as nutritive
➢ Roots branches are removed from parent.
tissue.
They are grown separately.
33. Define the term Diplospory.
29. What is Cantharophily? L.V.March-2023
➢  A diploid embryo sac is formed from
Pollination carried out by beetles. megaspore mother cell without a regular
meiotic division.
➢ Examples : Eupatorium and Aerva.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 14 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

34. What is polyembryony. How it can 39. Write short note on Pollen kitt. S.V. June 23
commercially exploited.  S.V. SEP-2020
Pollen kitt is an oily layer on thick viscous
Polyembryony.
coating over pollen surface. It is a viscous
Occurrence of more than one embryo in a coating.
seed is called polyembryony.
Uses :
Applications.
1. Seedlings from nucellar tissue of citrus are ➢ It is contributed by tapetum and coloured
better clones for orchards. yellow or orange.
2. Embryos from poly embryony are virus free. ➢ It is made of carotenoids or flavonoids.
35. Why does the zygote divides only after the ➢ It attracts insects and protects from damage
division of Primary endosperm cell. by UV radiation.
➢ The Zygote needs nourishment during its 40. Distinguish tenuinucellate and
development. crassinucellate ovules.
➢ Fertilised embryo sac offers little nourishment Tenuinucellate ovule Crassinucellate ovule
to the Zygote.
1 The sporogenous These ovules have

n
➢ The primary endosperm cell divides and cell is hypodermal sub-hypodermal
generates endosperm tissue. This nourishes

l.i
with a single sporogenous cell
the Zygote. So, the Zygote divides after layer of nucellar
primary Endosperm cell.

da
tissue around.
36. What is Mellitophily?  S.V. May - 22 2 It has very small They have large
Pollination of flowers by bees is known as nucellus. nucellus.
ka
Mellitophily.
41. ‘Pollination in Gymnosperms is different
37. “Endothecium is associated with dehiscence from Angiosperms’ – Give reasons.  L.V-GMQ-21
vi
of anther” Justify the statement. Pollination in Pollination in
➢ Endothecium is a single layer of radially
al

Gymnosperms Angiosperms
elongated cells found below the epidermis. 1 Direct Indirect
➢ The inner tangential wall develops bands or
.k

2 Pollens are directly Pollens are deposited

thickeninings of a cellulose. deposited on the on the stigma of pistil
w

➢ The cells at the junction of two sporangia exposed ovules

of an anther lobe lacks thickening and this
region is called stomium. 3 Pollination carried Pollination may be
w

➢ Stomium along with the hygroscopic nature by wind called by Anemophily,

Anemophilous Hydrophily and
w

of endothecium helps in the dehiscence of

anther at maturity. Zoophily
42. Write short note on Heterostyly.
38. List out the functions of tapetum.
➢ It is a contrivance of cross - pollination.
Tapetum is the innermost layers of anther
➢ Some plants produce two or three different
wall. S.V. May 22, L.V. May 22 S.V. June 23
forms of flowers that are different in their
➢ Supplies nutrition to developing length of stamens and style.
microspores. ➢ Pollination will take place only between
➢ Contributes sporopollenin through ubisch organs of the same length.
bodies. They play role in pollen wall
formation. 43. Enumerate the characteristic features of
➢ The pollenkitt material is contributed by Entomophilous flowers.
tapetal cells and is later transferred to the  L.V. Jun 23 L.V. & S.V. Mar 24

pollen surface. ➢ Flowers are generally large or if small, they

➢ Exine proteins for rejection reaction are are aggregated in dense inflorescence.
derived from tapetal cells. Eg: Asteraceae flowers.

Chapter - 1 15 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

➢ Flowers are brightly coloured to attract insects.

Eg: Poinsettia and Bougainvillea.
➢ Flowers are scented and produce nectar.
➢ Flowers with no secretion of nectar, the pollen is consumed as food or used in building up of its
hive by honey bees. Pollen and Nectar are the floral rewards for the visitors.
➢ Flowers pollinated by flies and beetles produce foul odour to attract pollinators.
44. Discuss the steps involved in Microsporogenesis.  S.V.Aug-21 S.V. Mar 24

➢ The primary sporogeneous cells directly (or) may undergo mitotic to form sporogenous tissue.
➢ The last generation of sporogenous tissue function as microspore mother cells.
➢ Each microspore mother cell divides meiotically to form a tetrad of four haploid microspores
(microspore tetrad).
➢ Arrangement of microspore tetrad tetrahedra, decussate, linear, T shaped or isobilateral
manner are 4 haploid microspore.
➢ Microspores separate from one another and remain free in the anther locule and develop into

n
pollen grains.

l.i
➢ In some plants, all the microspores in a microsporangium remain held together called pollinium.
Example: Calotropis, Compound pollen grains are found in Drosera and Drymis.

da
45. With a suitable diagram explain the structure of an ovule. L.V. S.V.GMQ -19 S.V.Aug-21 L.V. Aug -22
Structure of ovule (Megasporangium) L.V.March-2023 S.V. June 23 S.V. Mar 24
ka
Integuments:
Chalazal end
➢ Ovule is also called megasporangium and is protected
vi
by one or two covering called Integuments. Integument
➢ It has a stalk and a body.
al

➢ Stalk attaches ovule to the placenta.

Hilum : The point of attachement of funicle to the body Nucellus
.k

of the ovule is known as hilum.

Raphe : In an inverted ovule, the funicle is fused to the
w

Embryo sac
body of ovule. Thus a ridge called raphe is formed.
Hilum
w

Nucellus : Body of ovule has central mass of

parenchymatous tissue called nucellus.
w

Micropyle
Integuments :
➢ Nucellus is enveloped by one are two protective Funicle

coverings called integuments.

Vascular supply
➢ Ovule with one or two integument is called unitegmic
or Bitegmic.
Micropyle : Integument encloses the nucellus completely except at the top where it is free and
forms a pore called micropyle.
Chalaza : At the base of body, nucellus, integument and funicle meet. This is called chalaza.
Embryosac (or) Female gametophyte :
➢ Sac like structure in nucellus towards micropylar end.
➢ It is formed from functional megaspore of nucellus.
Endothilium or Integumentary tapetum :
In some species the inner layer of the integument may become specialized to perform the nutritive
function for the enbryosac. Eg. Asteraceae.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 16 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

46. Give a concise account on steps involved in ➢ It is guided by obturator.

fertilization of an angiosperm plant. ➢ Pollen tube enters into one of the synergids.
The fusion of male and female gamete is 5. Double fertilization and Triple fusion.
called fertilization ➢ In Angiosperms, both the male gametes are
1. Germination of pollen to form pollen tube involved in fertilization, it is called double
in the stigma. fertilisation.
➢ Pollens fall on receptive stigma. ➢ One of the male gametes fuses with the egg
➢ Compatible pollen germinates to form tube. nucleus (syngamy). Thus zygote is formed.
➢ This is helped by stigmatic fluid in wet ➢ The second gamete migrates to central cell.
stigma and pellicle in dry stigma. ➢ It fuses with polar nuclei (or) secondary
➢ Compatibility is decided by recognition, nucleus.
rejection protein reaction, between pollen ➢ Thus primary Endosperm nucleus is formed.
and stigma surface. ➢ This involves the fusion of 3 nuclei so it is
➢ Pollen undergoes hydration. Pollen wall called Triple fusion.
proteins are released.

n
➢ The entire content moves into pollen tube. 47. What is endosperm. Explain the types.
Endosperm:  L.V. SEP-2020

l.i
➢ Growth is at the cytoplasmic contents at the tip.
➢ Remaining part of pollen tube is occupied by Endosperm is a nutritive tissue in seed plants
formed within the embryo sac by division of

da
vacuole.
➢ It is cut off from tip by callose plug. the endosperm nucleus.
➢ The hemispherical, transparent pollen tip of 1. Nuclear Endosperm:
ka
pollen tube is called ‘cap block’. The “cape 
Primary Endosperm Nucleus undergoes
block” disappears and growth of pollen several mitotic divisions without cell wall
formation thus a free nuclear condition
vi
tube stops.
exists in the endosperm.
2. Growth of pollen tube in the style.
al

The growth of the pollen tube depends on Eg: Arachis

the type of style. 2. Cellular endosperm:
.k

Types of style : Primary endosperm nucleus divides into 2

nuclei and it is immediately followd by wall
w

a) Hollow (open style):

It is common among monocots. formation.
w

b) Solid style (Closed type) : ➢ Subsequent divisions also follow cell

It is common among dicots. wall formation.
w

c) Semi - solid style (half closed type) : ➢ Eg: Helianthus

It is intermediate between solid and open 3. Helobial endosperm:
type. ➢ Primary endosperm nucleus moves
3. Entry of pollen tube into the ovule. towards base of embryo sac and divides
into two nuclei.
➢ Porogamy - Pollen tube enters through
micropyle. ➢ Cell wall formation takes place leading to
➢ Chalazogamy - Pollen tube enters through the formation of a large micropylar and
chalaza. small chalazal chamber.
➢ Mesogamy - Pollen tube enters through ➢ The nucleus of the micropyla chamber
integument. undergoes several free nuclear division
4. Entry of pollen tube into embryo sac. whereas that of chalazal chamber may or
➢ Pollen tube enters embryosac at the may not divide.
micropylar end. ➢ Eg: Hydrilla

Chapter - 1 17 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

48. Differentiate the structure of Dicot and 49. Give a detailed account on parthenocarpy.
Monocot seed. Add a note on its significance. L.V. MAR-2020
L.V. Aug -21 L.V. Aug -22 S.V.May 22
Structure of Dicot Structure of
seed Monocot seed Development of fruit like structures from
the ovary without fertilization. These fruits
1 Two cotyledons Only one cotyledon
are parthenocarpic fruits. They have no true
2 Two seeds may Paddy is one seeded. seeds. Commercially they are seedless fruits.
be seen i) Genetic Parthenocarpy (Ex. Citrus)
3 Embryonal axis is Emoryonal axis is short Due to hybridization, Mutation. Ex : Citrus,
lengthy Cucurbita
4 Embryonal axis Embryonal axis ii) Environmental Parthenocarpy
is covered by is covered by Environmental condition induces
protective sheath. coleoptile, coleorhiza parthenocarpy.
Eg: Low temperature for 3-19 hours.
5 not separated Separated from
iii) Chemically Induced Parthenocarpy.
from embryo by embryo by a

n
a definite layer definite layer called Growth promoting Auxins, Gibberellins
induce parthenocarpy.

l.i
called epithelium epithelium.
Significance L.V. June 23
6 Scutellum is Scutellum supplies

da
i) Significance of seedless fruits in horticulture.
absent the growing embryo
ii) To prepare jam, jelly, sauce, fruit drinks.
with food material
iii) High proportion of edible part due to
absorbed from the
ka
absence of seed.
endosperm
vi
Part - II - PTA & GOVT EXAM QUESTION & ANSWERS
al

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Which one of the following is not an 3. Continuous variation is due to  PTA-3
.k

advantage of micro propagation? PTA-1 a) effect of polygenes

a) Plants produced are genetically identical b) effect of environment
w

b) Endangered plants can be propagated c) effect of polygenes and environment

c) Sometimes undesirable genetical d) effect of one or to genes
w

changes occur Ans: c) effect of polygenes and environment

d) Disease free plants can be produced. 4. In a male gametophyte, the chromosome
w

 Ans : c) Sometimes undesirable genetical number of generative nucleus is (A) and

changes occur tube nucleus is (B) PTA-4
2. Which one of the following statements is a) (A)-(n) ; (B)-(2n) b) (A)-(2n) ; (B)-(n)
not true regarding sporopollenin? PTA-2 c) (A)-(2n) ; (B)-(2n) d) (A)-(n) ; (B)-(n)
a) 
Sporopollenin is contributed by both  Ans : b) (A)-(2n) ; (B)-(n)
pollen cytoplasm and tapetum 5. Which one of the following is a dioecious
b) It helps the pollen to withstand against
strong acid. plant? PTA-5

c) 
Sporopollenin is derived from a) Coconut b) Bitter gourd
phycobilins c) Pea plant d) Date palm
d) 
It helps pollen during long period Ans : d) Date palm
perservation in fossil deposits 6. Eyes of potato refers to  PTA-6
Ans: c) Sporopollenin is derived from a) adventitious roots b) axillary buds
phycobilins c) terminal buds d) intercalary buds
Ans : b) axillary buds
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 18 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

7. Identify the type of embryo state HY - 2019 3. Draw this diagram and lable the parts.
a) Zygote  PTA-3
b) Globular embryo
c) Mature embryo
d) 4 celled embryo Plumule
 Ans :b) Globular embryo Cotyledon
8. First cell of Male gametophyte in
angiosperums is  S.V. MAR-2020 Testa
a) Primary endosperm Radicle
b) Microspore c) Megaspore
d) Nucleus Ans : b) Microspore 4. Redraw the diagram and
lable the parts.  PTA-4
9. From the following which one is the
column of sterile tissue surrounded by Terminal cell
the anther lobe.  L.V. MAR-2020
a) Periplasodium b) pollen chamber Basal cell

n
c) connective tissue d) tapetum

l.i
 Ans : c) connective tissue
10. Cantharophily is  L.V. Sep-21

da
a) Bees b) Butterflies 2-celled proembryo
c) Flies d) Beetles Ans : d) Beetles
5. Which method of artificial vegetative
ka
11. Which one of the following is the first reproduction is good in plants? Give
cell of female gametophyte?  L.V. Mar-23 reason for your answer. PTA-4
a) Microspore Cutting method is good for artificial vegetative
vi
b) Primary endosperm Nucleus reproduction.
c) Nucleus Reason :
al

d) Functional megaspore 1. It is the method of producing a new plant by

 Ans : d) Functional megaspore cutting the plant parts such as root, stem and
.k

II. Two Mark Questions leaf from the parent plant.

2. The cut part is placed in a suitable medium for
w

1. Mention the names of the matured pollen growth.

grain wall layers?  L.V. GMQ-19
w

root cutting - Malus

 The mature anther will consists of the stem cutting - Hibiscus
following layers.
w

leaf cutting - Begonia

a. Epidermis b. Endothecium
3. Stem cutting is widely used for propagation.
c. Middle layers d. Tapetum
2. Differentiate biosporic megaspore 6. Write the practical application of
development from tetrasporic activation of nucellar tissue. (or) Write
any three practical applications of
development.  PTA-1
polyembryony. S.V. SEP-2020 PTA-5
Biosporic megaspore Tetrasporic 1. The seedlings formed from the nucellar
development development tissues in citrus are found better clones for
1. Of the four All the four orchards.
megaspores formed megaspores 2. They are Disease resistant (virus free) and
two are involved are involved are preferred by Agriculturists than the
in Embryo Sac in Embryo Sac normal seedlings.
formation. formation. 3. Polyembryony has ecological significance
2. Example: Allium Example: Peperomia as it increases the probability of survival
under different conditions.
Chapter - 1 19 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

7. Write any two differences between male III. Three mark Questions
gametophyte and female gametophyte.
 PTA-6 1. Differentiate Heterostyly from Herkogamy.
 PTA-2
Male gametophyte Female gametophyte
Heterostyly Herkogamy
1. First cell - microspore First cell - Megaspore
1. Plants produce two Stamens and
2. It produce from the It produce from embryo or three different stigmas are
anther sac. forms of flowers arranged in such
3. The development of The development of that are different a way preventing
male gametophyte female gametophyte is in their length of self pollination.
takes place while ovule stamens and style
they are still in the 2. Pollination will take Stigmas project for
place only between above the stamens
microsporangium
organs of the same Eg: Hibiscus
8. Draw and label the structure of Embryo length. Eg. Primula

n
sac.  HY - 2019 L.V.May 22 L.V.Aug 22

l.i
Filliform apparatus
2. How does pollen tube grow through a
solid style? PTA- 3
Synergids

da
➢ It is characterized by the presence of central
Egg apparatus core of elongated highly specialised cells
called transmitting tissue.
ka
Egg

Polar nucleus ➢ Its contents are also similar to the content of

those cells. The pollen tube grows through
vi
inter-cellular spaces of the transmitting
tissue.
al

3. Draw the lable the T.S of mature anther:

.k

S.V. QY -19 L.V. MAR-20 L.V. Aug -21

Antipodal cell
w

Connective
Structure of Embryo sac
Epidermis
w

Endothecium
9. Draw and mark the part of first cell of Middle layer
Tapetum
w

male gametophyte.  S.V. SEP-2020

Stomium
Pollen grain
Exine
Intine
Nucleus
Diagrammatic view
Germ pore
Microspore- the first cell of the male gametophyte

10. What is stomium?  S.V.Mar-2023

The Cells along the junction of the two
sporangia of an anther lobe lack these View under microscope
thickenings. This region is called stomium. T.S of Mature anther

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 20 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

4. Grafting is a method of production 5. Write the three fusion of Angiosperms

of hybrid plants but not the method plant fertilization. PTA-6
of reproduction. Do you agree this 1 . One of the male gametes fuses with
statement? Give logic reason for your the egg nucleus.
answer. PTA-4 2. And the other gamete fuses with the
➢ No, grafting is a common method of secondary polar nuclei.
3. This involves the fusion of three nuclei.
conventional vegetative propagation.
➢ In this parts of two different plants are 6. What is the process of micropropagation?
joined so that they continue to grow as one  QY -2019
plant. ➢ The regeneration of a whole plant from
➢ The stem of the plant to be grafted is known single cell, tissue or small pieces of
as scion and the root is called stock. vegetative structures through tissue
Eg. Citrus, Mango and Apple culture is called micropropagation
➢ Hence the grafting is the method of ➢ This is one of the modern methods used to
reproduction. propagate plants.

n
IV. Five Mark Questions

l.i
1. A reproduction without the involvement of male and female gametes is called apomixis.

da
Give an outline of the method.  PTA-2
Apomixis
ka
Recurrent Apomixis Non - Recurrent
Apomixis
vi
al

Vegetative Reproduction Haploid Embryo Sac

.k

Meiosis
w
w

Without Fertilization
w

2. Enumerate the characteristic features of Anemophilous Plants. PTA-3 S.V. Aug -22 S.V. Mar -23
Flowers: Flowers in pendulous, catkin like, spike inflorescence.
Inflorescence: Inflorescence axis elongates. So, flowers are brought above leaf level.
Perianth:
➢ Reduced perianth (or) Absent.
➢ Small, colourless flowers do not / secrete nectar. They are not scented.
Stamens:
➢ Long, exerted, versatile filaments.
➢ Enormous quantity of pollen grains.
➢ Minute, light, dry pollen easily carried by wind to long distances.
➢ Violent bursting of anthers release the pollengrains. Ex. Urtica.
Stigma: Protruding, feathery, branched stigma catch pollen grains.
Leafs: Flowers are produced before leaves. So, they are carried without hindrance.

Chapter - 1 21 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

3. Describe the structure of dicot seed PTA-5 3. Micropyle: Below the hilum a small pore
Structure of a Cicer seed as an example called micropyle is present.
for Dicot seed :  L.V. Mar 24 Uses : It facilitates entry of oxygen and
Testa
Radicle
water into the seeds during germination.
4. Seed coat : The outer coat is called testa
and is hard whereas the inner coat is thin,
Testa
membranous and is called tegmen.
Seed entire 5. Cotyledons :
Plumule
Cotyledon Two cotyledons laterally attached to the
embryonic axis are present.
6. The embryonal axis projecting beyond the
Testa
cotyledons is called radicle or embryonic
Radicle root. The other end of the axis called
Seed cut opened enbryonic shoot is the plumule.
1. Funiculus : The mature seeds are 7.

n
Embryonal axis above the cotyledon is
attached to the fruit wall by a stalk called called epicotyl. The cylindrical region

l.i
funiculus. between the level of cotyledon is called
2. Hulum : The funiculus disappears hypocotyl.

da
leaving a scar called hilum.
4. Summarise the whole life cycle of an Angiosperm plant in the form of schematics diagram.
ka
 PTA-6
Flower
Microspore
vi
mother cell
Anther
al
is
os
ei
M
.k

Megaspore Megaspore
mother cell Pollen (n)
w

(n)

Sporophyte (2n)
w
w

Embyo sac

Egg (n) Male

gametes (n)

Embryo (2n)

Endosperm Endosperm
(3n) nucleus (3n) Syngamy

Zygote
Double fertilization
(2n)

5. Explain the different types of ovule with suitable diagram  L.V. MAR-2020
a) Orthotropous
Micropyle, Funicle and chalaza lie in one straight vertical line (Ex. Piperaceae)

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 22 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

b) Anatropous d) Campylotropous
➢ Body of ovule is inverted. ➢ Body is curved at micropylar end.
➢ Embroysac is curved.
➢ Micropyle, funiculus lie close to ➢ Hilum, micropyle and chalaza are
each other Ex. Dicots, Monocots. nearer. Ex.Leguminosae
c) Hemianatropous  S.V. Aug 22 e) Amphitropous
➢ Body is transverse ➢ Less distance between hilum and
chalaza.
➢ It is at right angle to funicle. ➢ Nucellus is horse shoe shaped.
Ex. Primulaceae. Ex. Alismataceae.
f) Circinotropous: Long funicle surrounds the ovule Ex. Cactaceae.

n
l.i
(a) Orthotropous (b) Anatropous c) Hemianatropous (d) Campylotropous (e) Amphitropous (f) Circinotropous

6. What is tapetum? Write its types and functions. L.V. MAY-2022

da
Tapetum : It is the innermost layer of anther wall and attains its maximum development at
the tetrad stage of microsporogenesis.
Types :
ka
1. Secretory tapetum (parietal / glandular / cellular) :
 The tapetum retains the original position and cellular integrity and nourishes the
vi
developing microspores.
2. Invasive tapetum (periplasmodial) :
al

The cells loose their inner tangential and radial walls and the protoplast of all tapetal cells
coalesces to form a periplasmodium.
.k

Functions :
 1. It supplies nutrition to the developing microspores
w

2. It contributes sporopollenin through ubisch bodies thus plays an important role in pollen
wall formation.
w

3. The pollenkitt material is contributed by tapetal cells and is later transferred to the pollen
surface.
w

4. Exine proteins responsible for ‘rejection reaction’ of the stigma are present in the cavities
of the exine. These proteins are derived from tapetal cells.
PART III - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. Match the following

1. A Camerarius 1 structure of flower a) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

B Hofmeister 2 Pollen Tetrad. b) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
C Hanning 3 Discovery of pollen tube d) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
D Amici 4 Embryo culture Ans :a) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

Chapter - 1 23 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

II. Choose the correct answer.

1. Epiphyllous buds are in 11. Oxalis shows ________
a) Chrysanthemum b) Agave a) Cleistogamy
c) Curcuma d) ScillaAns : d) Scilla b) Homogamy
2. Plants propagated economically by c) Incomplete dichogamy
vegetative propagation d) Geitonogamy Ans : a) Cleistogamy
a) Solanum tuberosum
b) Ixora 12. Polygonaceae has ______ type of ovule
a) Orthotropous b) Anatropous
c) Jasminum
c) Hemianatropous d) Campylotropous.
d) Chrysanthemum
 Ans : a) Orthotropous
Ans :a) Solanum tuberosum
13. This shape is not seen in Tridax embryo
3. Horse shoe shaped nu cellus is in ________
a) Globular b) Heart
ovule.
c) torpedo shape d) Cuboidal
a) Circinotropous b) Amphitropous  Ans :d) cuboidal
c) Anatropous d) Hemianatropous

n
 Ans : b) Amphitropous 14. Kigelia africana shows
a) Chirotopterophily b) Malacophily

l.i
4. Homogamy is in _______ c) Entomophily d) Zoophily
a) Mirabilis b) Commelina  Ans :a) Chirotopterophily

da
c) Viola d) Oxalis.
Ans :a) Mirabilis 15. The pollen of Myosotis is __________
micrometers.
ka
5. Distyly is in _______ a) 10 b) 100
a) Primula b) Lythrum c) 1 d) 20 Ans : a) 10
c) Abutilon d) Hibiscus
vi
 Ans :a) Primula III. Find the correct statement
al

6. Fritillaria imperialis shows vegetative 1. a) Hibiscusis An example for root cutting

propagation by b) Scilla is bulbous plant grows in rocky
.k

a) Bulb b) Runner soils

c) Bulbils d) Sucker c) Solanum tuberosum is the example of
w

Ans: c) Bulbils corm

7. Generative apospory is in d) Some tuberous Adventitious store food
w

a) Aerva b) Ulmus in ipomea batatus.

c) Balanophova d) Allium Ans: d) Some tuberous Adventitious store
w

Ans: a) Aerva food in Ipomea batatus

8. Terror of Bengal is IV. Find the wrong statement

a) Eichhornia b) Centella 1. a) Pollination by wind
c) Lilium d) Murrayw b) Pollination by water
 Ans: a) Eichhornia c) Epihydrophily is a type of hydrophily
d) Pollen grains can float
9. Disease free plants can be produced by
Ans : a) Pollination by wind
a) Meristem, culture b) Grafting
c) Cutting d) Layering V. Assertion & Reason
 Ans : a) Meristem, culture
a) Both Assertion and Reason are True
10. ____ has underground and aerial flowers and Reason is the correct explanation of
a) Scrophularia b) Catharanthus Assertion
c) Commelina d) Clerodendron b) Assertion is True Reason is False
 Ans :c) Commelina
c) Both Assertion and Reason are False

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 24 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

d) Both Assertion and Reason are True and 6. Can we preserve pollengrains?
Reason is not the correct explanation of ➢ Pollen is preserved in liquid nitrogen
Assertion (-1960c) in viable condition for prolonged
1. Assertion :  Only one parent is required for duration.
natural vegetative propagation. ➢ It is called cryopreservation.
Reason : New individual plants produced
are not genetically identical
7. What is meant by retinaculum?
The filamentous (or) thread like part
 Ans: b) Assertion is True, Reason is False
arising from each pollinium
VI. Find the Correct pair 8. Differentiate hypostase form Epistase?
1. a) Rhizome - Zingiber
Hypostase Epistase
b) Corm - Solanum
c) Tuber - Lilium Group of cells in Thick walled cells
d) Bulb - Tuber the ovule between above the micropylar
Ans : a) Rhizome - Zingiber chalaza and end above the

n
embryosac. embryosac.

l.i
VII. Find the Incorrect pair
9. Write a note on connective of anther.
1. a) Obligate mutualism - Tridax ➢ It is the column of sterile tissue surrounded

da
b) Pollen robber - Amurphophallus. by the anther lobe.
c) Pseudo copulation - Ophyrus. ➢ It possesses vascular tissues.
d) Fig pollination - Wash.
ka
➢ It also contributes to the inner tapetum.
 Ans: a) Obligate mutualism - Tridax
10. Mention some shape of pollengrains.
vi
VIII. Two Mark Questions 1) Globose 2) Ellipsoid
1. Define tissue culture? 3) Fusiform 4) Lobed
al

The growth of plant tissue in special culture 5) Angular (or) crescent shaped.
medium suitable controlled conditions.
.k

11. What is chasmogamy?

2. What is meant by Natural vegetative ➢ In many angiosperms, the flowers open.
w

reproduction? They exposure mature anther and stigma

A form of asexual reproduction in which a for pollination.
w

bud grows and develops into a new plant. ➢  This phenomenon is chasmogamy.
The buds may be formed in organs such as ➢ These are chasmogamous flowers.
w

root, stem and leaf.

12. What are the constituents of egg
3. Write about plants which store food in apparatus?
adventitious roots.
1. The three nuclei at the micropylar end
➢ Some tuberous adventitious roots apart
of the embryo sac is called synergids.
from developing buds also store food.
2. The central one is egg.
➢ Example: Ipomoea batatus and Dahlia.
3. The other three nuclei at the chalaza
4. What is microsporogenesis? end is called as Antipodal cells.
 Formation of haploid microspores from
diploid microspore mother cell by meiosis. 13. Define cleistogamy?
5. What are the uses of Palynology? In some plants, pollination occurs without
➢ It is the study of pollengrains. exposing or opening the sex organs. This
➢ It is helps to identity the coal, oil fields. phenomenon is called cleistogamy. Such
➢ It reflects the vegetation of that area. flowers are called cleistogamous flowers.

Chapter - 1 25 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

14. Define : Xenogamy. 23. What is meant by Ruminate endosperm?

When the pollen (genetically different) The endosperm with irregularity
deposits on another flower of a different and unevenness in its surface forms
plant of the same species. ruminate endosperm.
Example: Areca catechu, Passiflora and
15. Differentiate Self Pollination & Cross Myristica.
Pollination
IX. Three Mark Questions
Self Pollination Cross Pollination
1. Give the significance of pollen calendar?
Transfer of pollen Transfer of pollen
➢ It shows the production of pollen by plants
on the stigma of the of one flower to the during different seasons.
same flower stigma of another ➢ This benefits the allergic persons.
flower. ➢ Pollen grains cause asthma, bronchitis, has
16. Define : Cheiropterophily fever, allergic rhinitis.
Pollination carried out by bats is called 2. Write the advantages of natural vegetative
cheiropterophily. reproduction.

n
e.g : Kigelia africana, Adansonia digitata ➢ Only one parent is required for propagation.

l.i
➢ The new individual plants produced are
17. Malacophily - Comment? genetically identical.

da
Pollination by slugs and snail. Ex. Plants of ➢ In some plants, this enables to spread
Araceae, Water snails pollinate Lemna. rapidly. e.g : Spinifex.
➢ Horticulturists and farmers utilize these
ka
18. What is Myrmecophily?
organs of natural vegetative reproduction
Pollination by ants Ex. Leguminosae,
for cultivation and to harvest plants in
plants.
vi
large scale
19. What is meant by pollen - Pistil 3. What is perisperm?
al

interaction? ➢ Remnant of nucellar tissue in the seed is

The events from pollen deposition on called perisperm.
.k

the stigma to the entry of pollen tube in ➢ Ex. Black pepper, beet root.
to the ovule.
w

What4. are the disadvantages of

20. Define Apomixis ? conventional methods?
w

➢ It is defined as the substitution of the usual ➢  Use of virus infected plants as parents
sexual system (Ampimixis) by a form of produces viral infected new plants.
w

reproduction. ➢ Vegetative structures used for propagation

➢ It does not involve meiosis and syngamy. are bulky and so they are difficult to handle
and store.
21. What is Amphitropous?
5. Differentiate Endospermous and non-
➢ A type of ovule. endospermous seeds?
➢ It is between hilum and chalaza.
➢ The curvature of the ovule leads to horse Endospermous seeds Non-Endospermous
-shoe shaped nucellus. seeds
Example: Alismataceae. Seeds with endosperm Seeds without
endosperm.
22. Define : Obturator
The pollen tube after travelling the whole It is also called It is also called
length of the style enters into the ovary ex-albuminous seeds albuminous seeds.
locule where it is guided towards the Ex-Pea, Ground nut, Paddy, Coconut,
micropyle of the ovule by the structure. bean Castor.

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 26 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

6. List out the uses of flower other than ii.  ➢ The plant produces three kinds of
reproduction. flowers, with respect to the length of the
1. It is an inspirational tool for the poets. style and stamens.
2. It is a decorative material for all the  ➢ Hence,the pollen from flowers of one type
celebrations. can pollinate only the other two types but not
3. In Tamil literature the five lands are their own type.
denoted by different flowers.
ii. 
When the pollen grain of a flower reaches
4. The flags of some countries are embedded
the stigma of the same, it is unable to
with flowers.
5. Flowers are used in the preparation of germinate or prevented to germinate on
perfumes. its own stigma. Ex. Abutilon.
7. Write a short note on Bee Pollen? 12. How does pollination occur in
➢
Bee Pollen is a natural substance and Bee-orchid?
contains high protein, carbohydrates, trace ➢  In Bee orchid (Ophyrus) the morphology
amount of minerals and vitamins. of the flower mimics that of female wasp

n
➢ It is used as dietary supplement and is sold (Colpa).
as pollen tablets and syrups. ➢ The male wasp mistakes the flowers for a

l.i
➢ It increases the performance of athletes, female Wasp and tries to copulate.
race horses and also heals the wounds ➢ This act of pseudo copulation helps in

da
caused by burns. pollination.
8. Comment on pollen (nectar) robber? 13. Discuss the functions of Endosperm?
ka
➢ Amorphophallus provide floral rewards. ➢ It is the nutritive tissue for the developing
➢ They are the safe site for laying eggs. embryo.
vi
visitors consume pollen and nectar. ➢ The zygote divides only after the
➢ They do not help in pollination. They are development of endosperm.
al

pollen robbers.
➢ Endosperm regulates the embryo
9. Define : Monosporic. development.
.k

During megasporogenesis of the four

megaspores formed, if only one is functional 14. Define : Aposopory (or) somatic apospory.
w

and forms the female gametophyte (or) 1. Megaspore mother cell undergoes the normal
embryosac. meiosis and four megaspores formed gradually
w

e.g : Polygonum. disappear.

2. A nucellar cell becomes activated and
w

10. Enlist the disadvantages of cross

pollination? develops into a diploid embryo sac. This is
➢ The process is uncertain since it depends also called somatic apospory.
on external agencies. e.g : Hieracium and Parthenium.
➢ Various devices are needed to attract the 15. Differentiate between Homogamy and
pollinating agents. Dichogamy
11. Define i. Distyly, ii. Tristyly, Homogamy Dichogamy
iii. Self Sterility / Self - Incompatibility.
1. When the stamens In dichogamous
i. ➢T  wo forms of flowers pin or long style,
long stigmatic papillae, short stamens and stigma of a flowers the stamen
and small pollen grains. flower mature and stigma of a
 ➢T  hrum - eyed or short style, small at the same time flower mature at
stigmatic papillae, long stamens and it is said to be different time.
large pollen grains. Ex. Primula homogamy

Chapter - 1 27 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

2. It favours self Sometimes, the time ➢ Coleoptile is a protective sheath of

- pollination to of maturation of plumule.
occur these essential organs ➢ Coleorhiza is the protective sheath of
overlap so that it radicle.
becomes favourable ➢ Scutellum supplies food to embryo from
for self - pollination endosperm through epithelium.
3. Ex: Mirabilis jalapa, Ex: Helianthus, L.S. of Fruit
Catharanthus roseus Clerodendrum
16. Write down the significance of fruit Endosperm
formation.
1. Fruits protect the seed from mechanical Scutellum
Coleoptile
injury. Shoot apex
2. Fleshy fruits provide food to animals in
such a way it act as dispersal agents of Radicle

n
Root cap
their seeds. Coleorhiza

l.i
3. Fruits also provide nutrition to its own Monocot Seed - Oryza Sativa
developing seedlings and are also

da
consumed by humans. 2. Explain Natural reproduction Vegetative
17. Differentiate between Monoecious and Methods in detail.
1. Vegetative reproduction in stems.
ka
Dioecious
Monoecious Dioecious 1 Rhizome Zingiber officinale
2 Corm Colocasia
vi
1. Male and Female Male and Female
flowers on the same flowers on 3 Tuber Solanum tuberosum
al

plant. different plant 4 Bulb Allium Cepa and Lilium

2. Coconut, Bitter gourd Borassus, Carica 5 Runner Centella asiatica
.k

and phoenix 6 Stolon Fragaria

w

X. Five Mark Questions 7 Offset Pistia and Eichhornia

8 Sucker Chrysanthemum
w

1. Describe the structure of a monocot seed

(Ex. Paddy)? 9 Bulbils Dioscorea and Agave
w

➢ Paddy is a one seeded caryopsis. 2. Vegetative reproduction in roots.

➢ The seed is enclosed by brown husk with The roots of some plants develop Vegetative
2 rows of glumes. (or) adventitious buds on them.
e.g : Murraya Dalbergia, Millingtonia.
➢ The brown, membranous seed coat is
attached to grain. 3. Vegetative reproduction in leafs :
1. In some plants adventitious buds are
➢ Endosperm is the bulk of grain.
developed on their leaves.
➢ It is the storage tissue. 2. When they are detached from the parent
➢ It is separated from embryo by epithelium. plant they grow into new individual
➢ Embryo has one cotyledon called plants. Eg. Bryophyllum, scilla
scutellum.
3. How does the male gametophyte develop?
➢ It is later to embryonal axis. ➢  aploid microspore is the first cell.
H
➢ A short axis with plumule and radicle is ➢ Development takes place at
protected by root cap. microsporangium.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 28 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

➢ Microspore nucleus divides into vegetative i) Intine : It is thin, uniform and is made
and generative nucleus. up of pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose
➢ Large vegetative cell and small generative and callose together with proteins.
cell is formed.
➢ At this 2 celled stage, pollens are liberated (ii) Exine :
from anther. 1. It is thick and is made up of cellulose,
➢ In some plants generative cell form 2 male sporopollenin and pollenkitt.
gametes.
➢ Male gametophyte grows when the pollen 2. The exine is not uniform and is thin at
reaches the right stigma. certain areas.
➢ Pollen absorbs moisture and swells. 3. When these thin areas are small and
➢ Intine grows as pollen tube through germ
round it is called germ pores (or) when
pore.
➢ At the 2 celled stage, generative cells
elongated it is called furrows.
divides into 2 male cells at stigma. 4. It is associated with germination of
pollen grains.

n
5. The surface of the exine is either smooth

l.i
(e)

Generative nucleus or sculptured in various patterns.

da
Pollen tube
Tube nucleus
Shape of a pollen grain : Globose,
ellipsoid, fusiform, lobed, angular (or)
crescent shaped.
ka
Exine (f) Size :
(a) Intine
vi
Nucleus Dividing 1. The size of the pollen varies from
generative
Germ pore 10 micrometers in Myosotis to 200
al

nucleus
micrometers coloured yellow (or)
Vacuol orange and is chiefly made of carotenoid
.k

(b) Tube nucleus

Nucleus or flavonoids.
w

(g) 2. It is an oily layer forming a thick viscous

coating over pollen surface.
w

(c)
Dividing nucleu
3. It attracts insects and protects damage
w

Male gametes from UV radiation.

Vegetative cell 5. Explain Pollination in maize?
(d)
Generative cell Tube nucleus ➢ Maize is monoecious and unisexual.
➢ Male inflorescence is at the terminal.
4. Explain the structure of pollen grains. ➢ Female inflorescence is at the lateral lower
level.
The pollen protoplast consists of dense ➢ Heavy pollens cannot be carried by breeze.
cytoplasm with a centrally located ➢ Male inflorescence is shaken by wind. The
nucleus. released pollens fall vertically below
Layers : The wall is differentiated into ➢ The long stigma (23 cm) projects beyond
two layers, namely, inner layer called the leaves.
intine and outer layer called exine. ➢ Pollens dropping from tassel is caught by
the stigma.
Chapter - 1 29 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

➢ So, fertile part of stamen descend.

assel) ➢ It strikes at the back of the bee.
➢ When the bee visits another flower, the
pollen is rubbed on stigma.
➢ Thus pollination is completed.
Silk 7. Explain epihy drophily with an example?
(Stigma)
and Style) Male ower

Female ower

Pollination in Zea mays

Ribbon
6. What do you know about the lever shaped leaves
mechanism of pollination? Explain?

n
l.i
Pistil Male inorescence
Anther Pollen gets
dusted

da
on the body Root
of the insect
(i) (ii) Pollination in vallisneria
➢ Pollination occurs at water level
ka
Pollen gets ➢ It is submerged rooted hydrophyte.
Stigma transferred ➢  At the time of pollination, the flowers
come to water level by long coiled stalk.
vi
to the stigma
➢ Cup shaped depression is formed in
al

(iii) (iv)
female flower.
Pollination in Salvia - Lever mechanism ➢ The detached male flower floats on
.k

➢ Salvia is adapted for bee pollination. water surface.

➢ Bilabiate corolla has 2 stamens. ➢ Male flower gets settled on the
w

➢ Each anther has upper fertile lobe and depression of female flower.
lower sterile lobe separated by long ➢ It contacts stigma and bring out
w

pollination.
connective.
➢ Stalk of female flower coils.
➢ The anthers swing freely.
w

➢ Thus the flower comes under water

➢ The bee strikes against the sterile end of
from surface.
connective. ➢ Then fruits are produced.
BOTANY LONG VERSION QUESTIONS (For Pure Science Group)
PART - I - Text Book Evaluation
Q.No. 1 to 10 Refer Evaluation 12. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 11
11. The correct order of haploid, diploid and 13. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 12
triploid structure in fertilized embryo sac is
14. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 13
a) Synergid, zygote and PEN
b) Synergid, antipodal and polar nuclei 15. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 14
c) Antipodal, synergid and PEN 16. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 15
d) Synergid, polar nuclei and zygote
17. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 16
Ans. (a) Synergid, zygote and PEN

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 30 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

18. Ruminate endosperm is found in L.V. MAR-2023 4. Two different plants with desirable characters
a) Cocos b) Areca such as disease resistance and high yield can
c) Vallisneria d) Arachis Ans. b) Areca be grafted and grown as a new plant with the
19. Refer Evaluation Q.No.17 same desirable characters.

20. Caruncle develops from 34. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 28

a) Funicle b) nucellus 35. Differentiate secretary and invasive tapetum.
c) integument d) embryo sac  L.V. Aug-2021 L.V. June-2023
Ans. c) integument
Secretory or Parietal Invasive (or)
21. Refer Evaluation Q.No.18 tapetum Periplasmodial tapetum
22. Refer Evaluation Q.No.19 The tapetum The cells loose their
23. Refer Evaluation Q.No.20 retains the original inner tangential and
24. Refer Evaluation Q.No.21 position and cellular radial walls
25. Refer Evaluation Q.No.22 integrity
26. Refer Evaluation Q.No.23 Nourishes The protoplast of all

n
27. How do Dioscorea reproduce vegetatively? the devloping tapetal cells coalesces to
microspores form a periplasmodium

l.i
 L.V. Mar 24
Dioscorea reproduces Vegetively by means of 36. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 29

da
bulbils. 37. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 30
28. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 24 38. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 31
ka
29. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 25 39. Name the cell which divides to form male
30. Write short notes on approach grafting. nuclei.
 The scion and stock remain rooted. Generative cells of Microspore.
vi

 The stock is grown in a pot and it is brought 40. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 32
al

close to the scion. 41. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 33

 Both of them should have the same thickness. 42. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 34
.k

 A small slice is cut from both and the cut

43. Do you think parthenocarpy and apomixis
surfaces are brought near and tied together
are different process. Justify?
w

and held by a tape.

Yes,
 After 1-4 weeks the tip of the stock and base of
w

Parthenocarpy :
the scion are cut off and detached and grown
1. The formation of fruit from the ovary without
in a separate pot.
w

the act of fertilization.

31. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 26 2. They will not have true seeds.
32. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 27 3. Many commercial fruits are made seedless.
e.g : Banana, Grapes and Papaya.
33. List down the advantages of conventional
Apomixis :
methods.
1. A method of reproduction which does not
1. The plants produced are genetically uniform
involve union of male and female gametes.
many plants can be produced quickly.
2. There is a formation of seeds with out
2. Some plants produce little or no seeds; in
fertilization.
others, the seeds produced do not germinate.
In such cases, plants can be produced in a short 44. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 35
period by this method. 45. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 36
3. Some plants can be propagated more 46. Give examples for Helobial endosperm.
economically by vegetative propagation. 1. Hydrilla 2. Vallisneria.
Eg. Solanum tuberosum.
Chapter - 1 31 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

47. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 37

48. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 38
49. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 39
50. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 40
51. Give short notes on types of ovules. L.V. MAR-2020
a) Orthotropous
Micropyle, Funicle and chalaza lie in one straight vertical line (Ex. Piperaceae)
b) Anatropous
➢ Body of ovule is inverted.
➢ Micropyle, funiculus lie close to each other Ex. Dicots, Monocots.
c) Hemianatropous  S.V. Aug 22
➢ Body is transverse
➢ It is at right angle to funicle.
Ex. Primulaceae.
d) Campylotropous

n
➢ Body is curved at micropylar end.

l.i
➢ Embroysac is curved.
➢ Hilum, micropyle and chalaza are nearer. Ex.Leguminosae

da
e) Amphitropous
➢ Less distance between hilum and chalaza.
➢ Nucellus is horse shoe shaped.
ka
Ex. Alismataceae.
vi
f) Circinotropous: Long funicle surrounds the ovule Ex. Cactaceae.
al
.k
w
w

(a) Orthotropous (b) Anatropous c) Hemianatropous (d) Campylotropous (e) Amphitropous (f) Circinotropous

52. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 41

w

53. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 42

54. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 43
55. Explain the pollination mechanism in Salvia.
Pollination in Salvia (Lever mechanism) :
 Salvia is adapted for Bee pollination. Pistil Anther Pollen gets dusted
on the body of
 Bilabiate corolla has 2 stamens the insect
 Each anther has an upper fertile lobe and lower (i) (ii)
sterile lobe separated by long connective.
 The anthers swing freely Pollen gets
 The bee strikes against the sterile end of connective. Stigma transferred
to the stigma
 So fertile part of stamen descend. It strikes at the
back of the bee. (iii) (ivi)
 When the bee visits another flower the pollen is Pollination in Salvia - Lever mechanism
rubbed on stigma
 Thus pollination is completed.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 32 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

56. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 44

57. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 45
58. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 46
59. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 47
60. Explain the development of a Dicot emryo.
Development of Dicot embryo :
The development of Dicot embryo is of onagrad (or) crucifer type.
Zygote : It divides by a transverse division forming upper (or) terminal cell and lower (or) basal cell.
Embryonal mass
Hypophysis

Terminal cell

Suspensor Endosperm
Basal cell
Embryonal mass

n
Hypophysis
Suspensor

l.i
(a) (b) (c) (d)

da
Zygote 2- celled proembryo 4 celled proembryo Globular embryo (e)
ka
Cotyledon
Plumule
Embryonal mass
vi
Hypophysis
Hypophysis Cotyledons
al

Radicle
Radicle
.k

Suspensor Root cap

Suspensor Root cap
w

(f) Heart shaped embryo (g) Mature embryo (h) Mature embryo in a seed
w

Development of Dicot embryo (Capsella bursa-pastoris)

w

Quadrant stage :
1. The basal cell divides transversely and the terminal cell divides vertically to form a four celled
proembryo.
2. A second vertical division takes place in terminal cell forming a four celled stage called quadrant.
3. A transverse division in the quadrant results in eight cells arranged in two tiers called octant stage.
4. The upper tier of the octant is called epibasal and the lower tier of four cells constitute hypobasal.
5. A periclinal division in the octants results in the formation of 16 celled stage with eight cells in the
outer and eight in the inner.
6. The outer eight cells represent the dermatogen and produce epidermis. The inner eight cells divide to
form outer layer of periblem which give rise to cortex and a central. region of pleurome which forms
stele.
Suspensor’s formation :
1. During the development, the two cells of the basal cell undergoes transverse division to form
suspensor.
2. The uppermost cell of the suspensor enlarge to form a haustorium.
3. The lowermost cell of the suspensor is called hypophysis.
Chapter - 1 33 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

Hypophysis formation :
1. The eight cells are arranged in two tiers of four cells each.
2. The upper tier give rise to root cap and epidermis.
Embryo formation :
1. At this stage embryo proper appears heart shaped, cell divisions in the hypocotyl and cotyledon
regions of the embryo proper results in elongation.
2. Further development results in curved horse shoe shaped embryo in the embryo sac.
3. The mature embryo has a radicle, two cotyledons and a plumule
61. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 48
62. Refer Evaluation Q.No. 49
Part II – Govt. Exam Question & Answers
Two Mark Questions
1. Define epiphyllous bud. L.V. SEP-2020
 Adventious buds develop at the notches of Bryophyllum are called epiphyllous buds.

n
 They develop into new plants forming a root system and become independent plants when the leaf gets

l.i
decayed.
 It is a method of vegetative reproduction. Eg: Bryophyllum, Scilla, and Begonia.

da
2. Write the types of cell based on the position of sporogenous cell. L.V. SEP-2020
1. Tenuinucellate type 2. Crassinucellate type
ka
PART III - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
I. Choose the best answer II. Two Mark Questions
vi

1. Epiphyllous buds are in ______ 1. What are the Importance of plant reproduction.
al

a) Chrysanthemum b) Scilla  Plant reproduction is important not only for its

c) Ipomea d) Agave Ans: b) Scilla own survival but also for the continuation and
.k

existance of all other organisms since the latter

2. Plant breeding by leaf cutting is ______
directly or Indirectly depend on plants.
a) mentha b) Chrysanthemum
w

 Reproduction also plays an important role in

c) Pastia d) Begonia
evolution.
 Ans: d) Begonia
w

2. Which plant is called as Terror of Bengal and

3. Essential organs in a flower
why?
a) Androecium and Gynoecium
w

 Water hyacinth is called as Terror of Bengal

b) corolla and Androecium
(Eichhornia crassipes). It is an invasive weed.
c) Calyx and Gynoecium
 It spreads rapidly through offsets all over the
d) Androecium and lalyx
water body and depletes the dissolved oxygen
Ans: a) Androecium and Gynoecium
and causes death of other aquatic organisms. So
4. A plant with tuberous and adventitious root is it is called as Terror of Bengal.
a) Ipomea batatus b) Bryophyllum
c) Murraya d) Dioscorea 3. List out the lower species and type of
 Ans: a) Ipomea batatus reproduction.
5. Pollen grains in the anther are noted as Species Type of reproduction
a) Male gametophyte
1 Aspergillus, conidia
b) Female gametophyte
Penicillium
c) Male, female gametophyte
d) none of the above 2 Yeast, Hydra Budding
Ans: a) male gametophyte

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 34 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

3 Spirogyra Fragmentation  The aerial flowers are brightly coloured

chasmogamous and insect pollinated.
4 Marchantia production of Gemma  The underground flowers are borne on the
5 Planaria regeneration subterranean branches of the rhizome that are
6 Bacteria Binary fission dull, cleistogamous and self pollinated.
4. What are the factors of pollination Adansonia
4. What is special about the scilla plant. digitata?
 Scilla is a bulbous plant and grows in sandy soil.
 In this plant, the ball of stamens and the stigma
 The foilage leaves are long and narrow and
project beyond the floral envelops. The bat holds
epiphyllous buds develop at thus tips.
 These buds develop into new plants when they the flower by clasping the stamen ball to its
touch the soil. breast.
 While taking nectar its breast becomes laden
5. What is adventive embryony (or) Sporophytic with numerous pollen grains, some of which get
budding
deposited on the stigma of the flower when it
An Embryo arises directly from the diploid
visits next.

n
sporophytic cells either from nucellus or
integument. It is also called sporophytic budding 5. How does pollination occur in Zostera Marina?

l.i
because gametophytic phase is completely  It is a submerged marine sea grass and pollination
absent. Adventive embryos are found in Citrus takes place under water.

da
and Mangifera.  The pollen grains are long, needle like. They are
III. Three Mark Questions shed under water
ka
 The specific gravity of the pollen is same as that
1. What is sexual and asexual reproduction. of sea water, so that, the pollen floats freely at
Asexual reproduction : In this method which any depth.
vi
helps to perpetuate its own species without the  The stigma is very large and long. The pollen
involvement of gametes is referred to as asexual comes in contact with the stigma and gets coiled
al

reproduction. Eg. Spirogyra. around the stigma thus effecting pollination.

Sexual reproduction: Sexual reproduction
.k

involves the production and fusion of male 6. Draw and explain the Bisexual flowers.
and female gametes. The former is called  A Bisexual Flower possesses four whorls- Calyx,
w

gametogenesis and the latter is the process of Corolla, Androecium and Gynoecium.
fertilization. Eg. Higher plants in seed.  Androecium and Gynoecium are essential
w

organs
2. Differentiate self and cross pollination.
w

Self pollination Cross pollination Stigma

1 The transfer of It refers to the Style

pollen on the transfer of pollens on Stamen
stigma of the same the stigma of another Petal
flower is called self flower
pollination
2 It is possible only is It is possible in
Sepal
bisexual flowers in monoecious and Ovary
plants Dioecious flowers in Ovule
plants.
Pedicel
3. What is special about the commelina bengha
lensis plant.
Parts of a Flower
 It has two types of flowers are produced aerial
and underground flowers.
Chapter - 1 35 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

IV. Five Marks Questions

1. Describe about female reproduction and  Of the four nuclei at the micropylar end of the
gynoecium embryo sac, three organize into an egg apparatus,
 The gynoecium represents the female the fourth one is left free in the cytoplasm of the
reproductive part of the flower. central cell as the upper polar nucleus.
 The word gynoecium represents one or more  Three nuclei of the chalazal end form three
pistils of a flower. antipodal cells whereas the fourth one functions
 The word pistil refers to the ovary, style and as the lower polar nucleus.
stigma. A pistil is derived from a carpel.  Depending on the plant the 2 polar nuclei may
 The word ovary represents the part that contains remain free or may fuse to form a secondary
the ovules. nucleus (central cell).
Stigma :  The egg apparatus is made up of a central egg
The stigma serves as a landing platform for cell and two synergids, one on each side of the
pollen grains. egg cell.
Style :  Synergids secrete chemotropic substances that
 The style is an elongated slender part beneath

n
help to attract the pollen tube.
the stigma.  The special cellular thickening called filiform

l.i
 The basal swollen part of the pistil is the ovary. apparatus of synergids help in the absorption,
The ovules are present inside the ovary cavity conduction of nutrients from the nucellus to

da
(locule)on the placenta. embryo sac.
 Gynoecium (carpel) arises as a small papillate  It also guides the pollen tube into the egg
outgrowth of meristematic tissue from the
ka
 Thus, a 7 celled with 8 nuclei embryo sac is
growing tip of the floral primordium. formed.
 It grows actively and soon gets differentiated
vi
into ovary, style and stigma. 3. Describe about pollination in Calotropis
 The ovules or megasporangia arise from the Translator mechanism :
al

placenta. The number of ovules in an ovary Flowers : The flowers are bisexual with 5 stamens
may be one (paddy, wheat and mango) or many forming gynostegium
.k

(papaya, water melon and orchids). Stigma : It is large and 5 angled and is receptive
on the underside.
w

2. Describe about the embryosac in plant. Stamen: Each stamen at its back possesses a
Filiform apparatus brightly coloured hood like outgrowth enclosing
w

Synergids horn shaped nectar.

Pollen grains :
w

Egg apparatus
 The pollen in each anther lobe of a stamen unites
Egg
into a mass, forming a pollinium.
Polar nucleus  Pollinia are attached to a clamp (or) clip like
sticky structure called corpusculum.
 The filamentous or thread like part arising from
each pollinium is called retinaculum.
 The whole structure looks like inverted letter ‘Y’
Antipodal cell
and is called translator.
Pollination:
Structureof Embryo sac
 When the insect visits the flower, the translator
 After the last nuclear division the cell undergoes gets attached to the proboscis (or) leg of the
appreciable elongation, assuming a sac-like visitor.
appearance.  During the visit to the next flower the pollinia
 This is followed by cellular organization of the come in contact with the receptive stigma
embryo sac. carrying out pollination.
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants. 36 Chapter - 1

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

4. Explain pollination in Aristolochia (or) Write about Trap mechanism of pollination.

Flower :
The flowers axe axillary and perianth is tubular with a hood at the top
Anthers :
 The basal region is swollen and possesses gynostegium.
 It has six anthers.
 The inner wall of middle part of the perianth is slippery and lined with stiff hairs which are pointed
downwards.
Pollination :
 The young flowers are erect. During this stage small flies enter and could not escape because they are
trapped by the hairs.
 As soon as the anthers of the flower ripe, the hairs wither and flower bents down.
 The flies escape with pollen and enter another flower where it dusts pollen on the stigma bringing out
pollination.
5. List out the changes of post fertilization in floral parts.

n
Parts before fertilization Transformation after fertilization

l.i
1 Sepals, petals, stamens, style and stigma Usually wither and fall off

da
2 Ovary Fruit
3 Ovule Seed
4 Egg Zygote
ka
5 Funicle Stalk of the seed
6 Micropyle (ovule) Micropyle of the seed (facilitates 02 and water uptake)
vi
7 Nucellus Perisperm
al

8 Outer integument of ovule Testa (outer seed coat)

9 Inner integument Tegmen (inner seed coat)
.k

10 Synergid cells Degenerate

11
w

Secondary nucleus Endosperm

12 Antipodal cells Degenerate
w

  
w

Chapter - 1 37 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Plants.

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

GOVT. SUPPLEMENTARY EXAM – JUNE 2023

Time : 1.30 Hours 12-BIO- BOTANY Maximum Marks : 35
SECTION-1
Note : (i) Answer all the questions. 8×1=8
(ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the given four alternatives and write the
option code and the corresponding answer.
1. In a fresh water environment like pond, SECTION-2
rooted autotrophs are : Note : Answer any four of the following
(a) Nymphaea and Typha questions. 4×2=8
(b) Ceratophyllum and Utricularia 9. Give any two names of the scientists who
(c) Wolffia and Pistia rediscovered Mendelism. Chap 2

(d) Azolla and Lemna 10. Write the role of Jasmine in perfuming.
2. Extra nuclear inheritance is a consequence  Chap 10

of presence of genes in : 11. What is bio-remediation? Chap 4

n
(a) Mitochondria and chloroplasts 12. Draw a pyramid from following quantities

l.i
(b) Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of organisms. Chap 7
Hawks-50, Plants - 1000, Rabbit and
(c) Ribosomes and chloroplasts
mouse-250 +250, Pythons and lizard - 100 + 50

da
(d) Lysosomes and ribosomes
13. Define - ‘Heterosis’. Chap 9
3. The scar left by Funiculus in the seed is : 14. What is Pollenkitt ? Chap 1
ka
(a) tegmen (b) radicle SECTION - 3
(c) epicotyl (d) hilum Note : Answer any three of the following
4. Which of the following is not a Sedimentary questions. Question No. 19 is compulsory.
vi
cycle ?  3×3=9
(a) Nitrogen cycle l5. Differentiate between missense mutation
al

(b) Phosphorous cycle and nonsense mutation. Chap 3

16. How do sacred groves help in the
.k

(c) Sulphur cycle (d) Calcium cycle

5. Find out the correctly matched pair : conservation of biodiversity ? Chap 8
w

(a) Rubber - Shorea robusta 17. What is Embryoids ? Chap 5

(b) Dye - Lawsonia inermis 18. Mention the types of thermal stratification.
w

(c) Timber - Cyperus papyrus  Chap 6

(d) Pulp - Hevea brasiliensis 19. List out the functions of tapetum. Chap 1
w

6. In pBR 322, pBR stands for : SECTION-4

(a) Plasmid Bacterial Recombination Note : Answer all the questions. 2×5=10
(b) Plasmid Bacterial Replication 20. (a) Mention the name of man-made
(c) Plasmid Boliver and Rodriguez Cereal. How it is formed ? Chap 3

(d) Plasmid Baltimore and Rodriguez OR

7. People’s Movement for the protection of (b) What are the advantages of seed
environment in Sirsi of Karnataka is : dispersal ? Chap 6

(a) Chipko Movement 21. (a) With suitable diagram explain the
(b) Amirtha Devi Bishwas Movement structure of an ovule. Chap 1
(c) Appiko Movement OR
(d) None of the above (b) List out the new breeding techniques
8. Dwarfing gene of Wheat is : involved in developing new traits in
(a) Pal 1 (b) Atomita 1 plant breeding. Chap 9

(c) Norin 10 (d) Pelita 2

205 Govt. Question

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

GOVT. SUPPLEMENTARY EXAM – JUNE 2023

Time : 3.00 Hours 12 - BOTANY Maximum Marks : 70
PART - I
Note : (i) Answer all the questions. 15×1=15
(ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the given four alternatives and write the
option code and the corresponding answer.
1. An example for brush fibre yielding plant 10. The plants which are grown in
(a) Cyperus (b) Neem silvopasture system are :
(c) Cotton (d) Palm (a) Sesbania and Acacia
2. Which of the given plant produces (b) Solanum and Crotalaria
cardiac glycosides ? (c) Clitoria and Begonia
(a) Calotropis (b) Acacia (d) Teak and Sandal
(c) Nepenthes (d) Utricularia 11. The unit for measuring ozone thickness

n
3. Coleorhiza is found in: is :

l.i
(a) Paddy (b) Bean (a) Joule (b) Kilo
(c) Pea (d) Tridax (c) Dobson (d) Watt

da
4. Removal of introns and joining of exons 12. Select the wrong pair:
in a defined order during transcription is
(a) Andrographis - hepato protective
called as ________
ka
(b) Adathodai - broncho dialator
(a) Splicing (b) Looping
(c) Phyllanthus - anti-diabetic
(c) Inducing (d) Slicing
vi
(d) Curcumin - anti-oxidant
5. Jaya and Ratna are the semi-dwarf
varieties of: 13. Arrange the following based on the
al

(a) Wheat (b) Rice process of recombinant DNA technology.

I. Amplication of the gene.
.k

(c) Cowpea (d) Mustard

6. Pond is a type of __________ II. Insertion of recombinant DNA into
w

(a) Forest ecosystem the host cells.

(b) Grassland ecosystem III. Cutting of DNA at specific location
w

(c) Marine ecosystem using restriction enzyme.

(d) Freshwater ecosystem IV. Isolation of genetic material (DNA).
w

7. The period of Mendel's hybridization (a) II, III, IV, I (b) IV, II, III, I
experiments: (c) I, II, III, IV (d) IV, III, I, II
(a) 1850-1870 (b) 1870-1877 14. Ophrys an orchid flower resembling the
(c) 1856-1863 (d) 1857-1869 female insect to attract the male insect to
8. Plasmids are : get pollinated is called as :
(a) required by bacteria (a) Myrmecophily
(b) confer resistance to antibiotics
(b) Ecological equivalents
(c) circular DNA molecules
(c) Mimicry
(d) tiny bacteria
(d) None of the above
9. The prevention of large scale loss of
biological integrity: 15. In majority of plants pollen is liberated at:
(a) Bio-patent (b) Bio-ethics (a) 1 celled stage (b) 2 celled stage
(c) Bio-safety (d) Bio-fuel (c) 3 celled stage (d) 4 celled stage

Govt. Question 206

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

Loyola EC 12th Bio-Botany

PART - II 31. Write the advantages of Bt cotton. Chap 4

Note : Answer any six questions. Question No. 32. How do sacred groves help in the
24 is Compulsory. 6×2=12 conservation of biodiversity ? Chap 8

16. Define - Bonsai. Chap 10 33. What is pseudo cereal? Give an example.
17. How rhytidome acts as the structural  Chap 10

defence by plants against fire ? Chap 6 PART - IV

18. Differentiate Secretory and Invasive Note : Answer all the questions. 5x5=25
Tapetum. Chap 1 34. (a) Describe dispersal of fruit and seeds
by animals. Chap 6
19. Name the chemicals used in gene transfer.
OR
 Chap 4
(b) Enumerate the characteristic features
20. Productivity of profundal zone will be of Entomophilous flowers. Chap 1
low. Why? Chap 7
35. (a) What are the King and Queen of
21. What is back cross? Chap 2
spices? Explain about them and their

n
22. What is carbon capture and storage uses. Chap 10

l.i
(CCS) ? Chap 8 OR
23. Name any two enzymes involved in DNA (b) Compare the various types of Blotting

da
replication in eukaryotes. Chap 3 techniques. Chap 4

24. Define - Heterosis. Chap 9 36. (a) Explain the different types of
ka
PART - III hybridization. Chap 9

Note : Answer any six questions. Question No. OR

(b) Explain the basic concepts involved in
vi
33 is compulsory. 6×3=18
plant tissue culture. Chap 5
25. Write the significance of parthenocarpy.
al

 Chap 1 37. (a) Describe dominant epistasis with an

example. Chap 2
.k

26. Write short notes on Cryopreservation.

OR
 Chap 5
w

(b) Generally human activities are against

27. Differentiate primary introduction from
the ecosystem. As a student, how will
secondary introduction. Chap 9
w

you help to protect ecosystem? Chap 7

28. What are the reasons for Mendel's success
38. (a) Write the benefits of Agroforestry.
w

in his breeding experiment ? Chap 2

 Chap 8
29. What is Albedo effect ? Write its effects.
OR
 Chap 6
(b) What attributes make Arabidopsis a
30. Write three plants that are found in Sub- suitable model plant for molecular
Alpine forest. Chap 7
genetic research ? Chap 3

  

207 Govt. Question

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (or) Whatsapp - 9385336929.