Unit 1 Part A : Introduction to Business Enviornment

Q1. What do you mean by business environment? What are its features? Explain its
importance.
Meaning:
Business environment means all the internal and external factors that affect a business.
These include customers, competitors, laws, technology, economic policies, and social
trends. These factors can help or harm a business. Some factors are under the control of the
business (like employees), and some are not (like inflation or new government rules).
Features:
1. Dynamic – It keeps changing.
2. Complex – Many things are involved like economic, political, and legal systems.
3. Uncertain – It is not possible to predict the future accurately.
4. Interrelated – One change affects many other areas.
5. Includes internal and external forces – Like employees (internal) and laws (external).
6. Relative – It changes based on country, region, and industry.
Importance:
1. Helps in planning and making better decisions.
2. Identifies business opportunities and threats.
3. Improves business performance.
4. Helps in resource allocation and better operations.
5. Makes the business flexible to changes.
6. Builds confidence to take smart actions.

Q2. Discuss the internal and external (micro and macro) factors of business environment.
Internal Factors (within the business):
1. Employees – Their skills and attitudes affect productivity.
2. Management – Leadership quality matters.
3. Company policies – Good rules lead to better results.
4. Corporate culture – A healthy environment boosts morale.
5. Resources – Financial and physical assets impact performance.
External Factors:
Micro Environment (close to the business):
1. Customers – Their needs influence production.
2. Suppliers – Provide materials; pricing and reliability matter.
3. Competitors – Influence pricing and strategy.
4. Distributors – Help reach products to customers.
5. Public – Includes media, NGOs, etc.
Macro Environment (wider forces):
1. Economic – Inflation, interest rates, etc.
2. Political/Legal – Laws, taxes, trade policies.
 3. Social/Cultural – Traditions, values, lifestyles.
4. Technological – Innovation and new tools.
5. Environmental – Pollution, climate, green policies.

Q3. What is SWOT analysis? Explain its techniques and importance.

Meaning:
SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. It helps a business
know its position in the market.
Techniques:
• Strengths – Internal advantages (e.g., strong brand).
• Weaknesses – Internal problems (e.g., lack of skilled staff).
• Opportunities – External chances to grow (e.g., new market trends).
• Threats – External dangers (e.g., new competitors).
Steps in SWOT Analysis:
1. Study internal factors (strengths/weaknesses).
2. Study external factors (opportunities/threats).
3. Match strengths to opportunities.
4. Reduce weaknesses and prepare for threats.
Importance:
• Helps in strategic planning.
• Improves business decision-making.
• Identifies growth areas and possible problems.
• Makes better use of resources.

Q4. What is Environmental Scanning? Mention its significance. What are various factors of
environmental scanning?
Meaning:
Environmental scanning means studying and analyzing the business environment to
understand trends, risks, and opportunities. It helps the business stay updated and make
better plans.
Significance:
1. Helps in long-term planning.
2. Identifies future challenges.
3. Reduces uncertainty.
4. Improves business flexibility.
5. Assists in early warning for risks.
Factors of Environmental Scanning:
1. Political – Government rules and policies.
2. Economic – Inflation, interest rates, GDP.
3. Social – Lifestyle, education, cultural changes.
4. Technological – Innovation, digital tools.
 5. Legal – Laws related to business.
6. Environmental – Climate, pollution, sustainability.

Q5. Examine the significance of economic policies and decisions in Business organisations.
Meaning:
Economic policies are rules made by the government to control and guide the economy.
These include industrial policy, monetary policy, fiscal policy, foreign trade policy, etc.
Importance:
1. Business Planning – Economic policies influence decisions like investment and
pricing.
2. Investment Decisions – Interest rates affect loans and business expansion.
3. Consumer Demand – Tax policies influence customer spending.
4. Cost Control – Policies affect fuel prices, wages, and raw materials.
5. Foreign Trade – Export-import policies guide international trade.
6. Growth Opportunities – Incentives and subsidies help businesses grow.
In short, businesses need to follow and adapt to economic policies to survive and grow in a
competitive market.

Q6. What is ethical issues in business? What ethical issues faced by business in business?
How these can be resolved?
Meaning:
Ethical issues in business are situations where a business must choose between right and
wrong actions. It involves fairness, honesty, respect, and responsibility.
Common Ethical Issues:
1. Corruption and Bribery – Giving or accepting money for unfair benefits.
2. False Advertising – Misleading customers with wrong claims.
3. Poor Working Conditions – Not ensuring employee safety.
4. Pollution – Ignoring environmental laws.
5. Unfair Trade Practices – Cheating in pricing or weights.
6. Data Privacy – Misusing customer data.
How to Resolve:
1. Code of Ethics – Make clear rules for right behavior.
2. Training Programs – Teach employees about ethics.
3. Transparent Policies – Be open in communication and transactions.
4. Strong Leadership – Leaders must set a good example.
5. Whistleblower Policy – Encourage reporting of wrong actions safely.
6. Regular Monitoring – Keep checking for any misconduct.
Ethical business builds customer trust and long-term success.
Unit 1 Part B: Economic Environment
Q1. What are the characteristics of Indian economy? Explain in detail various factors
affecting economy.
Characteristics of Indian Economy:
1. Mixed Economy – India has both private and public sector businesses.
2. Agriculture-Based – A large part of the population depends on farming.
3. Developing Economy – India is growing but still faces poverty and unemployment.
4. Large Population – India is the most populous country, which impacts resources and
jobs.
5. Low Per Capita Income – Income per person is still low compared to developed
countries.
6. Unemployment and Underemployment – Many people work less than they can or in
low-paying jobs.
7. Regional Imbalance – Development is uneven across states.
8. Service Sector Dominance – Services like IT and banking contribute heavily to GDP.
Factors Affecting Indian Economy:
1. Political Stability – A strong government boosts investor confidence.
2. Government Policies – Tax, trade, and investment policies impact business.
3. Inflation & Interest Rates – These affect savings, spending, and investment.
4. Technology – Innovation increases productivity and growth.
5. Natural Resources – Availability of minerals, water, land, etc.
6. Infrastructure – Roads, railways, and power supply influence business operations.
7. Global Trends – Global markets, oil prices, and foreign relations impact growth.

Q2. Write a brief note on Indian economic policy 1991. Discuss the salient features of New
Industrial Policy (1991) of India.
Background:
In 1991, India faced a major economic crisis – low foreign reserves, high inflation, and high
debt. To overcome this, the government introduced a new Economic Policy focusing on
Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG).
New Industrial Policy, 1991 – Key Features:
1. Abolition of Industrial Licensing – Except for a few industries (like defense, atomic
energy).
2. De-reservation of Public Sector – More areas opened for private players.
3. Disinvestment in PSUs – Government started selling stakes in Public Sector Units.
4. Foreign Investment Allowed – Up to 51% FDI allowed in many sectors.
5. Removal of MRTP Limits – Big companies could now expand without restrictions.
6. Technology Upgradation – Companies were encouraged to modernize.
Impact:
• Increased private sector role
• Boosted foreign investment
• Greater competition and efficiency
 • Growth in services and industrial output

Q3. What Is Privatization? What are features, merits and demerits? Explain its impact.
Meaning:
Privatization means transferring ownership and management of public sector enterprises to
private hands.
Features:
1. Transfer of ownership
2. Better efficiency
3. Competition-driven
4. Reduced government interference
Merits:
1. Better efficiency and profit
2. Less political interference
3. Improved customer service
4. Reduces government burden
Demerits:
1. Job cuts
2. Focus on profit over welfare
3. Risk of private monopoly
4. Loss of government control
Impact:
• Boosted productivity and competition
• Reduced public sector losses
• Created inequality in some sectors

Q4. What is Globalization? What are features, merits and demerits? Explain its impact.
Meaning:
Globalization is the process of connecting the Indian economy with the world through trade,
investment, and information flow.
Features:
1. Free flow of goods and services
2. Free movement of capital and labor
3. International trade
4. Cultural exchange
Merits:
1. More foreign investment
2. Better products and technology
3. Global job opportunities
4. Boost in exports
Demerits:
 1. Loss of local industries
2. Cultural impact
3. Economic dependency
4. Job loss in unorganized sectors
Impact:
• Boosted GDP and exports
• Introduced global brands
• Made Indian economy more competitive
• Increased inequality between rural and urban areas

Q5. What is digitization of Indian economy? Explain its impact (positives and negatives) on
the Indian economy and business.
Meaning:
Digitization means using digital technology to run economic and business activities, like
online payments, banking, e-commerce, and digital records.
Positive Impact:
1. Faster transactions and payments
2. Less corruption due to transparency
3. Boost to startups and e-commerce
4. Financial inclusion through digital banking
5. Better access to government services
Negative Impact:
1. Cybersecurity threats
2. Digital divide – rural areas may lack internet
3. Unemployment in traditional sectors
4. Dependence on technology
Overall Impact:
Digitization has improved speed, efficiency, and transparency in the Indian economy but also
created challenges for the unprepared sectors.

Q6. Write short notes on:

a. Economic Resources:
These are the resources used to produce goods and services. There are four main types:
1. Land – Natural resources like soil, minerals, water.
2. Labour – Human effort and skills.
3. Capital – Tools, machines, buildings used in production.
4. Entrepreneurship – People who manage and take risks to start businesses.
b. SWOT:
SWOT Analysis is a business tool to identify:
• S – Strengths (internal positives)
• W – Weaknesses (internal negatives)
 • O – Opportunities (external chances)
• T – Threats (external dangers)
It helps businesses plan strategically and grow by focusing on strengths and overcoming
weaknesses.
Unit 2: Elements of Business environment (Internal and External)
Q1. What are various elements of business environment? Explain in detail.
Business Environment refers to all the internal and external factors that affect a business.
These factors influence decisions, strategies, and overall performance.
Elements of Business Environment:
1. Internal Environment:
o Factors within the business.
o Includes employees, management, company culture, policies, etc.
o Controlled by the business.
2. External Environment:
o Factors outside the business.
o Divided into:
▪ Micro Environment: Immediate surroundings (customers,
competitors).
▪ Macro Environment: Broader forces (economy, laws, society).
Detailed Elements:
• Customers: Business exists to satisfy customer needs.
• Competitors: Influence pricing, quality, and marketing.
• Suppliers: Affect the cost and quality of raw materials.
• Government Policies: Rules and regulations affect operations.
• Technology: Constantly evolving; must keep up to stay competitive.
• Economic Conditions: Inflation, interest rates, GDP growth affect demand.
• Socio-cultural Trends: Changing lifestyles and values influence product design and
marketing.
Understanding these elements helps businesses to plan, avoid threats, and use
opportunities.

Q2. What are various elements of internal business environment? Explain in detail.
Internal Environment refers to factors within the business that influence its operations and
performance.
Elements:
1. Vision and Mission: Guides the direction and purpose of the business.
2. Management Structure: Affects decision-making, communication, and workflow.
3. Employees and Human Resources:
o Key to productivity and growth.
o Skills, morale, and behavior matter a lot.
 4. Company Culture:
o Shared values, norms, and working style.
o Influences employee behavior and teamwork.
5. Financial Resources:
o Availability of funds for operations and expansion.
o Determines risk-taking ability.
6. Production Capabilities:
o Quality and efficiency of production systems.
o Impacts costs and competitiveness.
7. R&D (Research & Development):
o Helps in innovation and staying ahead in the market.
These internal elements are under the control of the organization and can be managed for
better performance.

Q3. What are various elements of external business environment? Explain in detail.
External Environment includes all outside factors that impact a business but are beyond its
control. It is divided into Micro and Macro environments.
Micro Environment (Operating Environment):
1. Customers – Their preferences shape the product/service.
2. Suppliers – Provide inputs; influence cost and quality.
3. Competitors – Drive innovation and pricing strategies.
4. Distributors – Help deliver products to the market.
5. Public/Media – Affect brand image.
Macro Environment (General Environment):
1. Economic Environment – Includes inflation, interest rates, taxes.
2. Political-Legal Environment – Laws, government stability.
3. Technological Environment – Innovation and digitization trends.
4. Socio-Cultural Environment – Beliefs, values, and habits of society.
5. Environmental Factors – Pollution control, climate change.
6. Global Environment – Trade policies, exchange rates, global demand.
Businesses must adapt to these changing external factors to survive and grow.

Q4. What is economic environment? What are its essential elements?

Meaning:
The economic environment includes all the economic factors that affect the purchasing
power of customers and the strategies of businesses. It influences how businesses operate
and make profits.
Essential Elements:
1. Economic System:
o Type of system: capitalist, socialist, or mixed (India is mixed).
2. Level of Economic Development:
 o Whether the economy is developed, developing, or underdeveloped.
3. National Income & GDP:
o Indicates the overall health of the economy.
4. Inflation & Deflation:
o Rising or falling prices affect costs and consumer demand.
5. Interest Rates:
o Affects loans and investment decisions.
6. Employment Levels:
o High employment = more spending power.
7. Monetary and Fiscal Policies:
o Government controls spending and money supply.
8. Global Economic Trends:
o International market performance, trade agreements.
The economic environment determines how much people spend, how much businesses can
invest, and overall market opportunities.

Q5. Write short notes on:

a. Competitive Advantage:
Competitive advantage is the unique edge a business has over its competitors. It allows the
company to attract customers and earn more profits.
Types:
• Cost Advantage – Lower prices due to cheaper production.
• Differentiation Advantage – Unique product features or quality.
• Niche Advantage – Serving a small but specific market better.
Examples:
Apple has a brand and design advantage. Amazon has cost and delivery speed advantage.
b. Technological Environment:
This includes the changes and developments in technology that affect business operations.
Examples:
• Use of automation in manufacturing
• Digital payments and online banking
• Artificial Intelligence, Data Analytics
Impact:
• Increases productivity
• Improves communication
• Requires continuous learning and upgrading
• Can lead to job loss in manual sectors

Unit 3: Emerging Trends in Business Concepts

Q1. What is Franchise and Franchising? Mention its features, merits and demerits.
Franchise:
A franchise is a business model where one party (franchisee) is allowed to use the brand,
product, and business model of another party (franchisor) in exchange for a fee.
Franchising:
It is the process of granting the right to operate a business using an established brand’s
name and system.
Features:
1. Legal agreement between franchisor and franchisee.
2. Franchisee uses the franchisor’s brand name and methods.
3. Royalty or fees paid by franchisee.
4. Training and support provided by franchisor.
Merits:
• Lower risk for franchisee.
• Ready-made brand value.
• Training and support available.
• Quick expansion for franchisor.
Demerits:
• Limited freedom for franchisee.
• Profit-sharing required.
• Reputation of one franchise affects all.
• High setup costs.
Examples: McDonald's, Domino’s, Subway.

Q2. What is Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)? Mention its features, merits and
demerits.
BPO:
BPO refers to outsourcing non-core business tasks to third-party service providers to reduce
cost and increase efficiency.
Features:
1. Deals with routine processes like HR, payroll, customer support.
2. Cost-saving model.
3. Usually outsourced to developing countries.
4. Involves contracts or service-level agreements.
Merits:
• Reduces cost and saves time.
• Allows focus on core activities.
• Access to expert services.
• Scalability and flexibility.
Demerits:
• Data security risks.
• Language or communication issues.
 • Over-dependence on external parties.
• Quality control challenges.

Q3. Who are Aggregators? What are their various types? Explain the challenges faced by
aggregators.
Aggregators:
Aggregators are platforms that collect services from different providers and offer them to
customers under one brand.
Types:
1. Travel Aggregators – e.g., MakeMyTrip
2. Food Aggregators – e.g., Zomato, Swiggy
3. Cab Aggregators – e.g., Ola, Uber
4. E-commerce Aggregators – e.g., Amazon, Flipkart
Challenges Faced:
• Maintaining service quality.
• Managing vendor relationships.
• Legal and regulatory issues.
• High competition.
• Thin profit margins.

Q4. What is Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)? Mention its features, merits and
demerits.
KPO:
KPO involves outsourcing high-level knowledge-based tasks like data analysis, legal services,
research, etc.
Features:
1. Requires specialized knowledge and expertise.
2. More complex than BPO.
3. Involves research, interpretation, and decision-making.
4. High value-added services.
Merits:
• Cost savings with skilled output.
• Focus on core strategies.
• Access to global talent.
• Competitive advantage.
Demerits:
• Quality variation.
• Intellectual property concerns.
• Dependency on external firms.
• Talent retention issues.
Q5. What is E-Commerce? What are its various types? Mention its features, merits and
demerits.
E-Commerce:
E-Commerce refers to buying and selling of goods or services using the internet.
Types:
1. B2B (Business to Business)
2. B2C (Business to Customer)
3. C2C (Customer to Customer)
4. C2B (Customer to Business)
Features:
• Digital transaction platform.
• 24/7 accessibility.
• Online payment and delivery systems.
• Global reach.
Merits:
• Convenience and time-saving.
• Wider market reach.
• Lower cost of operation.
• Customer data analytics.
Demerits:
• Cybersecurity risks.
• Lack of personal interaction.
• Delivery delays.
• High competition.

Q6. What is Digital Economy? Mention its features, merits and demerits.
Digital Economy:
A digital economy is one that is based on digital technologies, including online platforms,
digital payments, AI, cloud computing, etc.
Features:
• Use of internet and digital tools.
• Digital transactions and services.
• Data-driven decision-making.
• E-governance and digital inclusion.
Merits:
• Efficient and fast transactions.
• Boosts innovation and employment.
• Greater transparency.
• Supports startups and digital India vision.
Demerits:
• Digital divide (rural-urban gap).
 • Cyber threats.
• Job losses in traditional sectors.
• High tech-dependence.

Q7. Write short notes on:

a) Asset-Light Model:
This business model focuses on owning fewer physical assets. Companies partner with third
parties for assets like vehicles, hotels, etc.
Examples: OYO doesn’t own hotels; Ola doesn’t own cars.
Benefits: Low risk, high scalability, reduced capital cost.

b) Incubator:
An incubator is a support system that helps startups grow by providing funding, office space,
training, and mentoring.
Used in: Technology, healthcare, and social enterprises.

c) Types of E-Commerce:
1. B2B – Businesses sell to other businesses.
2. B2C – Businesses sell to individual customers.
3. C2C – Customers sell to other customers (eBay).
4. C2B – Individuals offer services/products to companies (freelancers).

Q8. Distinguish Between:

a) Franchising, Distributorship, and Agency:
Basis Franchising Distributorship Agency
Sells company’s Acts on behalf of
Meaning Use of brand & model
products company
Franchisee runs Agent doesn’t own
Ownership Distributor owns stock
business goods
High control by
Control Moderate Low control
franchisor
May or may not be
Training/Support Provided Usually not provided
given

b) E-Commerce and Traditional Business:

Basis E-Commerce Traditional Business
Platform Online/Internet Physical location
Time 24/7 available Limited hours
Cost Lower operating cost Higher setup/operating cost
Basis E-Commerce Traditional Business
Reach Global Local or limited
Interaction Digital Face-to-face

Unit 4: Elements of Information Technology Act

Q1. What is Cyberspace? Explain its features. Distinguish between cyberspace and physical
world.
Cyberspace refers to the virtual environment of the internet where digital communication
and online interactions occur.
Features of Cyberspace:
1. Virtual in nature – Exists in digital form, not physical.
2. Unlimited connectivity – Connects people globally.
3. Real-time interaction – Instant messaging, emails, calls.
4. Data storage and exchange – Massive sharing and storing of data.
5. Anonymity possible – Users may hide identities.
6. Digital identity – People and businesses have online presence.
Difference between Cyberspace and Physical World:
Basis Cyberspace Physical World
Nature Virtual, digital Physical and tangible
Interaction Through devices/internet Face-to-face
Identity Can be hidden or fake Visible and verified
Boundaries No geographical limits Limited by geography
Law & Regulation Cyber laws Traditional laws

Q2. Write a brief note on evolution of cyber laws. Explain its scope.
Evolution of Cyber Laws in India:
• In the 1990s, with rising internet use, cybercrimes increased.
• India signed the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-commerce.
• As a result, the Information Technology Act, 2000 was passed.
Scope of Cyber Law:
1. E-commerce laws – Legal status to electronic transactions.
2. Cybercrimes – Deals with hacking, phishing, identity theft, etc.
3. Digital signatures – Legal recognition of authentication tools.
4. Data protection – Securing personal and sensitive data.
5. Certifying authorities – Regulation of digital certificate issuers.
6. E-governance – Promotes digital administration.

Q3. Write a detail about various types of cybercrime.

Cybercrime is any illegal activity using computers or the internet.
Types:
1. Hacking: Unauthorized access to systems.
2. Phishing: Fraudulent emails to steal information.
3. Cyberstalking: Online harassment or threats.
4. Identity Theft: Using someone’s data without consent.
5. Online Fraud: Financial scams like fake websites or emails.
6. Data Theft: Copying confidential info illegally.
7. Cyber Terrorism: Using internet for spreading fear or damage.
8. Child Pornography: Sharing illegal or obscene content involving minors.

Q4. What are the features of IT Act, 2000? Mention its aims and objectives.
Features of IT Act, 2000:
1. Legal recognition of digital signatures and documents.
2. Provides penalties for cybercrimes.
3. Allows e-governance and electronic records.
4. Establishes Cyber Appellate Tribunal.
5. Recognizes Certifying Authorities for digital certificates.
Aims & Objectives:
• Promote safe use of computers and networks.
• Facilitate e-commerce and e-governance.
• Prevent cybercrimes and misuse of digital data.
• Provide legal recognition to online transactions.
Important Definitions:
• Access, computer system, data, digital signature, hacking, electronic record, etc.
(You must refer to Section 2 of the Act.)

Q5. What is digital signature? Explain its purpose. What are the conditions to secure
digital signature?
Digital Signature is an electronic method to verify the identity of the sender and ensure the
authenticity of a message or document.
Purpose:
• Ensure security and authenticity in online communication.
• Prevent tampering of electronic data.
Conditions for Secure Digital Signature:
1. Unique to the signer.
2. Capable of identifying the signer.
3. Created using private key (only known to signer).
4. Verified with a public key by recipient.
5. Data integrity must be maintained.
Q6. What is financial scam? Explain its impact on Indian economy. How these scams can
be controlled?
Financial Scam is a fraudulent act of obtaining money through illegal means like fake
investments, embezzlement, or stock fraud.
Impact on Economy:
1. Loss of investor confidence.
2. Ruins financial institutions.
3. Affects stock markets.
4. Hampers foreign investment.
5. Increases inflation or NPAs.
How to Control:
• Strict regulations and audits.
• Use of technology for fraud detection.
• Awareness campaigns.
• Strengthening regulatory bodies like SEBI, RBI.
• Harsh punishments for offenders.
Examples: Harshad Mehta scam, Nirav Modi scam, Yes Bank crisis.

Q7. Explain various provisions of IT Act 2000 relating to control and regulation of
Certifying Authorities.
Certifying Authorities (CAs) issue digital certificates under the IT Act, 2000.
Provisions:
1. Section 17-34: Covers appointment, duties, and powers of CAs.
2. Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) – Regulates CAs.
3. License Requirement – CAs need a license from CCA.
4. Compliance – Must follow rules on issuing and managing digital signatures.
5. Audit – CAs are subject to regular security audits.
6. Suspension/Revocation – CCA can cancel licenses for violations.

Q8. Explain the provision of IT Act 2000 relating to Adjudication by Adjudicating Officer
and by Cyber Appellate Tribunal.
Adjudicating Officer (AO):
• Appointed under Section 46 of IT Act.
• Handles cases of cyber contraventions involving claims up to ₹5 crore.
• Can impose penalties and award compensation.
Cyber Appellate Tribunal:
• Appeals against orders of Adjudicating Officer are heard here.
• Has powers of a civil court.
• Final decisions can be appealed in High Court.
Q9. Who can appeal to Cyber Appellate Tribunal? What are the powers of Cyber Appellate
Tribunal? Explain the provisions of IT Act 2000 relating to Cyber Appellate Tribunal.
Who Can Appeal:
• Any person aggrieved by Adjudicating Officer’s decision.
• Certifying Authorities.
• Corporate or individuals affected by cyber matters.
Powers:
• Hear appeals.
• Issue summons, take evidence.
• Grant compensations.
• Make final decisions on cyber disputes.
Provisions (Sec 48-64):
• Tribunal established by Central Govt.
• Presided over by a Presiding Officer.
• Powers similar to civil courts.
• Orders binding unless appealed in High Court.

Q10. Write short notes on:

a) Data Protection:
Protection of personal and sensitive information from misuse, theft, or unauthorized access.
IT Act and proposed Personal Data Protection Bill aim to safeguard user privacy.

b) E-Governance:
Use of IT by the government to deliver services and share information with citizens.
Examples: Digital India, online income tax filing, e-licensing.

c) Electronic Record:
Any data or information stored digitally. Recognized under the IT Act as legal equivalent of
paper documents.