write names of all phases of moons ?

 new Moon.
 waxing crescent Moon.
 first quarter Moon.
 waxing gibbous Moon.
 full Moon.
 waning gibbous Moon.
 last quarter Moon.
 waning crescent Moon.
Define Amplitude of a celestial body.
The amplitude of a celestial body, like the Sun or a star, is the angle of a
celestial body's position at the horizon when it is rising or setting, as measured
from the east or west point of the horizon. It's essentially the bearing of the
body at the moment it appears or disappears over the horizon.

Define Set and Drift.

 Set: The direction in which the current is pushing the vessel. It’s usually expressed in
degrees true or magnetic.
 Drift: The speed at which the vessel is being carried by the current, typically measured
in knots.

13 Define Amplitude of a celestial body.

The geographical range of a light refers to the maximum distance at which a navigational light
(such as a lighthouse or buoy light) can be seen, limited by the curvature of the Earth. It
depends on the height of both the light source and the observer’s eye above sea level.

State any two salient features of Great Circle.

 Shortest Distance Between Two Points:

 Passes Through the Center of the Earth

Briefly state purpose of Safety Contour setting on ECDIS

The Safety Contour setting on Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) serves
a crucial role in maritime navigation. Its main purpose is to visually differentiate safe navigable
waters from potential hazards based on the vessel's draft.

Section c
why passage planning is important in making a successful voyage, what are the
4 elements in passage planning in detail?

Passage planning is essential for ensuring a safe, efficient, and successful voyage. It helps
mariners anticipate potential hazards, optimize routes, and comply with regulations, ultimately
reducing risks to the vessel, crew, cargo, and environment.

Importance of Passage Planning

 Safety: Helps avoid navigational dangers like shallow waters, obstacles, and restricted
zones.
 Efficiency: Optimizes the route to minimize fuel consumption and travel time.
 Regulatory Compliance: Ensures adherence to international maritime laws and local
regulations.
 Environmental Protection: Reduces the risk of accidents that could lead to pollution.

Four Stages of Passage Planning

1. Appraisal: This stage involves gathering all necessary information to plan the voyage. It
includes:
a. Studying charts, tide tables, weather forecasts, and navigational publications.
b. Identifying risks such as traffic, wrecks, and restricted areas.
c. Assessing port entry and exit procedures.
2. Planning: This stage involves creating a detailed route using all the information
gathered. Key tasks include:
a. Plotting the course on electronic or paper charts.
b. Establishing waypoints and alternative routes.
 c. Defining safe speeds and navigational constraints.
d. Identifying no-go areas and critical maneuvering points.
3. Execution: In this phase, the ship follows the planned route while making real-time
adjustments based on conditions. Key aspects include:
a. Maintaining proper watchkeeping and monitoring navigational instruments.
b. Adjusting for weather, currents, and unexpected obstacles.
c. Communicating with relevant authorities and nearby vessels.
4. Monitoring: Continuous assessment of the vessel’s position and adherence to the
planned route. This includes:
a. Regular position fixing using GPS, radar, or celestial navigation.
b. Ensuring compliance with the planned passage and adjusting if necessary.
c. Evaluating fuel efficiency and making modifications to improve performance.

Explain what is meant by the term 'Quality of Data (CATZOC)' on an ENC. What
are the various CATZOC categories –and State the depth accuracy & position
accuracy associated with each CATZOC value, Along with the ECDIS symbols.

Quality of Data (CATZOC) on an ENC

CATZOC (Category of Zone of Confidence) is a classification system used in Electronic

Navigational Charts (ENCs) to indicate the reliability and accuracy of hydrographic survey data.
It helps mariners assess the quality of depth and positional information, ensuring safe
navigation.

CATZOC values are displayed on ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) using
specific symbols, allowing navigators to determine the confidence level of the charted data.

CATZOC Categories and Their Accuracy Levels

CATZOC is divided into six categories: A1, A2, B, C, D, and U. Each category represents different
levels of depth accuracy and position accuracy:

Position
CATZOC Category Depth Accuracy ECDIS Symbol
Accuracy
 ±0.5m + 1% of Triangle with six
A1 ±5m
depth stars
±1.0m + 2% of Triangle with five
A2 ±20m
depth stars
±1.0m + 2% of Triangle with four
B ±50m
depth stars
±2.0m + 5% of Triangle with two
C ±500m
depth stars
Unreliable depth Triangle with one
D >500m
data star
U (Unassessed) Unknown accuracy Unknown No symbol

Importance of CATZOC in Navigation

 Ensures safe passage planning by identifying areas with reliable depth data.
 Helps in under-keel clearance (UKC) calculations, preventing grounding risks.
 Alerts mariners to areas with uncertain or outdated survey data, requiring extra
caution.

Define & draw neat, labelled diagram indicating the following: Chart Datum, Drying Height,
MHWS,MHWN, MLWS,MLWN.
 
 Chart Datum: A reference level from which depths and tidal heights are measured on
nautical charts. It is typically the lowest astronomical tide (LAT) or mean lower low
water (MLLW).
 Drying Height: The vertical height of a feature (e.g., a sandbank or rock) above the chart
datum, which is exposed at low tide.
 MHWS (Mean High Water Springs): The average height of high water during spring
tides, occurring twice a month when the tidal range is at its greatest.
 MHWN (Mean High Water Neaps): The average height of high water during neap tides,
which occur twice a month when tidal range is smaller.
 MLWS (Mean Low Water Springs): The average height of low water during spring tides.
 MLWN (Mean Low Water Neaps): The average height of low water during neap tides.

a. How will you determine the Safety Depth setting for your vessel?

b. Explain in brief the modes of display Base, Standard & ALL as per the latest
ECDIS performance standards.
The Safety Depth setting on ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) is crucial
for ensuring safe navigation. It is determined based on several factors:

1. Vessel’s Draft: The static draft of the vessel is the primary consideration.
2. Under-Keel Clearance (UKC) Requirements: Includes allowances for squat, wave action,
and vessel motion.
3. Height of Tide: The predicted tide level at the time of passage.
4. Survey Accuracy (CATZOC): Confidence in the depth data from the ENC.
5. Navigational Area: Open sea vs. confined waters may require different settings.

b. ECDIS Display Modes: Base, Standard & ALL

ECDIS offers different display modes to manage the amount of information shown on the
electronic chart:

1. Base Display:
a. Shows only essential chart features such as coastline, safety contours, and scale
information.
b. Used for minimalistic navigation when detailed data is unnecessary.
2. Standard Display:
a. Includes additional navigational aids like buoys, lights, wrecks, and depth
contours.
b. The default mode for general navigation.
3. ALL Display:
a. Shows all available chart information, including supplementary layers like tidal
data, seabed composition, and administrative boundaries.
b. Used for detailed passage planning and situational awareness.

Each mode helps mariners tailor the display to their needs, ensuring clarity and efficiency in
navigation.