Environmental science evolved as an academic discipline to fill

the gap in having a holistic knowledge about working of our

life-
supporting environment and thorough understanding of the

dynamics of these problems.

Environment All the things around us with which we interact
Biotic Factors Living things (Animals, plants forests, fungi, etc.)
Abiotic Factors Non-living things (Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks)
Built environment Buildings, human-created living centers
Social relationships and institutions, and cultural elements such as economic, social and political
cultural environment elements

Environment is the living objects in general and man in particular.

Atmosphere four segments of the environment
Lithosphere
Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere it implies the protective blanket of gases
surrounding the earth
Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth which consists of
minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil
(e.g. minerals, organic matter)

Biosphere it indicates the realm of living organisms and

their interactions with environment
Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources
97% how much of the earth’s water supply is in the oceans?
1% How much of earth's water supply is available as fresh
surface water fit for human consumption and other uses?
2% How much of the water resources is locked in polar icecaps
and glaciers?
Growing population Some of the environmental challenges we face today are:

Poverty

Agricultural growth

Needs of ground water

Development and Forests

Degradation of land

Reorientation of institutions

Reduction of genetic diversity

Evil consequences of urbanization

Air and water population

Environmental Science It is defined as an interdisciplinary academic field that
integrates
various fields (particularly sciences) to study the structure
and
function of our life-supporting environment and to
understand causes, effects, and solutions of different
environmental problems.

Environmental Science is the scientific study of all the components or

factors that make or influence our life-
supporting biophysical environment.

Environmental Science Is the study of how the natural world works and how the
environment affects humans and vice versa
Environmental Science is the study of the interaction of humans
with the natural environment.
Science improves our understanding of natural processes

Engineering uses understanding to develop

and apply technologies that will maintain or improve
environmental quality

Environmental History emerged as a new field of study as environmental

problems began to rise up the global political agenda in the
1960s and
1970s. Its primary goal is to show how environmental
change and human actions are interconnected.
Extraction of resources Man exerts a tremendous impact on
the environment through.....
Modification and manipulation of the
environment

Pollution resulting from deposition of

wastes

Natural Resources are substances and energy sources needed for

survival.
Renewable Resources two types of natural resources:
Non-renewable Resources

Renewable Resources perpetually available (e.g. sunlight, wind, wave energy)

➡ renew themselves over short periods
of time (e.g. timber, water, soil)

Non-renewable Resources can be depleted

(e.g. oil, coal, minerals)
Inexhaustible Resources ➡ cannot be used up
➡ Ex. Sunlight
Recyclable Non-renewable resources Not replaced within the human time scale
➡ Can be reused repeatedly
➡ Minerals, metals
Natural sciences information
about the natural world
Social Sciences study human
interactions and behavior
Environmental Economics ๏ A distinct branch of economics that acknowledges the
value of both the environment and the economic activity
and make choices based on those values.
Scarcity is a misallocation of environmental
resources due to a pricing problem

Environmental Ethics It is the study of the moral relationship of human

beings with the environment and its non-human
contents. Deals with the issues related to the rights
and duties of
individuals that are fundamental to life and well-being of
present human society, future generations, as well as other
beings present on the earth

Ethics the study of good and bad, right and wrong

Relativist ethics vary with social context

Universalists right and wrong remains the same across cultures and
situations
Anthropocentrism Three Ethical Perspectives:
Biocentrism
Ecocentrism

Anthropocentrism only humans have rights

‣ Costs and benefits are measured only according

to their impact on people
‣ Anything not providing benefit to people has no
value
Biocentrism certain living things also have value

‣ All life has ethical standing

‣ Development is opposed if it destroys life, even if it
creates jobs
Ecocentrism whole ecological systems have value

‣ Values the well-being of species, communities, or

ecosystems

‣ Holistic perspective, stresses preserving

connections
7.8 billion Earth has more than _______ humans (as of september
2020)
Agricultural revolution Industrial 2 causes for the fast rising population of humans:
revolution
Asia is the fastest-growing region in
the world
ecological footprint The environmental impact of a person or
population
‣ Amount of biologically productive land

water needed to supply the people in

a particular area
‣ with renewable resources and absorbs
and recycle wastes
Environmental Science The pursuit of knowledge about the natural world
Environmentalism is a social movement through which citizens are involved in
activism to further the protection of environmental
landmarks and
natural resources

๏ This is not a science, but incorporates some aspects of

environmental knowledge to advance conservations and
sustainability efforts

Jane Goodall is most well-known for her love

of chimpanzees and her
extensive years of field
research on the species.
➡ In July 1960, she traveled from
England to Tanzania and set out to
discover the secrets of the c h i m p
anzeespecies.Her
unconventional approach to her
research transformed relationships
between humans and animals.

Modern Environmentalism ushered in a wave of public awareness and legislation.

• Reducing air and water pollution

• Preserving ecosystems and biodiversity
• Promoting sustainability

➡ This movement was triggered by a series

of environmental disaster in the previous
decades.
Global Environmentalism Following the 1970s, environmentalism began to consider
issues that affected the entire planet:

• Biodiversity loss
• Food production
• Climate Change
• Human population growth
• Economic inequality between nations

Sustainable Development refers to a mode of human development in

which resource use aims to meet human needs
while ensuring the sustainability of natural
systems and the environment, so that these
needs can be met not only in the present, but
also for generations to come.
Cell Biological hierarchy:

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organisms

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biomes

Biosphere

Organism Any unicellular or multicellular form

exhibiting all of the characteristics of life,
an individual.
➡ It is the lowest level of organization

Population A group of organisms of

one species living in the
same place at the same
time that interbreed and
compete with each other for
resources (Ex. food, mates,
shelter)

Food Basic requirements for survival include:

Water

Shelter

Air

Clothing
Community Several interacting populations that
inhabit a common environment and
are interdependent.

Ecosystem Populations in a
community and the
abiotic factors with they
interact ( Ex. marine
ecosystem, terrestrial
ecosystem)

Biomes ➡ It is a community of plants and animals that

have common characteristics for the environment they
exist in.
➡ They can be found over a range of continents.

Biomes are categorized and define by abiotic factors (non-living)

such as the climate, vegetation and geology.
Tropical Forest Ten major biomes in the world:

Savannah

Deserts

Desert Scrubs

Mediterranean

Temperate Grasslands

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Coniferous Forest

Mountains

Tundra
Biosphere ➡Life supporting
portions of Earth
composed of air,
land, fresh water,
and salt water.

Environment It is everything that is around us. It includes both the

living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) things. It includes
physical, chemical and other natural forces.
Ecosystem When a population in a community forms a system
resulting from interaction of all living and non-living factors
of the environment makes an __________

Ecosystem ➡The term _________ was first proposed by A.G.

Tensely in 1935.

➡He defined it as “the system resulting from the

interaction of all the living and non-living factors of the
environment”

Ecosystem consists of the biological community that

occurs in some locale, and the physical and
chemical factors that make up its non-living or abiotic
environment.
Abiotic Factors Biotic Components of an ecosystem:
Factors

Abiotic Factors consists of non-living chemical

physical components such as air, nutrients in the soil

or water

solar energy.

Climatic Factors •Abiotic components are mainly of two types:

Edaphic Factors
Biotic Factors all living things that directly or indirectly
affect the ecosystem.
Producers or Autotrophs Major Biological Components of Biotic Factors:
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Decomposers or Detritivores

Producers or Autotrophs Also known as self-feeders

Consumers or Heterotrophs get their energy
nutrients by
feeding on other organisms or their remains
Decomposers or Detritivores mostly certain types of bacteria and
fungi are specialized consumers that recycled organic
matter in the ecosystems

Natural Ecosystem Types of ecosystems:

Artificial Ecosystem
Natural Ecosystem ❖ these operate under natural conditions without
any major interference by man

❖ Examples: Forest ecosystem, Aquatic

ecosystem,
Grassland,
Dessert ecosystem
Artificial Ecosystem ❖ these are maintained artificially by man
whereby addition of energy and planned manipulation,
natural balance is disturbed regularly.

❖ Examples: Crop land ecosystem, greenhouses

Forest Ecosystems high rainfall

- large number of organisms and flora
- highly diverse population
- stability of ecosystem is very sensitive
- it has forest canopy, forest floor and forest soil
- serves as watershed protection
- atmospheric regulation function
- soil erosion control
- wind erosion control

Desert Ecosystems high temperature, intense sunlight and low

water
- Flora and fauna are very poorly developed and
scarce
- Organisms are xeric (containing little moisture)
adaptive; plants and animals are adapted to live in
extremities - Scarcely populated
- Can be used as Solar energy resources
- Source of mineral resource

Grassland Ecosystems Marginal rainfall

- Vegetation is dominated by grasses
- Unimproved wild-plant communities
- Densely populated
- It provides foods, esp. for grazing animals
- They are breeding areas
Aquatic Ecosystems Low temperature and sunlight
- Soil and vegetation is submerged
- Flora and fauna had adapted -
Densely populated - Functions are:

• recycles nutrients
• purify water
• responsible for proper rainfall
• attenuate floods
• recharge ground water

Ocean Four types of Aquatic ecosystems:

Wetland
Lotic
Lentic
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE It is the pathway by which a chemical
substance cycles the biotic and the
abiotic compartments of Earth

biosphere Biotic compartment of earth

atmosphere Abiotic compartments of earth:

lithosphere
hydrosphere
Water or hydrologic cycle 5 Common Biogeochemical cycles are:

Carbon cycle

Nitrogen cycle

Phosphorous cycle

Sulfur cycle

Water acts as the primary transport medium, moving essential

nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon throughout
the environment, essentially connecting different
ecosystems and facilitating the cycling of these elements
between the atmosphere, land, and oceans;

water cycle Water is recycled over and over through the ______
Withdrawing large amounts of freshwater. We alter the water cycle by:

Clearing vegetation and eroding soils.

Polluting surface and underground water.

Contributing to climate change.

Carbon is the basic building block of all organic materials, and

therefore, of living organisms.
carbon cycle is the process by which carbon moves between the
atmosphere, organisms, and the Earth.
nitrogen ๏All organisms require ________ because it is an
important component of nucleic acids (DNA RNA),
proteins, and other organic molecules.

Nitrogen gas exists in both organic and inorganic forms. Inorganic forms
of it are found in abundance in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen Fixation atmospheric nitrogen (N2) which is primarily
available in an inert form, is converted into the usage form
—ammonia
(NH3), making it available to plants and other organism
in the ecosystem.

Nitrification process where the ammonia is converted into

nitrate through a two-step oxidation reaction, first by
bacteria
converting ammonia to nitrite, then further oxidation of
nitrite to
nitrate; both steps requiring oxygen
Assimilation Stages of Nitrogen Cycle:

Ammonification

Denitrification

Assimilation process where plants and other organisms absorbs

inorganic nitrogen compounds like nitrate or ammonia from
the soil
and convert them into organic nitrogen compounds, such as
amino
acids, to be used in their biological processes; this way it
enters the
food web when the primary consumers eat the plants
Ammonification process where decomposing organisms like
bacteria and fungi break down organic nitrogen from dead
plants and
animals, converting it into ammonia (NH3) which is then
released
back into the environment as ammonium (NH4)

Denitrification process in which nitrogen compounds make their way

back into the atmosphere by converting nitrate into
gaseous
nitrogen; it is the final stage and occurs in the absence of
oxygen
Phosphorus It is found in small
quantities in soil and enhances the growth of the plant. is a
component of DNA and RNA, as well as
other biochemicals like fats, lipids, and Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP). rocks are its reservoir. These rocks
have their origins in the ocean.

ATP are molecules that serves as energy carrier within cells,

when means phosphorus cycle is a vital for the energy
transfer in living things.

Weathering Steps of the phosphorus cycle:

Absorption by plants

Absorption by animals

Return to the environment

Adsorption and desorption

Mineralization and immobilization

Sedimentation of particulate phosphorus

Weathering phosphorus is released from rocks in the Earth’s crust
through weathering
Absorption by plants plants absorb phosphorus from the soil to make
energy
Absorption by animals animals absorb phosphorus by eating
plants or drinking water

Return to the environment when plants and animals die, or

through human and animal waste, phosphorus returns
to the soil and water
Adsorption and desorption phosphorus in soil solution binds to
the surface of soil particle, such as clay, iron, and
aluminum oxides and hydroxides

Mineralization and immobilization these processes occur simultaneously

in the soil
Sedimentation of particulate phosphorus phosphorus
associated with organic matter and minerals is buried in
marine
sediments, lakes, or rivers
Sulfur is an essential element for living things and is involved in
the formation of disulfide bonds in proteins. It is critical to
the three-dimensional shape of proteins.

Sulfur found in nature might even exist in a combined form

with other elements like phosphorus and nitrogen.
Sulfur Cycle In the ________ process, sulfur moves through the
atmosphere, living things, and mineral forms.
Mineralization Main steps of the sulfur cycle:

Oxidation

Reduction

Incorporation
Mineralization organic sulfur is converted into inorganic forms
Oxidation sulfide and elemental sulfur are converted into sulfate
Reduction sulfate is converted into sulfide
Incorporation sulfur is assimilated into organic compounds
energy The various components of an ecosystem are connected
nutrients by:
minerals
nutrients The ______ and _______ circulate and
minerals recirculate between the abiotic and biotic factors
of the ecosystem several times whereas, the flow of energy
is one way, once used by the ecosystem, it is lost.

Decomposers are responsible for the recycling

of nutrients
carbon Other things that get recycles in an ecosystem are:
dioxide water
carbon
sun The energy from the ____ keeps the ecosystem cycle
going.
Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of
energy and matter in an ecosystem. can be represented by
numbers, further levels are numbered subsequently
according to how far the organism is along the food chain.

Apex predators by definition have no natural predators and are at the

top of their food web
food chain ❖ It shows a one way flow of
energy of in an ecosystem.

❖ It is a linear network of links

in a food web starting from producer
organisms (such as grass which use
radiation from the sun) and ending
at apex predator species (like grizzly
bears).

❖ It basically shows how the

organisms are related with each
other by the food they eat.

Food web ❖It shows all the possible

paths that energy can take
in an ecosystem.

❖It is the archetypal ecological network.

❖It also shows how organisms

are dependent on each other
in the ecosystem.

energy flow also called the

calorific flow, refers to the
flow of energy and matter
through the ecosystems
influences the abundance
a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f organisms
within it.

Energy is transferred upwards

but is diminished with
each transfer.

Plants create chemical energy from

abiotic factors that include
solar energy.
Producers The food energy created by
________ is passed down to
consumers scavengers, and
decomposers.

Predators are a biotic

factor.

• They control
population size by feeding on
prey.

• There is a delicate
balance that needs to be
maintained.

habitat ❖ The _______ of a species describes the

environment over which a species is known to occur
and the type of community that is formed as a result.
Many species can survive in more than one Difference between environment and habitat
environment but each species has its
“home” or habitat.

Biodiversity describes the

diversity of life from genes to
ecosystems and spans
every level of biological
organization.

Diversity of Species 3 types of biodiversity

Diversity of Ecosystem

Diversity of Genes
Niche It describes how a species
fits within its environment or
living under specific
environmental conditions.

Symbiosis describing any relationship or

interaction between two dissimilar
organisms

Commensalism 3 types of symbiosis:

Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism one species benefits and the other is neither
harmed nor helped
Parasitism one species benefit (parasite) and the other is harmed
(host)
Mutualism beneficial to both species
----------------------------------------------------------------
Resource is a substance a living organism needs for its survival.
Water is, perhaps, the most fundamental of the
resources we require.
It can be defined as any material given to us by
Natural Resource nature which can be transformed in a way that
it becomes more valuable and useful.

- Animal Resources Different Types of Natural Resources

- Crude Oil
- Forest Resources
- Minerals Rocks
- Water Resources
- Land Resources
- Solar Energy
- Wind Power
- Natural Gas
Renewable and Non-renewable resources 2 classification of natural resources
Renewable Resources are those that can be replaced or never runs out.
Since earth formed, the sun has produced energy in the
Solar Energy form of heat and light. It is considered unlimited
Wind is moving air created as the sun heats the earth’s
Wind Power surface. As long as the sun is shining, the wind remains an
infinite, renewable resource.

Hydroelectric power Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and
turned into electricity which is called
When we use heat from the earth to generate energy it is
Geothermal Energy called

is any material made by plants and animals that we can

Biomass convert into energy. It is considered renewable because we
can always grow more plants and trees.
- Woods
- Crops Types of Biomass
- Animal wastes

Non-renewable resources are those that cannot be replaced at the same rate it
is being used. It takes a long time to be replaced.

Fossil fuels release heat energy when they are burned and they are
used to create energy and electricity. They were formed
from the
 remains of living organisms millions of years ago.

Coal, Oil, Natural gas Types of fossil fuels

Coal a black or brownish rock. We burn ____ to create energy.
Oil is a liquid fossil fuel. Most of the worlds ____ is still deep
under the ground.
We rely on _____ to give power
Natural Gas to lights, TVs, air conditioners, and kitchen appliances.
Cyclic resources For resources there is no final use as they can be
used continuously.
- ๏One of the most important natural resources upon
which we depend for our food, fibre and fuel wood, but this
resource is not infinite.
Land Resources/ Land - refers to any piece or entire of the terrestrial earth;
as a natural resource it is the component of the earth which
is of direct economic use for the human population living on
it.
Following are some important factors which affect
- soil and terrain conditions or decide the value of land as a significant natural
- freshwater conditions resources:
- climatic conditions
- biotic conditions
involves the management and modification of
natural environment or wilderness into built environment
Land use such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as
arable fields, pastures, and managed woods.
refers to the policy of using a portion
Land use planning of land strictly for the purpose it is suitable. Different types
of land are classified into various categories.
means the reduction in the quality or
Land degradation value of land, usually due to extensive use or over
exploitation
is the process of felling trees indiscriminately resulting in
Deforestation nude or semi-nude surface of the hill previously covered by
thick forests
are important in the use for irrigation
Water in most countries

➡ It is also required in large amounts for

industrial and domestic consumption.
is an underground layer of water-bearing material,
Aquifer consisting of permeable or fractured rock, or of
unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt).
is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support
Food for the body; usually of plants or animal origin
In general a strong and healthy human consumes ____ kg
1.4 of food everyday.
➡There are two (2) main types of
Crop and Animal agriculture agriculture:
Crop agriculture plant production is harvested for use by man
Animal agriculture Crops from highly manipulated ecosystem is fed to
domesticated animals
can be any substance that comes from the Earth. ______
Mineral resources can be divided into two major categories: Metallic
and Nonmetallic.
resources are things like Gold, Silver, Tin, Copper, Lead,
Metallic Zinc, Iron, Nickel, Chromium, and Aluminum.
Non-metallic are things like sand, gravel, gypsum, halite, Uranium,
dimension stone
Ores are harness from the earth by mining.
Coal and iron are the basic minerals which man needs to develop iron
and steel industry.
Thorium and uranium Are atomic energy minerals
is the found in abundance in minerals, but
Iron the process of extracting iron from different
minerals varies in cost depending on the mineral.

Aluminum is the third most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust.

- broadly means sound land or water use planning.
- “As management of the benefit of all life including
Conservation humankind of the biosphere so that it may yield sustainable
benefit to the present generation which maintaining its
potential to meet the needs and aspirations of the future
generations.”

Nickel Ranks first in terms of deposit and size, it is found in

surigao del norte, davao, Palawan, romblon, samar
Iron is found in Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte and
Cotabato.
Copper is found in Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Panay and
Negros.
Cement, lime, marble Among non-metal deposits, the most abundant are ____,
____, and _____.
Is the most important natural resources in the Philippines
Land primarily of most people earn a living from tilling a __
Cagayan River ( Northern Luzon) 3 largest river in the country
Rio Grande de Mindanao
Agusan River
resources refer to the wind/air resources.

Aerial Examples are the windmills in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte and

Air purifiers in Manila that lessen the effect of air pollution.

It is the source for timber that are use in different wood

Forest works such as building houses, bridges, furniture and many
more.

- is an area of land dominated by trees.

Forest - defined as land spanning more than 0.5 hectares
with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more
than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in
situ.
-
is a woody perennial plant with one stem or trunk which
Tree develops many branches. Trees can live for many years.

includes all forested areas without limitation in size or tree

Forest Cover species. Aside from natural forest, forest cover also
includes man-made forest and small wooded areas.

is that in which is commercially important. This means that

Commercial Forest a sizable amount of forest resources are ready to be in the
wood based industries.

is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests

Reforestation and woodlands (forestation) that have been depleted,
usually through deforestation, but also after clearcutting.

is the act or process of establishing a

Afforestation forest especially on land not previously forested.

Natural forest is forest composed of indigenous trees, not planted by man

Plantation forest forest stands established by planting or
seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation

Naïve tree species tree species that is normally found as part of a particular
ecosystem. Sometimes referred to as Indigenous species.

are species or genotypes that have evolved in the same

area, region or biotope and are adapted to the specific
Indigenous species predominant ecological conditions at the time of
establishment

are species that have been

Introduced-Tree species transported by human activity, intentional or accidental,
into a region where it does not naturally occur. Also
called Alien or exotic, or non-native species

- is community of tress, shrubs, herbs, and

Forest associated plants and organisms that cover a considerable
area that use oxygen, water and soil nutrients as the
community attains maturity and reproduces itself.
Outside The word forest is derived from a Latin word
“Foris” means _____
 Mangrove Forest TYPES OF FORESTS IN THE
‣ Beach Forest PHILIPPINES
‣ Molave Forest
‣ Dipterocarp Forest
‣ Pine Forest
‣ Mossy Forest
This forest have trees that have special root formations.
The fruits and the seeds of the mangrove trees can
Mangrove Forest survive; can germinate and can float in the sea water.

➡ This type of forest is found on tidal mudflats and it can

be found along the clayed seashore as well as in the
tidal zones in the river estuaries.
The beach forest can be found along the beach;
Beach Forest this kind of forest forms a narrow strip along the
sandy coast of the beach.

those in the Philippines where molave trees grow. A

molave is a tree that grows with a crooked trunk.
Molave forest
➡ It reaches heights of up to 82 to 89 feet (25 to 30 meters)
tall. The wood of this tree is valuable because it is a hard,
yellow wood that is durable.

This tropical rainforest covers the largest forest areas in the

Philippines.

➡ It is situated from the coastal flats going up to

approximately 800 meters in the altitude.
DIPTEROCARP FOREST
➡ The _____ is the biggest source of lumber supply in the
country.

PINE FOREST The ______ is usually developed in the country’s

high plateau regions.

➡ This is found in the altitude ranging from seven to eight

meters above the sea level.
Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya) found in Luzon, There are two (2) types of
& Mindoro pine (Pinus merkusi) found pine native to the Philippines:
in parts of Mindoro.
Also referred to as Mountain or cloud forest, and can be
found principally on high and very rough mountainous
regions in about 1200 altitude high
MOSSY FOREST
➡ Most of the mountainous areas have moist climate in
which mossy forest mostly developed. The trees are mostly
dwarf with stems and branches usually covered by moss.
➡ Soil Erosion Barrier
➡ Floods and Tidal Wave Barrier WHAT TYPE OF ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE
IS THUS PREVENTED BY FOREST?
➡ Droughts
➡ Natural Absorber of Rainwater
 cannot be quantified in material terms but are essential for
Intangible Values maintaining life support systems and for sustaining
environmental stability

- can be realized either through extractive use or non-

extractive use
Tangible Values
- harvesting forest products can be profitable for the local
communities (e.g. Material values)
‣ Increasing the amount of rainfall in its area a forest can keep the natural water cycle in balance by:
‣ Storing the rainwater afterwards
‣ Controlling the flow of this water to
surrounding lowlands
‣ Water source
‣ By improving soil fertility forest can directly benefit agriculture in at least two (2)
‣ By protecting crops against common ways:
pests
supply the raw materials for our wood and forest-based
industries. Among the other useful products derived from
forest are:
Economic Assets
‣ e.g. Exudents, Tannins, Dye, Bark
‣ Medicine from leaves and bark
flora the plant life occurring in a particular region
or time, or geological period
the animal life occurring in a particular region
Fauna or time, or geological period

traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species, but

Wildlife has come to include all plants, fungi, and other organisms
that grow or live wild in an area.
➡ population size, including number of sub- Species are assessed against *five criteria (A to E)
populations that consider all the following:
➡ the area occupied by the species and the
size of its
population
➡ the number of locations where the
species has been
found
➡ any trends or changes to the
characteristics above
species or subspecies that is facing extremely high risk of
Critically endangered (CR) species extinction in the wild in the immediate future

(e.g. Philippine eagle, Tamaraw)

Endangered (EN) species species which are in danger

of extinction and which may not survive if the adverse
factors continue to rotate. (e.g. Philippine tarsier)
 refers to species or subspecies that is neither critically
Vulnerable (VU) species endangered nor
endangered but is under threat from adverse factors. It is
facing high risk of extinction in the wild.

Rare species these are the species with small population in the world and
are at risk. (e.g. Himalayan brown bear, Fennec fox,
Vaquita)

A species is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that

the last individual has died. To call a species extinct, there
Extinct (EX) species must have been surveys carried out to look for the species
across its previously known range. The survey needs to
also consider the life cycle of the species and the times of
year when it might be located there. (e.g. Philippine
rhinocerous, Cebu Tamaraw)

Extinct in the Wild (EW) species A species is extinct in the wild when it is known only to
survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalised
population/s outside the range they once lived in..

A species is near threatened when it is not classified in one

Near threatened (NT) species of the above threatened categories, but it is close to being
or is likely to be in a threatened category soon. (e.g.
Philippine tarsier)

A species is least concer when there is sufficient

Least concern (LC) species information available to make an assessment and it is not
classified as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable
or near threatened. Species that are widespread with high
numbers are in this category.

A species is data deficient when there is not enough

Data deficient (DD) species information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its
risk of extinction based on distribution and/or population.

A species is not evaluated when it is has not been

Not evaluated (NE) species assessed against the criteria. This may be because the
species is a rare visitor to the Territory or that the taxonomy
of the species has recently changed or is unclear.

plays an important role in balancing the environment. It

Wildlife provides a stability to different processes of the nature.
It supports a very crucial role in the life-
supporting environment for human’survival.
‣ Ecological The importance of wildlife can be categorized as:
‣ Economic
‣ Investigatory importance
‣ Conservation of biological diversities
‣ Agriculture
Investigatory importance Some organisms are used for scientific
experiments such as to test effect of medicine
Diversity in the environment can be conserved by
Conservation of biological diversities also conserving wildlife.
Wild organisms are very important for modern agriculture
➡ The following are importance of wild life in the
Importance in Agriculture agriculture field are:
-Production of new hybrid variety using wild plants
-Production of better hybrid of animals used for
agriculture using wild animals
-New species of plants and animals can be produced by
them.
๏FOREST MANAGEMENT BUREAU (DENR- is a *Staff Bureau under the Department of
FMB) Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
a. policy formulation and studies
b. support to forestry programs and
projects implementation Major functions and responsibilities are:
c. support to field operation
d. monitoring and evaluation
➡ is a *Staff Bureau under the DENR
๏BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT BUREAU
(DENR-BMB) ➡ its mission is to conserve and sustainably
manage the country’s biodiversity
Staff Bureau branch that primarily performs policy, program
development, and advisory function

as amended, otherwise known as the

"Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines”
‣ This forestry code outlines the policies of the State in
Presidential Decree (PD) No. the management of the forest and its resources.
705,
‣ The Philippine Sustainable Forest Management
Strategy (PSFMS) provides framework for all forestry
programs, projects and activities.

National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act

This law provides for the establishment and
RA 7586 management of protected areas in the Philippines

‣ NIPAS law, serves to “protect outstandingly remarkable

areas and biologically important public lands that are
habitats of rare and endangered species of plants and
animals representative of biogeographic zones and
related ecosystems.”

Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (2001

July)
RA 9147 ‣ An act providing for the conservation and protection
of wildlife resources and their habitats,
appropriating funds there for and for other
 purposes.

‣ To conserve the country’s wildlife resources and their

habitats for sustainability.
DENR-LGU-Community Partnership Are currently implemented in some areas of the country.
are inland depressions that contain standing water. They
may vary in size from small ponds of fewer acres to large
Lakes seas covering thousands of square miles.
are considered as small bodies of standing water so
shallow that rooted plants can grow over most of the
Ponds bottom. Most ponds and lakes have outlet streams and both
are more or less temporary features on the landscape the
reason is filling, no matter how
slow, is inevitable.

(1) Based on temperature different classifications of lakes

(2) Cold Monomictic exist:
- The oligotrophic type
- The eutrophic type
Its water is poor in nutritive plant material and show nearly
equal distribution of oxygen during summer and winter
The oligotrophic type months. Its mud bottom contains little organic material;

It is rich in nutrients. At greater depth below the thermo

The eutrophic type cline in summer eutrophic lakes show a considerable
reduction in oxygen content and their mud bottom is
composed of typical muck.

Estuaries is the place

where this freshwater joins the salt water.