CLOUD COMPUTING

MODULE 1
Introduction: Distributed Computing and Enabling Technologies, Cloud Fundamentals:
Cloud Definition, Evolution, Architecture, Applications, deployment models, and service
models.

🌩️ Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

🔹 1. What is Cloud Computing?
🟢 Definition :​
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services like servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, etc., over the internet (cloud). It allows users to access and store data
and programs online instead of using a computer’s hard drive.

🟢 Hinglish Explanation:​
Cloud computing ka matlab hai ki aap apne computer ya mobile se directly internet ke zariye
services use karte ho – jaise ki Google Drive, Gmail, YouTube, etc. Aapko kuch bhi apne
system me install ya save nahi karna padta.
🖼️ Diagram: Basic Cloud Computing Model
[ Client Devices ]
(Laptop, Mobile)
|
v
[ Internet / Cloud ]
|
-----------------------
| Cloud Service |
| Providers like AWS, |
| Microsoft Azure, |
| Google Cloud |
-----------------------

🔹 2. Characteristics of Cloud Computing

1.​ On-demand self-service – Users can get resources whenever they need.​

2.​ Broad network access – Access through internet from anywhere.​

 3.​ Resource pooling – Resources are shared between multiple users.​

4.​ Rapid elasticity – Resources can be quickly increased or decreased.​

5.​ Measured service – You pay for what you use (pay-as-you-go model).​

🧠 Trick to Remember: O-B-R-R-M​

(Think: "Oh Brother Really Really Mad" 😄)

🔹 3. Components of Cloud Computing

1.​ Client – End users (like you and me)​

2.​ Datacenter – Physical or virtual infrastructure where cloud services run​

3.​ Distributed Servers – Servers that provide backup, processing, and storage​

🔹 4. Types of Cloud Deployment Models

Type Explanation Example
 Public Cloud Available to everyone via internet Gmail, Google Drive

Private Cloud Used by one organization only Cloud for Banks

Hybrid Cloud Combination of public + private Healthcare using public cloud for
data, private for records

Community Shared between several Govt research institutes

Cloud organizations with common goals

🧠 Trick to Remember Types: "PPHC" → Public, Private, Hybrid, Community

🔹 5. Types of Cloud Services (Service Models)

Model Full Form What it provides Example

IaaS Infrastructure as a Hardware resources Amazon EC2

Service

PaaS Platform as a Service Platform to develop Google App Engine

apps

SaaS Software as a Service Ready-to-use apps Gmail, Google Docs

🧠 Trick: "IPS" = Infrastructure, Platform, Software

🔹 6. Advantages of Cloud Computing

✅ Cost-Effective – Pay only for what you use​
✅ Scalability – Increase or decrease resources as needed​
✅ Backup and Recovery – Easy data backup​
✅ Accessibility – Use from anywhere​
✅ Automatic Updates – No manual work needed

🔹 7. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

❌ Internet Dependent – No access without internet​
❌ Limited Control – Providers control hardware/software​
❌ Security Risks – Data may be exposed if not secured​
❌ Downtime – If provider faces issues, your services stop
🔹 8. Real-Life Examples of Cloud Computing
●​ Google Drive: Store files online, share with others​

●​ Netflix: Streams movies using AWS cloud​

●​ Dropbox: File backup and sync​

●​ Zoom: Video conferencing on cloud​

Distributed Computing and Enabling Technologies

🌐 1. What is Distributed Computing?

🟢 Definition (Easy English):​
Distributed Computing is a computing model in which multiple computers (called nodes)
work together to solve a problem or process data. These systems are connected through a
network, and they share tasks and resources to complete a common goal.

🟢 Hinglish Explanation:​
Distributed computing mein ek kaam ko alag-alag computers ya machines milkar solve karte
hain. Har machine apna part ka kaam karti hai, aur milkar ek bada kaam complete hota hai. Ye
computers network ke through connected hote hain.

🖼️ Diagram (Simple Text View):

+-------------+
| Node 1 |
+-------------+
|
+-------------+ | +-------------+
| Node 2 |---+---| Node 3 |
+-------------+ +-------------+
|
+-------------+
| Node 4 |
+-------------+
 All nodes are connected via a Network

This network of nodes = Distributed System

⚙️ 2. Features of Distributed Computing

●​ ✅ Shared resources (CPU, memory, files)​
●​ ✅ Parallel task execution​
●​ ✅ Location transparency (User doesn’t need to know where the resource is located)​
●​ ✅ Fault tolerance (if one node fails, others can continue)​

🧠 3. Real-Life Examples of Distributed Computing

Example Description

Google Search Uses thousands of servers to respond to millions of queries

Bitcoin / Distributed ledger system across many nodes

Blockchain

Weather Supercomputers share tasks in weather prediction

Forecasting

Online Games Game servers use distributed systems for real-time multiplayer
experiences

🛠️ 4. Enabling Technologies of Distributed Computing

Enabling technologies are tools/platforms that make distributed computing possible and
efficient.

🔹 a) Computer Networks
 ●​ Connects multiple computers via LAN, WAN, Internet.​

●​ Allows communication between distributed nodes.​

🔹 b) Middleware
●​ Software that connects different applications running on different systems.​

●​ Example: CORBA, RMI, .NET Remoting​

🧠 Hinglish: Middleware ek bridge ki tarah kaam karta hai – different systems ke

beech data share karwane ke liye.

🔹 c) Grid Computing
●​ Combines resources from multiple computers to work on a task.​

●​ Example: SETI@home project​

🔹 d) Cloud Computing
●​ Uses distributed infrastructure to provide services via the internet.​

●​ SaaS, PaaS, IaaS models are based on distributed computing.​

🔹 e) Virtualization
●​ Allows one physical machine to act as multiple virtual machines.​

●​ Helps in resource sharing and isolation.​

🔹 f) Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

●​ Makes services available to users as reusable components.​

●​ Example: Web Services (SOAP/REST)​

✅ 5. Advantages of Distributed Computing
●​ ✅ Scalability: More nodes = more processing power​
●​ ✅ Fault Tolerance: One machine fails, others keep working​
●​ ✅ Efficiency: Tasks completed faster using parallel processing​
●​ ✅ Resource Sharing: Devices share CPU, memory, data​

❌ 6. Disadvantages of Distributed Computing

●​ ❌ Complex Design: More difficult to design and manage​
●​ ❌ Security Risks: Data is shared across systems​
●​ ❌ Synchronization Issues: Hard to keep all systems updated​
●​ ❌ Network Dependency: Needs strong network connectivity​

🟡 Possible Questions:
✍️ Q1: What is Distributed Computing? Explain with an
example.
✅ Answer:
Definition:​
Distributed computing is a computing model in which multiple computers (called nodes)
work together to perform tasks by sharing resources and communicating via a network.

In simple terms, it means dividing a big task into smaller parts and solving them using
different computers connected through the internet or a network.
Hinglish:​
Distributed computing ka matlab hota hai ek bada kaam alag-alag computers ke beech
baant kar solve karna. Har system apna kaam karta hai, aur milkar final result nikalta hai.

Features of Distributed Computing:

●​ ✅ Shared resources (CPU, memory, files)​

●​ ✅ Parallel processing​
●​ ✅ Location transparency​
●​ ✅ Fault tolerance​

Diagram (Text-based):

+---------+ +---------+

| Node 1 | | Node 2 |

+---------+------|---------+

| / |

| / |

| Network |

| \ |

+---------+ \ +---------+

| Node 3 | \| Node 4 |

+---------+ +---------+
Real-Life Example:

🔸 Google Search Engine – It uses thousands of servers to respond to millions of

queries. Every server does a part of the work and together provides the result.

Conclusion:

Distributed computing improves speed, scalability, and efficiency, but also requires good
network and coordination.

✍️ Q2: What are the Enabling Technologies of Distributed

Computing?
✅ Answer:
Definition:​
Enabling technologies are the technologies that support and make distributed
computing possible and efficient.
Main Enabling Technologies:

1.​ Computer Networks​

– Connects computers and devices​
– Example: Internet, LAN, WAN​

2.​ Middleware​
– Acts as a bridge between systems​
– Helps in communication and data exchange​
– Example: CORBA, Java RMI​

3.​ Grid Computing​

– Combines power of many computers​
– Used in scientific and research tasks​
– Example: SETI@home​

4.​ Cloud Computing​

– Provides computing services via internet​
– Based on distributed infrastructure​
– Example: AWS, Azure​

5.​ Virtualization​
– Allows one system to run multiple virtual machines​
– Better use of hardware resources​

6.​ Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)​

– Uses reusable services to build applications​
– Example: Web services using REST/SOAP​

Diagram (Simple Text View):

+--------+ +--------+ +--------+

| Client | <-> | Network| <-> | Server |

+--------+ +--------+ +--------+

Middleware enables smooth communication

Conclusion:

These technologies help distributed systems work efficiently, reliably, and securely.

✍️ Q3: Write any 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages of

Distributed Computing.
✅ Answer:
Advantages:

1.​ ✅ Scalability – More nodes = more power​

2.​ ✅ Fault Tolerance – If one node fails, others continue​

3.​ ✅ Faster Processing – Tasks are done in parallel​

Disadvantages:
 1.​ ❌ Complex Design – Hard to manage multiple nodes​
2.​ ❌ Security Risks – Data is shared across many systems​

🧠 Quick Revision Table (For Last-Minute Prep):

🧾 Point 📌 Keyword ✅ Tip
Definition Multiple nodes working together Write with example

Example Google Search Real-world always scores

more

Technologie CN, Middleware, Grid, Cloud, Virtualization, Learn short 1-liner for each
s SOA

Diagram Node network Even simple diagram is

valuable

Advantage Scalability, Fault Tolerance Write 3 with ✅

Disadvantag Complexity, Security Write 2 with ❌
e

Zarur! Yeh raha Distributed Computing vs Enabling Technologies ka difference in

Hinglish with examples in a clear table format – exam ke liye perfect answer jaisa.
💡 Difference Between Distributed Computing and
Enabling Technologies (Hinglish + Example Based)

🔸 Point 🔹 Distributed Computing 🔹 Enabling Technologies

1. Meaning Distributed computing ek Enabling technologies woh tools ya
(Matlab) system hota hai jisme multiple techniques hain jo distributed
computers (nodes) milkar ek computing ko possible banate hain.
common task complete karte
hain.

2. Purpose Bada task ko chhote parts me Distributed computing system ko

divide karke alag-alag support karna aur efficiently run
machines se solve karna. karwana.

3. Kaam Actual task execution karta System ko connect karne, manage

(Role) hai across multiple nodes. karne aur communicate karne me help
karta hai.

4. Distributed computing kaam Enabling technologies ke bina

Dependency karne ke liye enabling distributed system properly work nahi
technologies pe depend karta karega.
hai.

5. Real-life 🔸 Google Search Engine – 🔸 Middleware (e.g., CORBA) –

exchange karwata hai.🔸 Virtualization
Example Servers milkar query solve Different systems ke beech data
karte hain.
– Ek machine pe multiple virtual
systems chalana.

🎯 Simple Explanation in Hinglish:

 🔹 Distributed Computing ek approach hai jisme kai computers milke kaam
🔹 Enabling Technologies woh tools & software hain jo distributed system
karte hain.​

ko chalne me madad karte hain jaise – network, middleware, cloud,

virtualization.

🧠 Trick to Remember:
●​ Distributed Computing = Kaam karne wale workers​

●​ Enabling Technologies = Workers ke tools aur support systems​

Jaise ek construction site me workers (distributed system) kaam karte hain, lekin unko
tools, crane, materials (enabling tech) chahiye hota hai kaam complete karne ke liye.

✅ Conclusion for Exam:

●​ Distributed Computing is the main system that performs tasks using many nodes.​

●​ Enabling Technologies are supporting elements that make the distributed system
work efficiently.​

🌩️ Cloud Fundamentals
 1.​ Cloud Definition​

2.​ Evolution of Cloud Computing​

3.​ Cloud Architecture​

4.​ Cloud Applications​

5.​ Cloud Deployment Models​

6.​ Cloud Service Models​

🔹 1. Cloud Definition
🟢 Definition (Easy English):​
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services (like storage, servers, databases,
software, etc.) over the Internet to provide faster innovation, flexible resources, and
economies of scale.

🟢 Hinglish:​
Cloud computing ka matlab hai internet ke zariye IT services provide karna – jaise ki
storage, applications, software – bina kuch install kiye.

🧠 Example:​
Google Drive, Gmail, YouTube – sab cloud par chalte hain.

🔹 2. Evolution of Cloud Computing

 Stage Description

💻 Mainframe Era Central computers used by many users through

terminals.

🖥️ Client-Server Era PCs and servers used in organizations to share data.

🌐 Internet Era Websites and online apps started.

☁️ Cloud Era Internet-based computing – pay-as-you-go model.

🧠 Trick: M-C-I-C (Mainframe → Client-Server → Internet → Cloud)

🔹 3. Cloud Architecture
Cloud architecture refers to the components and subcomponents that make up a cloud
environment.
🧱 Main Components:
1.​ Front-End (Client Side):​

○​ Browser, mobile app, etc.​

○​ User interface to access cloud.​

2.​ Back-End (Cloud Side):​

○​ Servers, storage, databases.​

○​ Managed by cloud service providers.​

3.​ Cloud-Based Delivery:​

○​ SaaS, PaaS, IaaS (explained below)​

4.​ Network (Internet):​

○​ Connects client to cloud.

​
🖼️ Simple Diagram of Cloud Architecture:

[User Device]

[ Internet ]

+-----------------------+

| Cloud Service |

|-----------------------|

| SaaS | PaaS | IaaS |

|-----------------------|

| Server | Storage | DB |

+-----------------------+

🔹 4. Applications of Cloud Computing

 Area Example

✅ Storage Google Drive, Dropbox

✅ Email Gmail, Yahoo Mail

✅ Entertainment Netflix, YouTube

✅ Education Google Classroom, Zoom

✅ Business Salesforce, SAP

✅ Gaming NVIDIA GeForce Now, Xbox

Cloud
🔹 5. Deployment Models of Cloud
Model Explanation Example

Public Cloud Services for everyone over Gmail, AWS

internet

Private Cloud Used by one organization only Bank’s internal

cloud

Hybrid Cloud Combines public & private Govt + public

services

Community Cloud Shared by similar organizations Research labs

🧠 Trick: PPHC = Public, Private, Hybrid, Community

🔹 6. Cloud Service Models

 Model Full Form What it Provides Example

IaaS Infrastructure as a Virtual servers, storage, Amazon EC2

Service networks

PaaS Platform as a Service Platform to develop Google App

applications Engine

SaaS Software as a Service Ready-to-use applications Gmail, Zoom

🧠 Trick: IPS = Infrastructure → Platform → Software

✅ Advantages of Cloud Computing

●​ ✅ Cost Saving (no need to buy hardware)​
●​ ✅ Scalability (resources as needed)​
●​ ✅ Accessibility (anywhere, anytime)​
●​ ✅ Automatic Updates​
●​ ✅ Backup & Recovery​

❌ Disadvantages
●​ ❌ Internet dependent​
●​ ❌ Security concerns​
●​ ❌ Limited control over backend​
📌 Quick Summary Table:
Topic Key Point Example

Definition Internet-based services Google Drive

Evolution M→C→I→C (Mainframe → Cloud) -

Architectur Frontend + Backend + Internet -

e

Application Storage, email, entertainment Gmail, Netflix

Deploymen PPHC AWS (public), Govt cloud

t (private)

Services IPS – IaaS, PaaS, SaaS EC2, App Engine, Gmail