Chapter Five: Communications Via Network and the Web
Outlines
• Explain communication and network
• Understand state machine
• Discuss notifications and alarms
1 • Describe correct communications model
• Explain wireless connectivity and mobile apps
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Communication and network
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Network communication, or internetworking, defines a set of protocols (that is, rules
and standards) that allow application programs to talk with each other without regard
to the hardware and operating systems where they are run.
Internetworking allows application programs to communicate independently of their
physical network connections.
The internetworking technology called TCP/IP is named after its two main protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP).
To understand TCP/IP, you should be familiar with the following terms:
Client: A process that requests services on the network.
Server: A process that responds to a request for service from a client.
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3 Telephony
The word telephony comes from the Greek root words for far, tele, and speak, phone.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell famously patented the telephone as a way to
electronically transmit human speech, building on the success of the telegraph
system.
Telephony is technology associated with interactive communication between two or
more physically distant parties via the electronic transmission of speech or other data.
Long associated with voice communication, telephony has evolved to also include
text messaging, video calling, video conferencing, voicemail, call recording and
faxing.
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Cont.…
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A telephonic exchange historically required the use of traditional fixed-line
telephones, handheld devices containing both speakers (transmitters) and receivers
that connected to local exchange networks via physical wiring.
Telephonic communication increasingly happens using modern computing and
cellular technology, thus blurring the line between the fields of telephony and
telecommunication.
The definition of telephony and its scope have expanded accordingly.
Internet telephony enables users to make calls over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, at
much lower cost than over the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN).
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Cont.
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A telephony application in Android is responsible for voice communication
through the telephone network.
It also provides information about the device and its details, including the IMEI
and network type.
In addition, Android telephony provides information about SMS.
This article will focus on a few of the most important features of an Android
telephony application.
The telephony app is an integral part of the Android system, and it’s used by many
developers.
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6 How telephony works
How traditional telephony works. Traditional phone systems convert sound
waves at one end of a call into electrical signals that travel to their
destination via the wires and cables of the PSTN the circuit-switched
telephone network that crisscrosses the globe.
How mobile telephony works. Using cellular technology, a mobile phone
converts sound into electrical signals that it broadcasts via radio waves to a
local cell tower.
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Cont.…
How internet telephony: Internet telephony software converts sound waves
into data that travels over packet-switched computer networks, enabling
voice calls to occur online and independent of the PSTN and cellular
systems.
Voice over IP (VoIP), a Layer 3 protocol and subset of IP telephony,
delivers voice and other communication services, such as video
conferencing and text messaging, across broadband and private IP
networks.
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Cont..
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How faxing works. Legacy fax (short for facsimile) technology is similar to
traditional voice telephony. Instead of using sound waves as the mechanism for
converting data, a fax machine’s sensor encodes a printed document, which it
interprets as a two-dimensional, fixed bitmap The machine then converts that
graphic into electronic signals.
IP faxing, also known as fax over IP (FoIP) or virtual faxing, functions much like
traditional faxing but via the internet.
Software encodes a scanned document and converts it into data that can travel
over local or wide area IP networks before being decoded and reconverted on the
receiving end.
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Four types of telephony systems for the enterprise
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Legacy, circuit-switched PBX. In traditional phone systems, on-premises private
branch exchange (PBX) boxes act as in-house switching centers, connecting calls
between internal devices directly and routing external calls to and from the PSTN
via dedicated trunk lines.
VoIP PBX. Similar to the traditional PBX, a VoIP or IP PBX essentially creates a
private phone network within a business but does so via the internet or a private
local area network (LAN) rather than dedicated voice circuits.
An on-site IP PBX typically offers more sophisticated feature sets and greater
reliability than a cloud-based VoIP service (see below), but it is also more
expensive
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Cont.
Hybrid PBX. Some organizations deploy a hybrid PBX model that uses both
legacy and IP telephony technology whether for redundancy, cost savings or to
enable a staged migration to VoIP.
These environments use gateways to bridge VoIP and PSTN functionality.
Alternatively, some use the term hybrid PBX to refer to a VoIP telephony
system with both on-premises and cloud-hosted resources.
Cloud VoIP. Cloud VoIP, also known as cloud telephony or cloud calling, is a
VoIP service provided by a third party.
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11 Notifications and Alarms
Notifications are a handy way to add features and functionality to your
application without your users directly interacting with them.
For example, they can be used to add playback controls to a music app,
provide quick actions to respond to sms or email and alert about breaking
news stories among many others.
You will work with the Notification APIs to issue Notifications with the
NotificationManager, schedule Alarms with the AlarmManager and
enhance them by using groups, channels and actions.
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In order to display a notification, you will have to do some setup
12 work. You will need to:
I. Create a notification channel: Notification channels provide a common visual
and auditory experience for notifications of a similar type.
II. Register the notification channel: Open the PetRx.kt application file under the
root package and add the following code to the onCreate() method:
III. Create a notification: Open the NotificationHelper.kt file and navigate to
createSampleDataNotification().
IV. Send a notification using NotificationManager: The last piece to issuing a
notification is getting a reference to the NotificationManagerCompat system
service and calling notify().
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State Machine
A state machine is a concept used in designing computer programs or
digital logic.
There are two types of state machines: finite and infinite state machines.
The former is comprised of a finite number of states, transitions, and
actions that can be modeled with flow graphs, where the path of logic can
be detected when conditions are met. The latter is not practically used.
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14 Cont.
A state machine is any device storing the status of something at a given time.
The status changes based on inputs, providing the resulting output for the
implemented changes.
A finite state machine has finite internal memory. Input symbols are read in a
sequence producing an output feature in the form of a user interface.
State machines are represented using state diagrams.
The output of a state machine is a function of the input and the current state.
State machines play a significant role in areas such as electrical engineering,
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linguistics, computer science, philosophy, biology, mathematics, and logic.
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15 Correct Communications Model
Models of communication are conceptual models that are used to explain the
human communication process.
Models are visual representation of communicating process.
The first formal communication model was enunciated by Claude Elwood
Shannon in 1948 and was published with an introduction by Warren Weaver.
This model is popularly known as the Shannon and Weaver Model of
Communication.
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16 One-Way Communication Model
It is also known as the linear model of Communication as it occurs in a straight
line from sender to receiver and serves to inform, persuade or command.
In this type of communication, information is only transmitted from one point
to another or to many points at a single point of time.
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17 Transactional Model
‘Transactional’ simply means the exchange or interaction between people. It
is based on the basic premises of ‘exchange’ or ‘give and take’.
Hence, the transactional model of communication refers to the exchange of
messages or information between the sender and the receiver where each take
turns to send or receive messages.
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18 Cont.
This model is the most general model of communication as even our daily
interactions are instances of transactional model communication.
Transactional model becomes more efficient and effective when the participants
are of similar environment, know each other and share same social system.
Each person in the process reacts depending upon factors such as their
background, experience, attitudes, cultural beliefs and self- esteem.
Proper choice of channel enhances the efficiency and reliability of the
communicated message.
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Interactive Communication Model
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Interactive communication model is also known as the convergence model.
According to this model, exchange of ideas and messages takes place both ways
form sender to receiver and vice versa.
The communication process occurs between humans or machines in both verbal
and non-verbal ways.
The sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the
sender and channels a message to the original sender.
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Effectiveness of Communication Models
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Communication models are authentic outcomes of systematic study of various
aspects of communication.
Consider the following important points related to the importance of communication
models
Communication models help identify and understand the components and
relationship of the communication process being studied.
Models represent new ideas and thought on various aspects of communication
which helps us to plan for effective communication system. They act as stimulant
for the researchers and students of communication.
Models are pictorial representation of communication process.
They are used for research and investigation in the field of communication.
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Cont.
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As communicating is a rigid process to understand, communication model can
be an essential source to understand such rigidity.
Models predict for more effective communication in future. They also predict
the success or failure of a particular communication process.
Models help explain a phenomenon by providing information in a simplified
way which otherwise be complicated or ambiguous.
We can use the models of communication to analyze real problems and prevent
the occurrence of future problems.
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Wireless Connectivity and Mobile Apps
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The definition of mobility and how it differs from wireless connectivity.
By definition wireless connectivity between a mobile device and another device
requires a physical layer networking technology.
To cover all of the subjects that will allow one to comprehensively understand
wireless connectivity and its currently existing permutations is impossible, not
just in this text, but even in a dedicated text.
We can qualify two types of connectivity to the network: strong and weak.
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Cont.
Besides enabling communication with the cloud, Android’s wireless APIs also enable
communication with other devices on the same local network, and even devices which
are not on a network, but are physically nearby.
The addition of Network Service Discovery (NSD) takes this further by allowing an
application to seek out a nearby device running services with which it can communicate.
This class describes the key APIs for finding and connecting to other devices from your
application.
Specifically, it describes the NSD API for discovering available services and the Wi- Fi
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) API for doing peer-to-peer wireless connections.
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