---
1. What is departmentation? Describe its various types with examples.
Definition :
z
Departmentation is the process of dividing an organi ation into different parts (departments) based on
certain activities . Each department focuses on a specific job or task.
---
y
T pes of Departmentation :
1. Functional Departmentation:
, marketing, finance, HR, etc.
Based on functions like production
Example: A company has departments like Production, Sales, Finance, and HR.
2. Product Departmentation:
Based on different products or product lines .
x :
E ample A compan y like Samsung may have departments for Mobiles, TVs, and Refrigerators.
3. Geographical Departmentation:
Based on location or area.
Example: A company operates in North India, South India, East India, and West India with separate
departments.
4. Customer Departmentation:
Based on types of customers.
Example: A bank may have separate departments for individuals, businesses, and VIP customers.
5. Process Departmentation:
Based on the process or stage of production .
x : x
E ample A te tile compan y may have departments like Spinning, Weaving, and Dyeing.
---
2. Explain the concept of span of management and its impact on organizational structure.
Definition :
Span of management (also y
called span of control) means the number of emplo ees a manager can
effectivel y manage or control.
y
T pes of Span :
1. Wide Span:
A manager controls man y employees.
:
Impact Fewer levels of management (flat structure) , quick communication, more responsibility.
2. Narrow Span:
A manager controls fewer emplo ees y .
:
Impact More levels of management (tall structure) , close supervision, slow decision-making.
z
Impact on Organi ational Structure :
•Communication: Wide span improves communication speed, narrow span slows it.
•Cost: Narrow span increases cost due to more managers.
•Efficiency: Wide span can be efficient if employees are well-trained.
•Supervision: Narrow span gives better control and guidance.
---
4. Define directing and explain its significance in management.
Definition :
Directing means giving instructions, guiding, motivating, and supervising employees so that they work
effectively toward organizational goals.
---
Elements of Directing :
Supervision – Monitoring performance
Motivation – y
Encouraging emplo ees
Leadership – Influencing team behavior
Communication – Sharing information and feedback
Significance of Directing :
1. Starts the action – Helps begin the actual work.
2. Motivates workers – Increases performance and satisfaction.
3. Improves efficiency – Helps employees use their skills better.
4. Leads to goal achievement – Guides everyone toward common objectives.
5. Improves communication – Ensures smooth flow of information.
6. Ensures discipline – Keeps the work environment organized.
7. Encourages teamwork – Builds cooperation among departments.
---
5. What is leadership? Discuss its importance in achieving organizational goals.
Definition :
Leadership is the abilit y to influence, guide, and motivate others to work towards achieving common
goals .
---
z
Importance in Achieving Organi ational Goals :
1. Provides Direction: Guides employees in the right direction.
2. Builds Team Spirit: Promotes unity and cooperation among team members.
3. Motivates Employees: Encourages employees to perform well.
4. Handles Conflicts: Solves workplace problems peacefully.
5. Improves Efficiency: Ensures better performance and productivity.
6. Leads to Goal Achievement: Helps align individual efforts with organizational goals.
7. Encourages Innovation: Inspires new ideas and change.
---
6.Explain any three types of leadership with suitable examples.
1. Autocratic Leadership:
Leader takes all decisions , no employee input.
Example: Military officer commanding soldiers.
2. Democratic Leadership:
Leader takes suggestions from team before making decisions .
x :
E ample A manager involving team in planning a project .
3. Laissez-faire Leadership:
y
Leader gives full freedom to emplo ees to work in their own wa y.
x :
E ample A creative director allowing designers to work freel y.
---
7. Discuss the different leadership styles and their impact on employee performance.
1. Autocratic Style:
:
Impact Emplo ees ma y y feel pressure or fear.
:
Positive Quick decisions .
:
Negative Low job satisfaction .
2. Democratic Style:
: y
Impact Emplo ees feel valued and motivated .
:
Positive High team morale and productivit y.
Negative Ma : y slow down decision-making.
3. Laissez-faire Style:
:
Impact High creativit y, but may lead to confusion if not guided.
: x
Positive Good for e perienced workers .
:
Negative Poor results with untrained teams .
---
8. What is motivation? Explain its role in enhancing employee productivity.
Definition :
x
Motivation is the internal or e ternal drive that pushes people to take action or work better .
---
Role in Enhancing Productivit y:
1. Increases Efficiency: Motivated workers do more in less time.
2. Encourages Better Performance: They give their best efforts.
3. Reduces Absenteeism: Motivated employees enjoy their work.
4. Improves Job Satisfaction: Leads to happiness and engagement.
5. Helps Achieve Goals: Aligns personal goals with company goals.
6. Builds Team Spirit: Promotes cooperation and unity.
---
9. Describe any two important theories of motivation and their relevance in management.
1. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
: y
Five levels Ph siological , Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization.
: x
Relevance Managers must fulfill basic needs before e pecting high performance .
2. Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory:
y
H giene Factors (salary , work conditions) avoid dissatisfaction.
Motivators (recognition , achievement) increase satisfaction.
: y
Relevance Managers should focus on both h giene and motivators .
---
10. How do leadership and motivation work together to improve organizational effectiveness?
Combined Role :
1. Better Guidance: Good leaders use motivation to guide teams.
2. Boosts Morale: Motivated employees perform better under strong leadership.
3. Achieves Goals: Both help align efforts towards goals.
4. Reduces Turnover: Employees stay longer if they are led and motivated well.
5. Promotes Growth: Leads to innovation, commitment, and better results.
6. Inspires Teamwork: Creates a healthy work culture.
11.Define controlling and explain its importance in management.
Definition :
Controlling is the process of measuring performance and taking corrective action to ensure goals are
achieved .
---
Importance :
1. Achieves Goals: Ensures work is going as planned.
2. Improves Efficiency: Avoids waste and saves resources.
3. Keeps Costs in Check: Helps manage expenses.
4. Identifies Errors: Finds problems early.
5. Improves Decision-making: Gives data for better planning.
6. Encourages Discipline: Keeps employees focused.
7. Ensures Quality: Maintains standards and consistency.
---
12. What are the key steps involved in the process of control? Explain each step briefly.
1. Setting Standards:
x
Decide what the target or e pected performance is .
2. Measuring Performance:
y
Check how emplo ees are performing using reports or observation .
3. Comparing Performance with Standards:
Find out if performance meets the standard or not .
4. Finding Deviations:
Identif y any differences or errors.
5. Taking Corrective Action:
Fi x the issues so that goals are met properly.
---
13. Discuss the different types of control used in organizations with suitable examples.
1. Pre-control (Feedforward Control):
Takes place before work starts.
Example: Checking raw materials before production.
2. Concurrent Control:
Happens during the process .
x : y
E ample Monitoring emplo ees while the y are working.
3. Post-control (Feedback Control):
After the task is completed.
Example: Inspecting finished goods before delivery.
14. Explain any three techniques of control and their role in improving organizational performance.
1. Budgetary Control:
Involves setting financial targets and comparing actual results with them .
:
Role Helps control spending , reduce wastage, and improve cost-efficiency.
2. Statistical Quality Control (SQC):
Uses statistics to check product qualit y at different stages.
:
Role Improves product consistenc y and reduces defects.
3. Management Information System (MIS):
Provides accurate , timely information to managers for decision-making.
:
Role Enhances planning , coordination, and quick problem-solving.
---
15. What are the emerging trends in management? Explain how modern management practices are
evolving.
Emerging Trends :
1. Digitalization: Use of software, cloud computing, and AI in daily operations.
2. Workplace Flexibility: Hybrid and remote working options.
3. Diversity and Inclusion: Focus on equality at the workplace.
4. Sustainable Management: Environment-friendly practices and ethical behavior.
5. Data-Driven Decisions: Managers use data analytics for better decisions.
6. Focus on Soft Skills: Leadership, emotional intelligence, and teamwork are valued.
---
16. Discuss any two modern theories of management and their significance in today’s business
environment.
1. Chaos Theory:
z y
Suggests that organi ations operate in a d namic and unpredictable world .
:
Significance Helps companies sta y flexible and open to change.
2. Total Quality Management (TQM):
Focuses on continuous improvement and customer satisfaction .
:
Significance Improves product qualit y, customer loyalty, and employee involvement.
---
17. How do modern management techniques help organizations adapt to a dynamic business
environment?
1. Data-Driven Techniques:
AI, Big Data, and analytics help in predicting trends and making informed choices.
2. Flexible Structures:
Techniques like agile management make the compan y adaptable and responsive.
3. Continuous Learning:
y
Training and upskilling keep emplo ees read y for change.
4. Innovation & Creativity:
Encouraged through brainstorming , design thinking, etc.
5. Strategic Planning Tools:
SWOT analysis, forecasting, and scenario planning help handle uncertainty.
