Chitin

Peptidoglycan

2-KINGDOM SYSTEM

Plantae (have cell wall) Animalia (cell wall absent)

Bacteria, Chrysophytes, Protozoan, Poriferans, Annelids,

Dinoflagellates, Fungi, Algae,
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Arthropods, Chordates etc. 5 & 6-KINGDOM SYSTEM
Gymnosperms, Angiosperms,
Lichen, Mycoplasma
3 kingdom classification 4 kingdom classification

Haeckel Protista Copeland Monera

6 kingdom classification

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria
 EUBACTERIA

KINGDOM MONERA

Archaebacteria Live in

Halophiles Salty areas

Thermoacidophiles High temperature and acidity

(less pH)
Methanogens (produce methane) Present in marshy areas and gut
of ruminants
 KINGDOM PROTISTA

Chrysophytes Dinoflagellates Euglenoids Slime Moulds Protozoans

Contain Desmids (Golden Mostly photosynthetic Mixotrophic nutrition Saprophytic- grow on Heterotrophic (they are
algae) and Diatoms (chief (autotrophic in presence of decaying leaves and twigs primitive relatives of
producers of oceans) sunlight- as they contain animals)
chl-a like pigments) and
Desmids- fucoxanthin pigment acts as predators in
absence of sunlight
Cell wall is present as is Stiff cellulosic cell wall Protein rich layer called Cell wall is absent but Cell wall is absent
embedded with silica pellicle is present instead spore wall is present on
of cell wall which provides spores to protect them in
flexibility to euglenoids unfavourable conditions
Found in fresh and marine Mostly in marine water In fresh stagnant water On dead and decaying Live as predators or as
water matter parasites
 Chrysophytes Dinoflagellates Euglenoids Slime Moulds Protozoans

Diatom Connecting link between Fruiting body • Amoeboid (have

plants and animals pseudopodia): live in
fresh water, sea water
or in most soil; marine
forms has silica shells
on their surface; e.g.,
Entamoeba Parasitic,
causes amoebic
dysentay

Diatomaceous earth (being • They can be of yellow, Trypanosome gambiense • Flagellated: either free
gritty) is used for polishing brown, blue, green and Yellow - carotenoid causes African sleeping living or parasitic
and filtration of oils and red colour (Trypanosoma)
syrups • Gonyaulax is
Brown - xanthophyll sickness • Ciliated: Actively
responsible for red tide Blue - phycocyanin Many cilia perform moving; have gullet;
• Phytoplankton phenomena and Green - chlorophyll coordinated movement e.g., Paramecium
secretes SAXITOXINS • Sporozoans: have spore
Red - phycoerythrin Plasmodium falciparum causes like infectious stage;
malignant malaria e.g., Plasmodium

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Mycobiont Form a thin layer surrounding root and helps in water and mineral absorption
Phycobiont
Provide protection against bacteria and viruses and also increase
surface area for water and mineral absorption
 Vegetative Reproduction: Fragmentation, fission, budding
Asexual: by spores like Conidia, Sporangiospore, Zoospore
Sexual: by Oospore, Ascospore and Basidiospore
Endogenous spores: Starts with ‘A’ and ‘Z’: Ascospore,
Aplanospore, Zoospore, Zygospore
Exogenous spores: Basidiospores, Conidia

Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes

Aseptate and Coenocytic hyphae Branched and septate hyphae Branched and septate hyphae Branched and septate hyphae

- Dikaryophase Dikaryophase -

Found in aquatic habitats; on Saprophytic; decomposers; On soil; wood logs; tree stumps or Decompose litter and help in
decaying wood in moist and damp parasitic or coprophilous as parasites mineral recycling
places Fruiting body: basidiocarp, Sporangium: basidium
Vegetative: Common Vegetative: Common Vegetative: Very Common Vegetative: Common
Asexual: Zoospore (motile); Asexual: Conidia on conidiophores Asexual: Spores usually absent Asexual: Conidia
Aplanospore (non-motile) Sexual: Ascospores Sexual: Basidiospores (sexual Sexual: Absent (thus called fungus
Sexual: Iso, aniso or oogamous Fruiting body: ascocarp organs are absent and imperfectus)
gametes fuse to make ZYGOSPORE reproduction occur by fusion of 2
Sporangium: ascus somatic cells)
 Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes

R: Rhizopus (Bread mould) N: Neurospora (Drosophila of आज (मैं) ऊस (से) परे शान (रहा) C: Colletotrichum
A: Albugo (Parasitic) Plants) Agaricus (Mushroom) A: Alternaria
M: Mucor A: Aspergillus Ustilago (Smut) De: Deuteromycetes
P: Phycomycetes C: Claviceps (make LSD) Puccinia (Rust) T: Trichoderma
A: Ascomycetes
+ Yeast + Penicillium + Morels +
Truffles

KINGDOM PLANTAE Viruses are Obligate Parasites: They are inert

outside host cell but take over the machinery
of host cell once they infect it.
Scientist Contribution
VIROIDS
Ivanowsky Discovered virus as a causal
(1892) organism of Tobacco Mosaic
Disease
KINGDOM ANIMALIA Beijerinek Named ‘Virus” and called it
(1898) ‘Contagium Vivum Fluidum’ i.e.,
one infected plant can harm PRION
healthy plant
Stanley Crystallised virus and stated
(1935) that its crystals are largely
proteins