📘 Subject: Digital Image Processing
(CSE-312)
🔹 1. Introduction to Image Processing Systems
● Basics of how image processing systems function and where they are applied (e.g.,
in medical imaging, satellite imaging, etc.).
🔹 2. Digital Image Fundamentals
● Image Model: Mathematical representation of digital images.
● Relationship Between Pixels: Spatial and intensity relationships, neighborhood
definitions.
● Imaging Geometry: Principles governing the image formation, perspective, and
transformations.
● Camera Model: Physical and mathematical modeling of how cameras capture
images.
● Image Sensing and Acquisition: Mechanisms and devices used to sense and
digitize images.
● Sampling and Quantization: Converting continuous image data into discrete values
for digital representation.
🔹 3. Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
● Point Processing: Operations on individual pixels like contrast stretching,
thresholding.
● Neighborhood Processing: Applying masks/kernels over local regions for
enhancement.
● High-Pass Filtering: Emphasizing fine details and edges.
● High-Boost Filtering: Amplifies high-frequency components to enhance details.
● Zooming: Enlarging the image using interpolation techniques.
🔹 4. Image Enhancement Based on Histogram Modeling
● Using histograms for:
○ Histogram Equalization
○ Histogram Matching
○ Contrast Adjustment
🔹 5. Image Enhancement in Frequency Domain
● 1D & 2D Fourier Transform: Analyzing and modifying frequency components of
images.
● Low Pass Frequency Domain Filter: Removes high-frequency noise.
● High Pass Frequency Domain Filters: Highlights edges and fine details.
● Homomorphic Filtering: Simultaneous enhancement of contrast and illumination
correction.
🔹 6. Image Segmentation
● Detection of Discontinuation:
○ Point Detection
○ Line Detection
○ Edge Detection
● Edge Linking and Boundary Detection:
○ Local Analysis
○ Global by Graph Theoretic Techniques
● Thresholding: Segmenting images based on pixel intensity.
🔹 7. Morphology
● Use of structuring elements for image analysis and processing.
● Operations: Dilation, Erosion, Opening, Closing, etc.
🔹 8. Representation and Description
● Techniques for describing and representing image regions (e.g., boundary
descriptors, shape descriptors).
🔹 9. Discrete Image Transform
● Use of transforms (like DCT, Walsh, Hadamard) to analyze images in other domains
for compression or filtering.
🔹 10. Image Compression
● Techniques to reduce image file size while maintaining quality.
● Includes Lossy (JPEG) and Lossless (PNG) methods.
🔹 11. Wavelet Transformation
● Multi-resolution analysis of images using wavelets.
● Superior to Fourier Transform for non-stationary signals.
🔹 12. Image Geometry
● Geometric transformations like rotation, scaling, translation, and affine
transformations.
🔹 13. Image Restoration
● Recovering a degraded image using techniques like inverse filtering, Wiener filtering.
📚 Text / Reference Books
1. Gonzalez & Wood – Digital Image Processing
2. A.K. Jain – Digital Image Processing
3. Dhananjay K. – Image Processing
