COMPREHENSIVE NOTES:
PART B: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
Purpose:
HTML is the backbone of all websites. It structures web content
into elements like headings, paragraphs, images, and links.
Basic Structure:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Key Tags & Their Functions:
<html>: Root of the document
<head>: Metadata, links to stylesheets
<title>: Page title (browser tab)
<body>: Content visible to users
<h1> to <h6>: Headings
<p>: Paragraph
<a href="">: Hyperlink
<img src="" alt="">: Image
<ul>, <ol>, <li>: Lists
<div>: Section container
<table>, <tr>, <td>: Table elements
Forms in HTML:
<form action="[Link]" method="post">
<input type="text" name="name">
<input type="submit">
</form>
2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
Purpose:
CSS controls the presentation and layout of HTML elements.
Syntax Example:
body {
background-color: #f0f0f0;
font-family: Arial;
}
h1 {
color: blue;
text-align: center;
}
Style Types:
Inline: <p style="color:red;">Text</p>
Internal: Within <style> tags in the <head>
External: Linked .css file with <link> tag
Key Properties:
color, background-color, font-size, font-family
margin, padding, border
width, height, display, position
text-align, align-items, justify-content
Box Model:
Content → Padding → Border → Margin
3. JavaScript
Purpose:
JavaScript adds interactivity and dynamic features to web pages.
Basic Syntax:
function greet() {
alert("Welcome!");
}
[Link]("btn").onclick = greet;
Uses:
Form validation
Pop-ups and alerts
DOM manipulation
Game development
Event handling
4. C++
Purpose:
C++ is a compiled, object-oriented language for building high-
performance applications.
Structure Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello World";
return 0;
}
Key Features:
Variables: int x = 10;
Control Statements: if, while, for
Functions:
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
Classes and Objects:
class Car {
public:
void drive() {
cout << "Driving...";
}
};
5. C#
Purpose:
Modern, object-oriented language used for Windows
applications, [Link], and Unity game development.
Basic Structure:
using System;
class Program {
static void Main() {
[Link]("Hello C#");
}
}
Key Elements:
Variables: int, string, bool
Loops: for, while
Conditions: if, switch
Classes, Inheritance, Interfaces
6. Pascal
Purpose:
Pascal is a procedural language focused on teaching structured
programming.
Basic Program:
program HelloWorld;
begin
writeln('Hello, world!');
end.
Core Concepts:
Variables: var x: integer;
Data types: integer, real, char, boolean
Control structures: if, while, repeat/until
Procedures and functions
Conclusion
This document provides a detailed breakdown of both Microsoft
Office applications and fundamental programming languages.
Understanding each tool's structure, functions, and real-world
applications helps build solid digital literacy and foundational
coding skills for academic or professional success.
