WELCOME

Introduction to
21st Century Skills Computers
Introduction to Computers

Agenda

Components Levels of Introduction

Need of Computer History
& Functions computers to LC-3
Introduction to Computers

Need for Computers

➢ If we look around us, or wherever we go, we will find

computers everywhere.
➢ You will find the presence and utility of computers in
various domains.
➢ Out of these, three domains where computers are
highly utilized, and their presence is strongly felt are
education, business, and the medical domain.
Introduction to Computers

Need for Computers:

information access Improved efficiency Modern equipment

Faster wider Task automation Medical data analysis

dissemination and research

Eduction Business Medical

Structure of a Computer:

Components
The four main structural components of a computer are

Central Processing Input/Output System

Unit (CPU)

System Bus
Memory
Structure of a Computer:

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

➢ The CPU is the heart of the computer and has its

components, which are called sub-components of the
computer.
➢ A CPU has four main structural components, namely
Structure of a Computer:

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Registers

Internal Bus
Introduction to Computers

Functions of a Computer

➢ The phrase Functions of a Computer denotes the

collective outcome
➢ the result of the operations performed
collaboratively by the different components of the
computer.
Introduction to Computers

Functions of a Computer

These functions are divided into the following four main categories:

Data Processing

Data Storage

Data Movement

Control
Introduction to Computers

Computer System
A Computer System is divided into two parts:

Hardware Software
Introduction to Computers

Computer System

Hardware denotes the computer system’s physical components that are easily
visible to us.

2 Memory

CPU 1

3 I/O Devices

Examples for
Hardware
Introduction to Computers

Computer System
Software is a set of instructions that enable the hardware components to perform
one or more specific tasks. It also categories into two parts:

System software: Software used to manage computer

01 resources, for example, the CPU, Memory, I/O devices,
etc., fall under the category of System Software.
Examples are operating systems, editors, compilers, and
Types
assemblers.

Application software: Software used to perform

02
general or specific tasks inside a computer.
Hence can be categorized into general purpose
and specific purpose application software.
Introduction to Computers
Levels of Transformation in
Computer Systems

Problems Algorithms Language

Machine
Circuits Microarchit Architecture
ecture (ISA)

Devices
Introduction to Computers
Levels of Transformation in
Computer Systems
➢ Problems are generally specified in natural languages,
like English, French, German, or other spoken
languages that humans use to converse.
➢ Unfortunately, this is not a language that computers
understand.

➢ Hence, the first transformation happens when we

convert our problem statement into an Algorithm.
➢ An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that a
computer can carry out.
Introduction to Computers
Levels of Transformation in
Computer Systems
➢ Once the algorithm is selected, the next step is to translate it
into a computer program using a high-level language since
it is simpler to code and easier to debug for any errors.
➢ Also, because high-level languages are machine
independent, it enables the program to be compiled for
different machines.

➢ Using compilers, the next transformation happens when a

software program written using a particular programming
language
➢ Is converted into machine instructions that the processor
can understand.
Introduction to Computers
Levels of Transformation in
Computer Systems
➢ The next transformation level involves
Microarchitectures, which involves implementing the
computer’s Instruction Set Architecture (ISA).

➢ Once the microarchitecture of a computer is

designed, we need to implement each sub-part of
this design.
➢ Each element of the microarchitecture gets
implemented using simple logic circuits
➢ Which comprise the basic building blocks called the
devices.
Introduction to Computers

History of Computers

➢ Charles Babbage invented the first computer.

➢ He is well-known as a mathematician, philosopher,
engineer, and inventor.
➢ But most importantly, he is well-known as the father
of the computer.
➢ Here is the further generation-wise development of
computers.
Introduction to Computers

History of Computers
Generation Name Machine Name

Generation-0(1623-1945) Mechanical Calculating Machines

• Wilhelm Schikard – “Calculating Clock”
• Blaise Pascal – “Pascaline”
• “Lightning Portable adder” and “Addometer”
Generation-1(1943-1953)

(Implemented Using vacuum Vacuum Tubes Computers, EDVAC, ENIAC

tubes)

Generation-2(1954-1965) IBM 7000 and DEC-PDP1

(Implemented using
Transistor)
Introduction to Computers

History of Computers

Generation Name Machine Name

Generation-3(1965-1980)
IBM 360
(Used Integrated Circuits)

Generation-4(1980 Onwards)

(Based on VLSI Technology) Apple 1, Apple 2, IBM PC

Introduction to Computers

Little Computer 3 (LC-3)

➢ It includes the most important features of the

well-known computer systems available in the market.
➢ The instruction set of LC-3 has only 15 instructions
identified by unique codes.
➢ These represent the different types of arithmetic, logic,
and control operations that the LC-3 can perform.
Introduction to Computers

LC-3 Architecture
❖ The three important parts of LC-3 are
❖ memory
➢ Input and
➢ Output System
➢ Control and Processing Unit (CPU).
❖ The Processor Bus or the System Bus connects the different
parts, transferring information to and from each
component.
❖ Here, the CPU consists of the following key blocks:
➢ Finite State Machine (FSM),
➢ Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), and
➢ Register File or the Register Set.
Introduction to Computers

LC-3 Architecture

System

REG File
FSM
ALU

Memory I/O System

Introduction to Computers

LC-3 Simulator

❖ To write and execute the program in LC-3, we do not require to purchase any
hardware-based LC-3 computer.
❖ A simulator called LC-3 simulator, is available in Windows and Linux Machines,
as well as a web version.
❖ Here, every instruction stored in the LC-3 memory can be specified by:
➢ Giving the value of that instruction and storing it in the correct memory
location.
➢ Providing the raw instruction code in text form.
➢ Writing assembly code in the text editor and load to the simulator.
Introduction to Computers

Summary

Need of Computers

Components and Functions

Levels of Computers

History

Introduction to LC-3
THANK YOU
ALL THE BEST