1

Chapter 5. Linux Terminal, Basic

Commands

Code block

root@kali:/home# pwd

/home

root@kali:/home#

Code block

Code block

root@kali:/# cd /home/sanjib/

root@kali:/home/sanjib# cd ..

root@kali:/home#

Code block
2

Code block

root@kali:/home# cp -v [Link]

/home/sanjib/Documents/

‘[Link]’ ->

‘/home/sanjib/Documents/[Link]’

root@kali:/home#

Code block

Code block

root@kali:/home# cd sanjib/Documents/

root@kali:/home/sanjib/Documents# ls

[Link]

root@kali:/home/sanjib/Documents#

Code block
3

Code block

cat [Link]

Code block

Code block

nano [Link]

Code block

Code block

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:/etc/apt$ cat [Link] |

grep src

deb-src [Link] trusty

main restricted

deb-src [Link]

trusty-updates main restricted

deb-src [Link] trusty

universe

deb-src [Link]

trusty-updates universe

deb-src [Link] trusty

multiverse

deb-src [Link]

trusty-updates multiverse

deb-src [Link]

trusty-backports main restricted universe

multiverse

deb-src [Link] trusty-

security main restricted

deb-src [Link] trusty-

security universe

deb-src [Link] trusty-

security multiverse
5

# deb-src [Link]

trusty partner

deb-src [Link] trusty main

# deb-src [Link] trusty

universe

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:/etc/apt$

Code block

Code block

cat [Link] | grep –i src

Code block

Code block

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ echo "I DON'T LIKE THIS

NOVEL ANYMORE SO I CHANGE IT" > [Link]

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ cat [Link]

I DON'T LIKE THIS NOVEL ANYMORE SO I CHANGE IT

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$

Code block

Code block

mkdir Ethical Hacking

Code block

Code block

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ sudo rm -rf Ethical/

Hacking/

[sudo] password for hagudu:

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ ls
7

Code block

Code block

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ mkdir Ethical-Hacking

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ cd Ethical-Hacking/

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~/Ethical-Hacking$ ls

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~/Ethical-Hacking$ touch

file1 file2

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~/Ethical-Hacking$ ls

file1 file2

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~/Ethical-Hacking$

Code block

Code block

sanjib@kali:~$ cd Documents/
8

sanjib@kali:~/Documents$ ls

[Link]

sanjib@kali:~/Documents$ ls -la

total 7048

drwxr-xr-x 2 sanjib sanjib 4096 May 29 10:30 .

drwxr-xr-x 18 sanjib sanjib 4096 Jun 3 09:59 ..

-r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 7208397 May 29 10:30

[Link]

sanjib@kali:~/Documents$

Code block

Code block

-r-xr-xr-x 1 root root 7208397 May 29 10:30

[Link]

Code block
9

Code block

r-xr-xr-x

Code block

Code block

root@kali:~# adduser xman

Adding user `xman' ...

Adding new group `xman' (1002) ...

Adding new user `xman' (1001) with group `xman' ...

Creating home directory `/home/xman' ...

Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...

Enter new UNIX password:

Retype new UNIX password:

passwd: password updated successfully

Changing the user information for xman

Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default

Full Name []: xman anonymous

Room Number []: 123

Work Phone []: 321

Home Phone []: 213

Other []: anon

Is the information correct? [Y/n] y

root@kali:~#

Code block

Code block

xman@kali:~$ cd Documents/

xman@kali:~/Documents$ ls
11

xman@kali:~/Documents$ ls -la

total 8

drwxr-xr-x 2 xman xman 4096 Jun 3 10:33 .

drwxr-xr-x 14 xman xman 4096 Jun 3 10:33 ..

xman@kali:~/Documents$

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

print("TYpe your name.")

inputs = input(">>>>>>")

outputs = inputs

def main():

print(outputs)

if __name__ == '__main__':

main()
12

Code block

xman@kali:~/Documents$ ls -la

total 12

drwxr-xr-x 2 xman xman 4096 Jun 3 10:50 .

drwxr-xr-x 15 xman xman 4096 Jun 3 10:42 ..

-rw-r--r-- 1 xman xman 86 Jun 3 10:44 [Link]

xman@kali:~/Documents$

Code block

Code block

xman@kali:~/Documents$ chmod +x [Link]

xman@kali:~/Documents$ ls -la

total 12

drwxr-xr-x 2 xman xman 4096 Jun 3 10:50 .

drwxr-xr-x 15 xman xman 4096 Jun 3 10:42 ..

-rwxr-xr-x 1 xman xman 86 Jun 3 10:44 [Link]

xman@kali:~/Documents$

Code block

Code block

xman@kali:~/Documents$ ./[Link]

TYpe your name.

>>>>>>xman

xman

Code block

PART TWO
14

Chapter 7. – Python Environment

Code block

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ python3

Python 3.4.3 (default, Oct 14 2015, [Link])

[GCC 4.8.4] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license"

for more information.

>>>

Code block

Code block

>>> name = "Sanjib"

>>> print(name)

Sanjib

>>>
15

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

print(“Hello Python!”)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

sudo chmod +x [Link]

Code block

Code block
16

./[Link]

Code block

Chapter 8. – General Syntaxes

8.1 - Create the main() function

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

print(“I am a general syntax Python file”)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block
17

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

print(“I am a general syntax Python file”)

LetUsDoSomething()

def LetUsDoSomething():

print(“I am doing something”)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

LetUsDoSomething()
18

def LetUsDoSomething():

print(“I am doing something”)

Code block

8.2 - Indentation and White Space

Code block

# coding=utf-8

def main():

print('A line inside main function.')

print("A line outside main function.")

if __name__ == main():main()

Code block

Code block
19

# coding=utf-8

def main():

print('A line inside main function.')

print("A line outside main function.")

if __name__ == main():main()

Code block

Code block

# coding=utf-8

def main():

# print('A line inside main function.')

# print("A line outside main function.")

OutsideMainFunction()

def OutsideMainFunction():
20

x = 0

while x < 5:

print(x)

x = x + 1

if __name__ == main():main()

Code block

8.3 – Commenting

Code block

# this is main() function

def main():

OutsideMainFunction()

# this function is outside main() function

def OutsideMainFunction():
21

x = 0

while x < 5:

print(x)

x = x + 1

if __name__ == main():main()

Code block

8.4 - Assigning Values

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

# coding=utf-8

a = 1

print(a)

print(type(a))
22

print(id(a))

a = "One"

print(a)

print(type(a))

print(id(a))

Code block

Chapter 9. – Variables, Objects and

Values Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

x = 1
23

print(x)

print(id(x))

print(type(x))

x = 2

print(x)

print(id(x))

print(type(x))

x = 1

print(x)

print(id(x))

print(type(x))

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
24

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

# in python everything is object

# a variable is a reference to an object

# each object has an identity or an ID

x = 1

print(type(x))

print(id(x))

##################

# class 'int'

# 139113568

##################

# number, string, tuple -> immutable

# list, dictionary -> mutable

x = 1

y = 1

print(type(x))

print(id(x))

print(type(y))

print(id(y))

if x == y:

print("True")

else:

print("False")

if x is y:

print("True")

else:

print("False")

##################
26

# see the last two lines, both are true

# class 'int'

# 139113568

# class 'int'

# 139113568

# True

# True

##################

a = dict(x = 1, y = 1)

print(type(a))

print(id(a))

b = dict(x = 1, y = 1)

print(id(b))

if a == b:

print("True")

else:
27

print("False")

if a is b:

print("True")

else:

print("False")

##################

# see the last two lines, one is true but the

id is not same so it is false

# class 'dict'

# 3072650252

# 3072692524

# True

# False

##################

for i in range(0, 3):

print(i, "=", id(i))

##################

# 0 = 139113552

# 1 = 139113568

# 2 = 139113584

##################

Code block

9.1 – Using Numbers

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

x = 3

print(x)

print(id(x))
29

print(type(x))

print("*********")

x = 3 /2

print(x)

print(id(x))

print(type(x))

print("*********")

x = round(42 / 9)

print(x)

print(id(x))

print(type(x))

print("*********")

# we want to round it up

x = 42 // 9

print(x)

print(id(x))
30

print(type(x))

print("*********")

# how many digits we want to round to

x = round(42 / 9, 3)

print(x)

print(id(x))

print(type(x))

print("*********")

x = 43 % 7

print(x)

print(id(x))

print(type(x))

print("*********")

x = int(34.78)

print(x)

print(id(x))
31

print(type(x))

print("*********")

x = float(23)

print(x)

print(id(x))

print(type(x))

print("*********")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

9.2 – String

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3
32

def main():

strings = "I love you."

print(strings)

anotherStrings = "I love you but\nI don't know

how much you love me."

print(anotherStrings)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():
33

strings = "I love you."

print(strings)

anotherStrings = "I love you but\nI don't know

how much you love me."

print(anotherStrings)

rawStrings = r"I love you but\nI don't know how

much you love me."

print(rawStrings)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

days = 8
34

lyrics = "%s days a week is not enough to love

you." %days

print(lyrics)

Code block

Code block

days = 8

lyrics = "{} days a week is not enough to love

you."

print([Link](days))

Code block

Code block
35

newLines = """\

first line

second line

third line

more to come...

"""

print(newLines)

Code block

9.3 - What is Type and ID

Code block

>>> x = 10

>>> x
36

10

>>> type(x)

<class 'int'>

>>> id(x)

10455328

>>> y = 10

>>> y

10

>>> type(y)

<class 'int'>
37

>>> id(y)

10455328

>>> a = dict(name='sanjib')

>>> a

{'name': 'sanjib'}

>>> type(a)

<class 'dict'>

>>> id(a)
38

139984318683592

>>> b = dict(name='sanjib')

>>> b

{'name': 'sanjib'}

>>> type(b)

<class 'dict'>

>>> id(b)

139984318683720
39

>>> a == b

True

>>> a is b

False

>>>

Code block

Code block

>>> x == y

True
40

>>> x is y

True

>>>

Code block

Code block

>>> a = dict(name='sanjib')

>>> a

{'name': 'sanjib'}

>>> type(a)

<class 'dict'>
41

>>> id(a)

139984318683592

>>> b = dict(name='sanjib')

>>> b

{'name': 'sanjib'}

>>> type(b)

<class 'dict'>

>>> id(b)
42

139984318683720

>>> a == b

True

>>> a is b

False

>>>

Code block

9.4 - Logical Values

Let us consider another shell script for testing

logical values True and False.

Code block

>>> a, b = 0, 1

>>> a == b

False

>>> a < b

True

>>> a > b

False
44

>>> a = True

>>> a

True

>>> type(a)

<class 'bool'>

>>> id(a)

10348608

>>> b = True
45

>>> b

True

>>> type(b)

<class 'bool'>

>>> id(b)

10348608

>>>

Code block
46

9.5 - Tuples And Lists

Code block

x = (1, 2, 3, 4)

print(x)

print(type(x))

Code block

Code block

for i in x:

print(i)

Code block

Code block

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(a)

print(type(a))
47

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

# tuple

x = (1, 2, 3, 4)

# list

a = [1, 2, 3, 4]

# appending tuple x to list

[Link](x)

print(a)

# inserting tuple x in the first position

[Link](0, x)
48

print(a)

# Now iterating the final list a

for i in a:

print(i)

Code block

Code block

strings = "This is a string."

for WeWillIterateThroughIt in strings:

print(WeWillIterateThroughIt)

Code block

Code block

strings = "string."

print(strings[1:3])
49

Code block

9.6 – Dictionary

Code block

#!usr/bin/python3

EnglishDictionaries = {'bare':'jejune',

'anger':'dudgeon', 'abuse':'vituperate',

'howl':'ululate'}

print(EnglishDictionaries)

# getting in a nmore human readable form

for keys in EnglishDictionaries:

print(keys, "=", EnglishDictionaries[keys])

Code block

Code block

EnglishDictionaries = {'bare':'jejune',
50

'anger':'dudgeon', 'abuse':'vituperate',

'howl':'ululate'}

for keys in sorted([Link]()):

print(keys, "=", EnglishDictionaries[keys])

Code block

Code block

synonyms = dict(bare='jejune', anger='dudgeon',

abuse= 'vituperate', howl= 'ululate')

Code block

9.7 – Object

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Human:
51

def __init__(self, kind = "Good"):

[Link] = kind

def whatKind(self):

return [Link]

def main():

GoodHuman = Human()

print([Link]())

BadHuman = Human("Bad")

print([Link]())

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

class Human:

def __init__(self, kind = "Good"):

[Link] = kind

def whatKind(self):

return [Link]

Code block

Code block

def whatKind(self):

return [Link]

Code block

Code block

def main():

GoodHuman = Human()

print([Link]())

BadHuman = Human("Bad")

print([Link]())
53

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Chapter 10 – Conditionals

Code block

def conditionals_exec():

a, b = 1, 3

if a < b:

print("a is less than b")

elif a > b:

print("a is greater than b")

else:

print("a is equal to b")

conditionals_exec()
54

Code block

Code block

def conditional_values():

a, b = 1, 2

statements = "less than " if a < b else " not

less than."

print(statements)

conditional_values()

Code block

Code block

def main():

print("This is main function.")

conditionals_exec()

conditional_values()
55

def conditionals_exec():

a, b = 1, 3

if a < b:

print("a is less than b")

elif a > b:

print("a is greater than b")

else:

print("a is equal to b")

def conditional_values():

a, b = 1, 2

statements = "less than " if a < b else " not

less than."

print(statements)
56

if __name__ == "__main__": main()

Code block

Chapter 11 – Loops

11.1 – While Loops

Code block

b = 1

while b < 50:

print(b)

b = b + 1

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3
57

# simple fibonacci series

# sum of two numbers define the next set

a, b = 0, 1

while b < 50:

print(b, end=' ')

a, b = b, a + b

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

a, b = 0, 1

while b < 30:

print(b, end=' ')

a = b

b = a + b

Code block
58

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

# simple fibonacci series

# sum of two numbers define the next set

a, b = 0, 1

while b < 30:

print("a = ", a, "=" , "b = ", b, "," , end='

')

a, b = b, a + b

print("***********")

a, b = 0, 1

while b < 30:

print("a = ", a, "=" , "b = ", b, "," , end='

')

a = b
59

b = a + b

Code block

11.2 - For Loops

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

songs = open('[Link]')

for lines in [Link]():

print(lines, end='')

Code block

Code block

# enumerate

songs = open('[Link]')

for index, lines in enumerate([Link]()):

print(index, lines, end='')

Code block

Code block

strings = "This is a string."

# now we are going to find how many 's' is inside

this string

for index, s in enumerate(strings):

if s == 's':

print("Hi I am 's' and I am located at

position {}".format(index))

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

loops(0)
61

loops()

loops(3)

def loops(a = 4):

for i in range(a, 6):

print(i, " ")

print("*************")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Chapter 12. - Regular Expressions

12.1 – Using ‘re’ Module

Code block
62

#!/usr/bin/python3

import re

def main():

ReplaceWord()

DEmarcationLine()

MatchAndReplaceWord()

def ReplaceWord():

try:

files = open("../primary/[Link]")

for line in files:

# you can search any word

print([Link]('lenor|more', "#####",

line), end=' ')

except FileNotFoundError as e:

print("File was not found:", e)

def MatchAndReplaceWord():

try:

files = open("../primary/[Link]")

for line in files:

# you can search any pattern that can

match and then replace with this word

match = [Link]('(len|neverm)ore',

line)

if match:

print([Link]([Link](),

"#####"), end=' ')

except FileNotFoundError as e:

print("File was not found:", e)

def DEmarcationLine():
64

print("*************")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

12.2 - Reusing With Regular Expressions

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import re

def main():

CompilerAndReplaceWord()

def CompilerAndReplaceWord():

try:
65

files = open("../primary/[Link]")

# you can search any pattern that can match

ignoring the upper or lower case

pattern = [Link]('(len|neverm)ore',

[Link])

for line in files:

# re module search that pattern in a

line

if [Link](pattern, line):

# we found that patetrn and now it

is time to replace them with a new string

print([Link]("######", line),

end=' ')

except FileNotFoundError as e:

print("File was not found:", e)

if __name__ == "__main__":
66

main()

Code block

12.3 - Searching With Regular

Expressions

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import re

def main():

FindWord()

DEmarcationLine()

MatchWord()

def FindWord():

try:

files = open("../primary/[Link]")
67

for line in files:

# you can search any word

if [Link]('lenor|more', line):

print(line, end=' ')

except FileNotFoundError as e:

print("Fiel was not found:", e)

def MatchWord():

try:

files = open("../primary/[Link]")

for line in files:

# you can search any pattern that can

match this word

match = [Link]('(len|neverm)ore',

line)

if match:

print([Link]())
68

except FileNotFoundError as e:

print("Fiel was not found:", e)

def DEmarcationLine():

print("*************")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Chapter 13. – Exceptions, Catching

Errors

Code block

>>> for i in range(10) print(i)

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Code block
69

Code block

>>> 10 * x

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>

10 * x

NameError: name 'x' is not defined

>>> 10 / 0

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>

10 / 0

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

>>> '2' + 2

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>

'2' + 2
70

TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str

implicitly

>>> inputs = input("Please enter a number.")

Please enter a number.

>>> inputs + 2

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>

inputs + 2

TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str

implicitly

>>> inputs = input("Please enter a number.")

Please enter a number.12

>>> inputs - 10

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module>

inputs - 10
71

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str'

and 'int'

>>> int(inputs) - 10

>>>

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

FileRead()

DemarcationLine()

LineStrip()

DemarcationLine()

CheckFileExtension()

def ReadFile(filename):
72

files = open(filename)

lines = [Link]()

for index, line in enumerate(lines):

print(index, "=", line)

def StripFile(filename):

files = open(filename)

for lines in files:print([Link]())

def RaisingError(filename):

if [Link](".txt"):

lines = open(filename)

for line in lines:print([Link]())

else:

raise ValueError("File must end with .txt")

def FileRead():

try:

ReadFile("../primary/[Link]") # path is
73

okay, it reads file

except IOError as e:

print("Could not open file:", e)

def LineStrip():

try:

StripFile("primary/[Link]")

except IOError as e:

print("Could not open file:", e) # it will

give error

def CheckFileExtension():

try:

RaisingError("../primary/[Link]")

except IOError as e:

print("Could not open file:", e)

except ValueError as e:

print("Bad Filename:", e)
74

def DemarcationLine():

print("******************")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

GetARangeOfNumber()

def GetARangeOfNumber():

for index in IteratingStepByStep(1,123, 7):

print(index, end=' ')

def IteratingStepByStep(start, stop, step):

number = start

while number <= stop:

yield number

number += step

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Chapter 14. - Functions

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

print("This is main function.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
76

Code block

print(“*************”)

Code block

Code block

def DemarcationLine():

print(“*********”)

DemarcationLine():

DemarcationLine():

DemarcationLine():

Code block

Code block

def AnotherFunction():

print("I am another function.")

def TestFunction():
77

print("I am going to call another function.")

AnotherFunction()

TestFunction()

Code block

Code block

def TestFunction():

print("I am going to call another function.")

AnotherFunction()

TestFunction()

def AnotherFunction():

print("I am another function.")

Code block
78

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

TestFunction()

def TestFunction():

print("I am going to call another function.")

AnotherFunction()

def AnotherFunction():

print("I am another function.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():
79

PassingParameters(1,2,3)

def PassingParameters(argument1, argument2,

argument3):

print("Here is our arguments:", argument1,

argument2, argument3)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

PassingParameters(1)

def PassingParameters(argument1, argument2 = 4,

argument3 = 6):

print("Here is our arguments:", argument1,

argument2, argument3)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

PassingParameters(1, 10, 14)

def PassingParameters(argument1, argument2 = 4,

argument3 = 6):

print("Here is our arguments:", argument1,

argument2, argument3)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
81

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

PassingParameters(1)

def PassingParameters(argument1, argument2 = None,

argument3 = 6):

if argument2 == None:

print("Here is our arguments:", argument1,

argument2, argument3)

else:

print("Here is our arguments:", argument1,

argument2, argument3)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
82

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

PassingParameters(1, 12)

def PassingParameters(argument1, argument2 = None,

argument3 = 6):

if argument2 == None:

print("Here is our arguments:", argument1,

argument2, argument3)

else:

print("Here is our arguments:", argument1,

argument2, argument3)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
83

14.1 - Return Values

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

for index in ReturnValues():

print(index, end=" ")

def ReturnValues():

#return "Returning string."

#return 56

return range(10)

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
84

14.2 - Generate Functions

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

RangeFunctions()

def RangeFunctions():

for i in range(10):

print(i, end=' ')

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():
85

for index in RangeFunctions(0, 10, 1):

print(index, end=' ')

def RangeFunctions(start, stop, step):

i = start

while i <= stop:

yield i

i += step

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

for index in RangeFunctions(15, 1025, 102):

print(index, end=' ')

Code block
86

Code block

def AnotherRangeFunctions(start = 0, stop, step =

1):

i = start

while i <= stop:

yield i

i += step

Code block

Code block

for index in AnotherRangeFunctions(25):

print(index, end=' ')

Code block

Code block
87

def AnotherRangeFunctions(*args):

numberOfArguments = len(args)

if numberOfArguments < 1: raise TypeError('At

least one argument is required.')

elif numberOfArguments == 1:

stop = args[0]

start = 0

step = 1

elif numberOfArguments == 2:

# start and stop will be tuple

(start, stop) = args

step = 1

elif numberOfArguments == 3:

# all start and stop and step will be tuple

(start, stop, step) = args

i = start

while i <= stop:

yield i

i += step

Code block

14.3 - Lists of Arguments

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

PassingListsOfArguments(1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 45, 98,

56, 4356, 90876543)

PassingAnotherListsOfArguments(1, 2, 3, 5, 7,

45, 98, 76, 987654, 3245, 2345, 98760)

def PassingListsOfArguments(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4,

*args):

print(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, args)

def PassingAnotherListsOfArguments(param1, param2,

*params):

print(param1, param2)

for index in params:

if index == 76:

x = 10

y = index + x

print("We are going to add 10 with",

index, "and the new value is:", y)

continue

print(index, end=' ')

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

18.4 - Named Arguments

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

NamedArguments(name = 'Sanjib', address =

'Pluto', hobby = "Gardening")

def NamedArguments(**kwargs):

for key in kwargs:

print(key, "=", kwargs[key])

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
91

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

def main():

NamedArguments(name = 'Sanjib', address =

'Pluto', hobby = "Gardening")

DemarcationLine()

AnotherNamedArguments('Hi', 1235, 1,2,3, one =

1, two = 2, three = 3)

def NamedArguments(**kwargs):

for key in kwargs:

print(key, "=", kwargs[key])

def AnotherNamedArguments(arg1, arg2, *args,

**kwargs):
92

print(arg1, arg2)

for index in args:

print(index, end=' ')

DemarcationLine()

for keys in kwargs:

print(keys, "=", kwargs[keys])

def DemarcationLine():

print("********")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Chapter 15 - Classes
93

15.1 – Object Oriented Methodology

15.1 - Understanding Classes and Objects

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Robot:

def __init__(self):

pass

def WalkLikeARobot(self):

print("walks like a robot.")

def CareLikeARobot(self):

print("takes care like a robot.")

robu1 = Robot()

print(type(robu1))

print(id(robu1))
94

robu2 = Robot()

print(type(robu2))

print(id(robu2))

del robu2

def main():

robu = Robot()

print(type(robu))

print(id(robu))

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Robots:

def __init__(self):
95

pass

def WalkLikeARobot(self, style):

[Link] = style

return [Link]

def CareLikeARobot(self):

print("takes care like a robot.")

class Humans:

def __init__(self, nature = "good"):

[Link] = nature

def GoodHumanBeing(self):

print("need not repeat, a good human being

is always", [Link])

def BadHUmanBeing(self):

[Link] = "need not repeat, bad human

being is always bad."

print([Link])
96

def WalkLikeARobot(self, style):

[Link] = style

return [Link]

def main():

robu = Robots()

[Link]()

print([Link]("walks like a

robot"))

GoodMan = Humans()

print([Link])

[Link]()

BadMan = Humans()

[Link] = "bad"

print([Link])

[Link]()

print([Link]("he is human but

walks like a robot"))

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

print(type([Link](dict(one=1,

two=2))))

st = [Link](dict(one=1, two=2))

for keys in sorted(st):

print(keys, st[keys])

ws = [Link]({'one':56, 'two':2})

for keys in sorted(ws):

print(keys, ws[keys])

Code block
98

15.2 – Write Your Own Game “Good VS Bad”

Code block

Sudo chmod +x [Link]

Code block

Code block

./ [Link]

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Robots:

def __init__(self):

pass

def WalkLikeARobot(self, WalkingStyle):

[Link] = WalkingStyle

return [Link]

def CareLikeARobot(self):

print("takes care like a robot.")

class Humans:

def __init__(self, nature = "good"):

[Link] = nature

def GoodHumanBeing(self):

print("need not repeat, a good human being

is always", [Link])

def BadHUmanBeing(self):

[Link] = "need not repeat, bad human

being is always bad."

print([Link])

def WalkLikeARobot(self, WalkingStyle):

[Link] = WalkingStyle
100

return [Link]

def main():

robu = Robots()

# [Link]()

# print([Link]("A robot walks like

a robot and nothing happens."))

GoodMan = Humans()

# print([Link])

# [Link]()

BadMan = Humans()

# [Link] = "bad"

# print([Link])

# [Link]()

# print([Link]("he is human but

walks like a robot"))

# when a bad man wlaks like a robot many things

happen

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot =

[Link](dict(change = 'he becomes a

monster inside',

act = 'he kills

fellow people',

feel = 'he enjoys

torturing animals',

care = 'he cares for

none',

look = 'he looks a

normal human being',

state = 'finally he

destroys himself'))

# there are lot of actions that take place

print("What happens when a Bad Man walks like a

Robot?")
102

change = input("Tell us what kind of change may

take place inside him?\n Choose between 'monster'

and 'angel',"

"and type here...>>>>")

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['change'] = change

reward = 0

if change == 'monster':

print("You have won the first round:",

change)

reward = 1000

print("You have won ", reward, "points.")

print("What does he do? :",

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['act'])

change = input("Now tell us what the

monster feels inside while killing people?\n Choose

between 'great' and 'sad',"

"and type here...>>>>")

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['change'] =

change

if change == 'great':

print("You have won the second round:")

reward = 10000

print("You have won ", reward,

"points.")

print("What he feels inside? :",

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['feel'])

change = input("Tell us does the

monster care for anyone?\n Choose between 'yes' and

'no',"

"and type here...>>>>")

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['change'] =

change

if change == 'no':

print("You have won the third

round:")

reward = 100000

print("You have won ", reward,

"points.")

print("What he feels inside? :",

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['care'])

change = input("Tell us does the

monster look like a normal human being?\n Choose

between 'yes' and 'no',"

"and type here...>>>>")

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['change'

] = change

if change == 'yes':

print("You have won the fourth

round:")

reward = 1000000

print("You have won ", reward,

"points.")

print("What does he look

like? :", WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['look'])

change = input("Tell us what

happens to the monster finally? Does he destroy

himself\n Choose between 'yes' and 'no',"

"and type

here...>>>>")

WhenABadManWalksLikeARobot['cha

nge'] = change

if change == 'yes':

print("You have won the

fifth round:")

reward = 100000000

print("You have won

Jackpot.", reward, "points.")

else:
106

print("You have changed the

course of game. It ends here. You have lost",

reward - 100000, "points.")

else:

print("You have changed the

course of game. It ends here. You have lost",

reward - 1000, "points.")

else:

print("You have changed the course

of game. It ends here. You have lost", reward -

100, "points.")

else:

print("You have changed the course of

game. It ends here. You have lost", reward - 10,

"points.")

else:

print("You have changed the course of game.

It ends here and you have won no point.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

15.3 - Primary Class and Object

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Human:

def __init__(self, kind = "good"):

[Link] = kind

def BeingHuman(self):

return [Link]

def main():

good = Human()

bad = Human("bad")
108

print([Link] ())

print([Link] ())

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class MySelf:

def __init__(self, name, quantity):

[Link] = name

[Link] = quantity

def Eat(self):

print([Link], "eats", [Link],

"bananas each day.")

def main():
109

hagu = MySelf("Hagu", 2)

mutu = MySelf("Mutu", 3)

[Link]()

[Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import sqlite3

import [Link]

from [Link] import Error

class MySQLiteConnection:

def __init__(self):

db = [Link]('[Link]')
110

[Link]()

print("Connected to SqLite3")

class MyMySQLConnection:

def __init__(self):

try:

### you can either use a dictionary object

or you can connect directly ###

### using a dictioanry object ###

kwargs = dict(host = 'localhost',

database = 'python_mysql', user = 'root', password

= 'pass')

conn =

[Link](**kwargs)

### connecting directly ###

connection =

[Link](host = 'localhost',
111

database = 'python_mysql',

user =

'root',

password = 'pass')

if connection.is_connected():

print("Connected to MySQL from

'conneection' object")

# if conn.is_connected():

# print("Connected from 'conn'

object")

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

def main():

ConnectToMySQL = MyMySQLConnection()
112

ConenctToSqLite = MySQLiteConnection()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import sqlite3

import [Link]

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

class MySQLiteConnection:

def __init__(self, db =

[Link]('[Link]')):
113

[Link] = db

db.row_factory = [Link]

print("Connected to SqLite3")

def Retrieve(self):

print("Retreiving values from table test1

of SqLite database test")

read = [Link]('select * from test1

order by i1')

for row in read:

print(row['t1'])

class MyMySQLConnection:

def __init__(self, kwargs = dict(host =

'localhost', database = 'testdb', user = 'root',

password = 'pass')):

try:

### you can either use a dictionary object

or you can connect directly ###

### using a dictioanry object ###

[Link] = kwargs

conn =

[Link](**kwargs)

if conn.is_connected():

print("Connected to MySql database

testdb from 'conn' object")

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

def Retrieve(self):

print("Retreiving records from MySql

database testdb.")

try:
115

conn = MySQLConnection(**[Link])

cursor = [Link]()

[Link]("SELECT * FROM

EMPLOYEE")

rows = [Link]()

print('Total Row(s):', [Link])

for row in rows:

print("First Name = ", row[0])

print("Second Name = ", row[1])

print("Age = ", row[2])

print("Sex = ", row[3])

print("Salary = ", row[4])

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()
116

[Link]()

def main():

ConnectToMySQL = MyMySQLConnection()

[Link]()

ConenctToSqLite = MySQLiteConnection()

[Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

15.4 – Accessing Object Data

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Human:

def __init__(self, height = 5.08):

[Link] = height
117

def main():

ramu = Human()

print([Link])

[Link] = 5.11 # it is called side effect

and hard to track

print([Link])

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Human:

def __init__(self):

pass

# accessor
118

def set_height(self, height):

[Link] = height

def get_height(self):

return [Link]

def main():

ramu = Human()

# [Link] = 5.11 # it is called side effect

and hard to track

ramu.set_height(5.12)

print(ramu.get_height())

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3
119

class Human:

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

[Link] = kwargs

def set_manyVariables(self, **kwargs):

[Link] = kwargs

def set_variables(self, key, value):

[Link][key] = value

def get_variables(self, key):

return [Link](key, None)

def main():

mana = Human(name = 'Mana')

print("Object Mana's name:",

[Link]['name'])

ManaName = [Link]['name']

mana.set_variables('class', 'two')

print(ManaName, "reads at class",

mana.get_variables('class'))

mana.set_manyVariables(school = 'balika

school', height = 4.54)

print(ManaName, "has height of",

[Link]['height'], "and her school's name

is", [Link]['school'])

babu = Human(name = 'Babu', student_of = 'Class

Three', reads_at = ' Balak School', height = 5.21)

BabuName = [Link]['name']

print(BabuName, "he is a student of",

[Link]['student_of'], "and he reads at",

[Link]['reads_at'], "and his

height is", [Link]['height'])

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
121

19.5 - Polymorphism

Code block

#!/usrbin/python3

class Table:

def __init__(self):

pass

def ItHolds(self):

print("A table holds books, writing pads on

it.")

def YouCanWriteOnit(self):

print("You can write on a table.")

class Book:

def __init__(self):

pass

def ItHelps(self):
122

print("A book helps us to know something

new.")

def main():

MyTable = Table()

MyBook = Book()

[Link]()

[Link]()

[Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usrbin/python3

class Table:
123

def __init__(self):

pass

def Get(self):

print("Please get me that table.")

def Put(self):

print("Please put the table on the corner

of the room.")

def Destroy(self):

print("Some people came and they did not

want us to read and write. They destroted the

table.")

class Book:

def __init__(self):

pass

def Get(self):
124

print("Please get me that book.")

def Put(self):

print("We put some new books on the

table.")

def Destroy(self):

print("Some people came and they did not

want us to read and write. They destroyed the

book.")

def main():

MyTable = Table()

MyBook = Book()

InMistake(MyBook)

Intentionally(MyTable)

def InMistake(Table):

[Link]()

[Link]()
125

[Link]()

def Intentionally(Book):

[Link]()

[Link]()

[Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

15.6 - Using Generators

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class InclusiveRange:

def __init__(self, *args):

numberOfArguments = len(args)
126

if numberOfArguments < 1: raise

TypeError('At least one argument is required.')

elif numberOfArguments == 1:

[Link] = args[0]

[Link] = 0

[Link] = 1

elif numberOfArguments == 2:

# start and stop will be tuple

([Link], stop) = args

[Link] = 1

elif numberOfArguments == 3:

# all start and stop and step will be

tuple

([Link], [Link], [Link]) =

args

else: raise TypeError("Maximum three

arguments. You gave {}".format(numberOfArguments))

def __iter__(self):

i = [Link]

while i <= [Link]:

yield i

i += [Link]

def main():

ranges = InclusiveRange(5, 210, 10)

for x in ranges:

print(x, end=' ')

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
128

Code block

## the function below is perfectly working also but

that is not a generator ##

def RangeFunctions(self, *args):

numberOfArguments = len(args)

if numberOfArguments < 1: raise

TypeError('At least one argument is required.')

elif numberOfArguments == 1:

[Link] = args[0]

[Link] = 0

[Link] = 1

elif numberOfArguments == 2:

# start and stop will be tuple

([Link], stop) = args

[Link] = 1

elif numberOfArguments == 3:

# all start and stop and step will be

tuple

([Link], [Link], [Link]) =

args

else: raise TypeError("Maximum three

arguments. You gave {}".format(numberOfArguments))

i = [Link]

while i <= [Link]:

yield i

i += [Link]

Code block
130

15.7 - Inheritance

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class AllUsers:

def __init__(self):

pass

def Register(self):

print("Please Register")

def Login(self):

print("Welcome Member.")

class Admin(AllUsers):

def __init__(self):

pass

def Register(self):

print("Admins need not register")

def Login(self):

print("Welcome Admin")

class Members(AllUsers):

def __init__(self):

pass

def main():

admin = Admin()

[Link]()

[Link]()

member = Members()

[Link]()

[Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
132

19.8 -Decorator

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Dog:

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

[Link] = kwargs

def get_properties(self):

return [Link]

def set_properties(self, key):

[Link](key, None)

def main():

lucky = Dog(nature = 'obedient')

print([Link]('nature'))
133

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Dog:

def __init__(self, **kwargs):

[Link] = kwargs

@property

def Color(self):

return [Link]('color', None)

@[Link]

def Color(self, color):

[Link]['color'] = color
134

@[Link]

def Color(self):

del [Link]['color']

def main():

lucky = Dog()

# now we are going to use the decorator function as

a normal property

[Link] = 'black and yellow'

print([Link])

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Chapter 16 - String Methods

Code block

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ python3

Python 3.4.0 (default, Jun 19 2015, [Link])

[GCC 4.8.2] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license"

for more information.

>>> 'this is a string'

'this is a string'

>>> s = 'this is a string'

>>> s

'this is a string'

>>> [Link]()

'THIS IS A STRING'

>>> s = 'this is a string now we are going to add

an integer into it as string {}'

>>> [Link](100)

'this is a string now we are going to add an

integer into it as string 100'

>>> 'in python2 it was written like %d' % 100

'in python2 it was written like 100'

>>>

Code block

Code block

>>> s = 'this is a string'

>>> s

'this is a string'

>>> [Link]()
138

'THIS IS A STRING'

>>> [Link]()

'this is a string'

>>> s = 'This Is A String'

>>> s

'This Is A String'

>>> [Link]()

'tHIS iS a sTRING'
139

>>> s

'This Is A String'

>>> s = 'this is a string'

>>> [Link]('is')

>>>

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3
140

s = 'this is a string'

print([Link]('is'))

newstring = [Link]('this', 'that')

print(newstring)

UpperString = [Link]()

print(UpperString)

# string is mutable, so id has been changed for the

same string

print(id(s))

print(id(UpperString))

a = ' this is string with lot of whitespace at

the beginning and at the end '

# by default it removes white space from start and

end

RemovingWhiteSpace = [Link]()

print(RemovingWhiteSpace)
141

print([Link]('this'))

Code block

Code block

x, y = 10, 11

f = "this {} is added and thereafter we add {}"

FormattedString = [Link](x, y)

print(FormattedString)

# we could have written it in C style

m, n = 10, 11

f = "this %d is added and thereafter we add %d"

FormattedString = f % (x, y)

print(FormattedString)

Code block

Code block
142

a, b = 10, 11

s = "This is {}, and that is {}"

FormattedStirng = [Link](a, b)

print(FormattedStirng)

# we change the position

FormattedStirng = [Link](b, a)

print(FormattedStirng)

s = "This is {0}, and that is {1} and this too is

{0} and that too is {1}"

FormattedStirng = [Link](a, b)

print(FormattedStirng)

# we can change it according to our wish with the

positional argument

s = "This is {1}, and that is {1} and this too is

{0} and that too is {1}"

FormattedStirng = [Link](a, b)
143

print(FormattedStirng)

# we can use it as dictionary

s = "This is {mine}, and that is {your} and this

too is {your} and that too is {mine}"

FormattedStirng = [Link](mine = a, your = b)

print(FormattedStirng)

# more dictionary staff

s = "This is my wish: {mine}, and that is your wish

:{your} and this too is mine: {mine} and that too

is mine: {mine}"

FormattedStirng = [Link](mine = "I want to remove

'I'", your = "Do you want to remove 'yourself'?")

print(FormattedStirng)

Code block

Code block
144

strings = "This is a string"

print(type(strings))

print(id(strings))

AnotherStrings = "This is a string"

print(type(AnotherStrings))

print(id(AnotherStrings))

print([Link]())

words = [Link]()

[Link]("and that ia also a string.")

print(type(words))

print(words[0])

NewWords = ":".join(words)

print(NewWords)

NewWords = ",".join(words)

print(NewWords)

words[0] = "That"
145

print(words)

Code block

Chapter 17. - File Input And Output

Code block

infile = open('[Link]', 'r')

outfile = open('[Link]', 'w')

for line in infile:

print(line, file=outfile)

print("Done")

Code block

Code block

BufferSize = 500000
146

infile = open('[Link]', 'r')

outfile = open('[Link]', 'w')

buffer = [Link](BufferSize)

while len(buffer):

[Link](buffer)

print("It is copying, it might take some

time...please wait....", end='')

buffer = [Link](BufferSize)

print()

print("Copying Done.")

Code block

Code block

BufferSize = 5000000

infile = open('[Link]', 'rb')

outfile = open('[Link]', 'wb')

buffer = [Link](BufferSize)

while len(buffer):

[Link](buffer)

print("It is copying an image, it might take

some time...please wait....", end='')

buffer = [Link](BufferSize)

print()

print("Copying Done.")

Code block

Chapter 18. - Containers

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

tuples1 = 1, 2, 3, 4

print(type(tuples1))
148

print(id(tuples1))

tuples2 = (1, 2, 3, 4)

print(type(tuples2))

print(id(tuples2))

print(tuples1[0])

print(tuples2[0])

# it will give the last item

print(tuples2[-1])

print(type(tuples1[0]))

print(type(tuples2[0]))

print(id(tuples1[0]))

print(id(tuples2[0]))

# tuple is immutable we can not change any value

# 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

# tuples2[0] = 120

# print(tuples2)
149

# to make an integer tuple you need to add comma

separator

IsItTuple = (1)

print(type(IsItTuple))

IsItTuple = (1,)

print(type(IsItTuple))

# let us see how list behaves

list1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]

print(type(list1))

print(id(list1))

# first item

print(list1[0])

# last item

print(list1[-1])

# we can change the value of a list item

list1[0] = 120
150

print(list1) # output: [120, 2, 3, 4]

Code block

18.1 - Operating on Tuple and List

Object

Code block

root@kali:~# python3

Python 3.4.4 (default, Jan 5 2016, [Link])

[GCC 5.3.1 20160101] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license"

for more information.

>>> t = (1,2,3,4)

>>> t

(1, 2, 3, 4)

>>> t[0]

1
151

>>> t = tuple(range(25))

>>> type(t)

<class 'tuple'>

>>> 50 in t

False

>>> 10 in t

True

>>> for i in t:print(i)

...

6
152

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22
153

23

24

>>> l = list(range(20))

>>> type(l)

<class 'list'>

>>> for i in l:

... print(i)

File "<stdin>", line 2

print(i)

IndentationError: expected an indented block

>>> for i in l:print(i)

...

2
154

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18
155

19

>>> l[2]

>>> 50 in l

False

>>> 12 in l

True

>>> t[0] = 25

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item

assignment

>>> l[0] = 25

>>> print(l)

[25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, 17, 18, 19]

>>> [Link](50)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute

'append'

>>> [Link](120)

>>> print(l

l lambda

len( license( list( locals(

>>> print(l)

[25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,

15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 120]

>>> [Link]()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

TypeError: count() takes exactly one argument (0

given)

>>> [Link](5)

>>> [Link](25)

>>> [Link](25)

>>> [Link](10)

10

>>> [Link](10)

10

>>> [Link](range(25))

>>> for i in l:print(i)

...

25

1
158

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
159

18

19

120

25

10

11
160

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

>>> [Link](0, 4656)

>>> l[0]

4656
161

>>> [Link](12, 147)

>>> [Link](12)

14

>>> l[12]

147

>>> [Link](12)

>>> l[12]

147

>>> print(l)

[4656, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 147, 11,

13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 120, 25, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,

19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]

>>> [Link](12)

>>> print(l)
162

[4656, 25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 147, 11,

13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 120, 25, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,

20, 21, 22, 23, 24]

>>> [Link](0)

4656

>>> print(l)

[25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 147, 11, 13,

14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 120, 25, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

21, 22, 23, 24]

>>> [Link]()

24

>>> print(l)

[25, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 147, 11, 13,

14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 120, 25, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,

21, 22, 23]

>>>

Code block

18.2 - Operating on Dictionary Object

Code block

root@kali:~# python3

Python 3.4.4 (default, Jan 5 2016, [Link])

[GCC 5.3.1 20160101] on linux

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license"

for more information.

>>> x = {'one':1, 'two':2, 'three':3}

>>> type(x)

<class 'dict'>

>>> y = dict(four = 4, five = 5, six = 6)

>>> type(y)

<class 'dict'>

>>> z = dict(seven = 7, eight = 8, nine = 9, **x,

**y)

File "<stdin>", line 1

z = dict(seven = 7, eight = 8, nine = 9, **x,

**y)

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> z = dict(seven = 7, eight = 8, nine = 9, **x)

>>> type(z)

<class 'dict'>

>>> print(z)

{'eight': 8, 'two': 2, 'nine': 9, 'one': 1,

'seven': 7, 'three': 3}

>>> for i in z:print(i)

...

eight

two

nine

one

seven

three

>>> for key, value in [Link]():print(key, value)

...

eight 8

two 2

nine 9

one 1

seven 7

three 3

>>> for key, value in [Link]():

... if key == two:

... print(value)

...

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>

NameError: name 'two' is not defined

>>> [Link]()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

TypeError: pop expected at least 1 arguments, got 0

>>> [Link](three)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

NameError: name 'three' is not defined

>>> [Link]('three')

3
167

>>> for i in z:print(i)

...

eight

two

nine

one

seven

>>> for key, value in [Link]():

... if key == 'nine':

... print(value)

...

>>>

Code block

Chapter 19. – Database

19.1 - Let us start with SQLite3

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import sqlite3

def main():

db = [Link]('[Link]')

db.row_factory = [Link]

[Link]('drop table if exists test1')

[Link]('create table test1 (t1 text, i1

int)')

[Link]('insert into test1 (t1, i1) values

(?, ?)', ('Babu', 1))

[Link]('insert into test1 (t1, i1) values

(?, ?)', ('Mana', 2))

[Link]('insert into test1 (t1, i1) values

(?, ?)', ('Bappa', 3))

[Link]('insert into test1 (t1, i1) values

(?, ?)', ('Babua', 4))

[Link]('insert into test1 (t1, i1) values

(?, ?)', ('Anju', 5))

[Link]('insert into test1 (t1, i1) values

(?, ?)', ('Patai', 6))

[Link]('insert into test1 (t1, i1) values

(?, ?)', ('GasaBuddhu', 7))

[Link]('insert into test1 (t1, i1) values

(?, ?)', ('Tapas', 8))

[Link]()

DatabaseRead = [Link]('select * from test

order by i1')

for row in DatabaseRead:

# print(dict(row))

print(row['t1'])

# print(row['t1'], row['i1'])
170

# print(type(row))

if __name__ == "__main__":main()

Code block

19.2 – MySQL for Big Project

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import [Link]

from [Link] import Error

def ConnectionTest():

### connecting to MySQL Database ###

try:

### you can either use a dictionary object

or you can connect directly ###

### using a dictioanry connection object

###
171

kwargs = dict(host = 'localhost', database

= 'python_mysql', user = 'root', password = 'pass')

conn = [Link](**kwargs)

### connecting directly ###

connection = [Link](host =

'localhost',

databa

se = 'python_mysql',

user =

'root',

passwo

rd = 'pass')

if conn.is_connected():

print("Connected from 'conn' object")

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:
172

[Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":

ConnectionTest()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import [Link]

from [Link] import Error

def RetrieveValues():

try:

kwargs = dict(host = 'localhost', database

= 'python_mysql', user = 'root', password = 'pass')

conn = [Link](**kwargs)

### shows you how to query data from a MySQL

database in Python by using MySQL Connector/Python

API

# such as fetchone() , fetchmany() , and

fetchall() ###

if conn.is_connected():

cursors = [Link]()

[Link]('SELECT * FROM

authors')

# row = [Link]()

# output (1, 'Bel and the Dragon ',

'123828863494')

######

# now we try to get all the books

# row = [Link]()

# print(type(row))

# output <class 'list'>, so we can use

for loop
174

# for books in row:

# print(books)

# it will give us list of all the books

######

### now we give the size of how many

books we want to get ###

# HowManyBooks = 8

# row = [Link](HowManyBooks)

# for books in row:

# print(books)

# we get the output of 8 books

row = [Link]()

for books in row:

print(books)

except Error as e:

print(e)
175

finally: [Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":

RetrieveValues()

Code block

Code block

[mysql]

host = localhost

database = YourDatabaseName

user = root

password = pass

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

from configparser import ConfigParser

def ReadingMySQLConfig(filemame =

'mysql_config.ini', section = 'mysql'):

parser = ConfigParser()

[Link](filemame)

db = dict()

if parser.has_section(section):

items = [Link](section)

for item in items:

db[item[0]] = item[1]

else:

raise Exception('{0} not found in the

{1} file'.format(section, filemame))

return db

Code block

Code block
177

#!/usr/bin/python3

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

from MySQL_Connector.mysql_config import

ReadingMySQLConfig

def Connect():

kwargs = ReadingMySQLConfig()

MyConnection = MySQLConnection(**kwargs)

try:

if MyConnection.is_connected():

print("Connected")

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

if __name__ == "__main__":

Connect()
178

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import [Link]

from [Link] import Error

def connect():

""" Connect to MySQL database """

try:

conn =

[Link](host='localhost',

database='Yo

urDatabase',

user='root',

password='Yo
179

urPassword')

if conn.is_connected():

print('Connected to MySQL database')

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

if __name__ == '__main__':

connect()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

from Databases.python_mysql_dbconfig import

read_db_config
180

def iter_row(cursor, size=10):

while True:

rows = [Link](size)

if not rows:

break

for row in rows:

yield row

def query_with_fetchmany():

try:

dbconfig = read_db_config()

conn = MySQLConnection(**dbconfig)

cursor = [Link]()

[Link]("SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE")

# EMPLOYEE is the table name

for row in iter_row(cursor, 10):

print(row)
181

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

[Link]()

if __name__ == '__main__':

query_with_fetchmany()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

from Databases.python_mysql_dbconfig import

read_db_config

def query_with_fetchall():

try:
182

dbconfig = read_db_config()

conn = MySQLConnection(**dbconfig)

cursor = [Link]()

[Link]("SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE")

rows = [Link]()

print('Total Row(s):', [Link])

for row in rows:

print("First Name = ", row[0])

print("Second Name = ", row[1])

print("Age = ", row[2])

print("Sex = ", row[3])

print("Salary = ", row[4])

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()
183

[Link]()

if __name__ == '__main__':

query_with_fetchall()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

from MySQL_Connector.mysql_config import

ReadingMySQLConfig

def InsertBooks(books):

query = "INSERT INTO books(title, isbn)

VALUES(%s, %s)"

try:

kwargs = ReadingMySQLConfig()

MyConnection = MySQLConnection(**kwargs)
184

if MyConnection.is_connected():

cursor = [Link]()

[Link](query, books)

[Link]()

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

def main():

books = [("TestBook", 1236547890)]

InsertBooks(books)

print("Inserted one book")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
185

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

from MySQL_Connector.mysql_config import

ReadingMySQLConfig

def UpdateBooks(book_id, title):

kwargs = ReadingMySQLConfig()

data = (title, book_id)

query = "UPDATE books SET title = %s WHERE id =

%s"

try:

MyConnection = MySQLConnection(**kwargs)

cursor = [Link]()

[Link](query, data)

[Link]()

except Error as e:
186

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

def main():

for id in range(1, 25):

if id == 3:

UpdateBooks(id, "I Have A Dream")

print("One book has been updated")

elif id == 4:

UpdateBooks(id, "Laravel 5 Unfolded")

print("One book has been updated")

elif id == 5:

UpdateBooks(id, "Play With Python")

print("One book has been updated")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()
187

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

from MySQL_Connector.mysql_config import

ReadingMySQLConfig

def DeleteBooks(book_id):

kwargs = ReadingMySQLConfig()

query = "DELETE FROM books WHERE id = %s"

try:

MyConnection = MySQLConnection(**kwargs)

cursor = [Link]()

[Link](query, (book_id,))

[Link]()

except Error as e:
188

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

def main():

id = 87

DeleteBooks(id)

print("Deleted ", id, "number of book from

books")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

from MySQL_Connector.mysql_config import

ReadingMySQLConfig

def ReadFile(filename):

with open(filename, 'rb') as f:

images = [Link]()

return images

def UpdateImage(author_id, filename):

kwargs = ReadingMySQLConfig()

data = ReadFile(filename)

query = "UPDATE authors SET photo = %s WHERE id

= %s"

args = (data, author_id)

try:

MyConnection = MySQLConnection(**kwargs)

cursor = [Link]()

[Link](query, args)

[Link]()
190

except Error as e:

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

def main():

id = 47

UpdateImage(id, "/home/hagudu/Pictures/[Link]")

print("Image of author ID", id, "has been

updated.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

from [Link] import MySQLConnection, Error

from MySQL_Connector.mysql_config import

ReadingMySQLConfig

def WriteFile(data, filename):

with open(filename, 'wb') as files:

[Link](data)

def ReadImage(author_id, filename):

kwargs = ReadingMySQLConfig()

query = 'SELECT photo FROM authors WHERE id =

%s'

try:

MyConnection = MySQLConnection(**kwargs)

cursor = [Link]()

[Link](query, (author_id,))

photo = [Link]()[0]

WriteFile(photo, filename)

except Error as e:
192

print(e)

finally:

[Link]()

def main():

id = 47

ReadImage(id, "/home/hagudu/Pictures/[Link]")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Chapter 20. - Module

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import sys, os, [Link]

def main():

print("This is Python Version : {}.{}.

{}".format(*sys.version_info))

# os module

print([Link])

print([Link]('PATH'))

print([Link]())

#urllib module

page =

[Link]('[Link]

for line in page:

print(str(line, encoding='utf-8'), end='')

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block
194

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

import sys, os, [Link], random, datetime

def main():

print("This is Python Version : {}.{}.

{}".format(*sys.version_info))

# random module

print([Link](1, 1000))

x = list(range(25))

print(x)

[Link](x)

print(x)

[Link](x)

print(x)
195

[Link](x)

print(x)

PresentTime = [Link]()

print(PresentTime)

print([Link], [Link],

[Link], [Link],

[Link], [Link],

[Link])

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Chapter 21. – Debugging, UnitTest

Module

Code block
196

#!/usr/bin/python3

# coding=utf-8

import sys, datetime

def PyVer():

print("This is Python Version : {}.{}.

{}".format(*sys.version_info))

def PyTime():

PresentTime = [Link]()

print(PresentTime)

print([Link], [Link],

[Link], [Link],

[Link],

[Link],

[Link])

#print(obj)

def main():
197

PyVer()

PyTime()

def test_Pyvar():

PyVer()

def test_Main():

PyTime()

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Code block

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python3

# coding=utf-8

import [Link]

import unittest

class SayTiemDate([Link]):

def setUP(self):
198

pass

def test_Version(self):

[Link]([Link]

.PyVer(),

[Link].test_Pyvar())

def test_Time(self):

[Link]([Link]

.main(),

[Link].test_Main())

if __name__ == "__main__":

[Link]()

Code block

Chapter 22. – Socket and Networking

Code block

# coding=utf-8

import socket

print([Link]("[Link].

com"))

print([Link]("[Link]

[Link]"))

Code block

Chapter 23 – Importing Nmap Module

Code block

nmap

Nmap 6.40 ( [Link] )

Usage: nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target

specification}

TARGET SPECIFICATION:

Can pass hostnames, IP addresses, networks, etc.

Ex: [Link], [Link]/24,

[Link]; 10.0.0-255.1-254

-iL <inputfilename>: Input from list of

hosts/networks

-iR <num hosts>: Choose random targets

--exclude <host1[,host2][,host3],...>: Exclude

hosts/networks

--excludefile <exclude_file>: Exclude list from

file

HOST DISCOVERY:

-sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan

-sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan

-Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host

discovery

-PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK, UDP or SCTP

discovery to given ports

-PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask

request discovery probes

-PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping

-n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve

[default: sometimes]

--dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom

DNS servers

--system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver

--traceroute: Trace hop path to each host

SCAN TECHNIQUES:

-sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP

SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans

-sU: UDP Scan

-sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans

--scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags

-sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idle scan

-sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans

-sO: IP protocol scan

-b <FTP relay host>: FTP bounce scan

PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER:

-p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports

Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-

25,80,139,8080,S:9

-F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default

scan

-r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize

--top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common

ports
203

--port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than

<ratio>

SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION:

-sV: Probe open ports to determine

service/version info

--version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light)

to 9 (try all probes)

--version-light: Limit to most likely probes

(intensity 2)

--version-all: Try every single probe (intensity

9)

--version-trace: Show detailed version scan

activity (for debugging)

SCRIPT SCAN:

-sC: equivalent to --script=default

--script=<Lua scripts>: <Lua scripts> is a comma

separated list of
204

directories, script-files or script-

categories

--script-args=<n1=v1,[n2=v2,...]>: provide

arguments to scripts

--script-args-file=filename: provide NSE script

args in a file

--script-trace: Show all data sent and received

--script-updatedb: Update the script database.

--script-help=<Lua scripts>: Show help about

scripts.

<Lua scripts> is a comma separted list

of script-files or

script-categories.

OS DETECTION:

-O: Enable OS detection

--osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising

targets
205

--osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively

TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:

Options which take <time> are in seconds, or

append 'ms' (milliseconds),

's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to

the value (e.g. 30m).

-T<0-5>: Set timing template (higher is faster)

--min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel

host scan group sizes

--min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>:

Probe parallelization

--min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-

timeout <time>: Specifies

probe round trip time.

--max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan

probe retransmissions.
206

--host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after

this long

--scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust

delay between probes

--min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than

<number> per second

--max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than

<number> per second

FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING:

-f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally

w/given MTU)

-D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with

decoys

-S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address

-e <iface>: Use specified interface

-g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number

--data-length <num>: Append random data to sent

packets

--ip-options <options>: Send packets with

specified ip options

--ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field

--spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>:

Spoof your MAC address

--badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP

checksum

OUTPUT:

-oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal,

XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3,

and Grepable format, respectively, to the

given filename.

-oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats

at once
208

-v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for

greater effect)

-d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for

greater effect)

--reason: Display the reason a port is in a

particular state

--open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports

--packet-trace: Show all packets sent and

received

--iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for

debugging)

--log-errors: Log errors/warnings to the normal-

format output file

--append-output: Append to rather than clobber

specified output files

--resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan

--stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to

transform XML output to HTML

--webxml: Reference stylesheet from [Link] for

more portable XML

--no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL

stylesheet w/XML output

MISC:

-6: Enable IPv6 scanning

-A: Enable OS detection, version detection,

script scanning, and traceroute

--datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data

file location

--send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet

frames or IP packets

--privileged: Assume that the user is fully

privileged
210

--unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket

privileges

-V: Print version number

-h: Print this help summary page.

EXAMPLES:

nmap -v -A [Link]

nmap -v -sn [Link]/16 [Link]/8

nmap -v -iR 10000 -Pn -p 80

SEE THE MAN PAGE ([Link]

FOR MORE OPTIONS AND EXAMPLES

Code block

sudo apt-get install nmap

sudo nano [Link]

#!/usr/bin/python

import nmap

nm = [Link]()

def callback_result(host, scan_result):

print ('------------------')

print (host, scan_result)

[Link]('[Link]', arguments="-O -v",

callback=callback_result)

while nm.still_scanning():

print("Waiting >>>")

[Link](2)

nm1 = [Link]()

a = nm1.nmap_version()
212

print (a)

Waiting >>>

------------------

('[Link]', None)

(6, 40)

It’s your localhost address. But we are interested

about the remote target.

[Link]

ISP: Some Internet LTD

Chapter 24 – Building an Nmap

Network Scanner
213

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python

import nmap

nm = [Link]()

print (nm.nmap_version())

[Link]('[Link]', '1-1024', '-v')

print([Link]())

print([Link]())

Code block

hagudu@hagudu-H81M-S1:~$ ./[Link]

(6, 40)

{'tcp': {'services': '1-1024', 'method':

'connect'}}
214

host;hostname;hostname_type;protocol;port;name;stat

e;product;extrainfo;reason;version;conf;cpe

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;22;ssh;open;;;syn-

ack;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;25;smtp;open;;;syn-

ack;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;53;domain;open;;;syn-

ack;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;80;http;open;;;syn-

ack;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;137;netbios-

ns;filtered;;;no-response;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;138;netbios-

dgm;filtered;;;no-response;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;139;netbios-

ssn;filtered;;;no-response;;3;
215

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;445;microsoft-

ds;filtered;;;no-response;;3;

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python

import nmap

nm = [Link]()

print (nm.nmap_version())

[Link]('[Link]', '1-1024', '-v')

print([Link]())

print([Link]())

(6, 40)

{'tcp': {'services': '1-1024', 'method':

'connect'}}
216

host;hostname;hostname_type;protocol;port;name;stat

e;product;extrainfo;reason;version;conf;cpe

[Link];;;tcp;25;smtp;open;;;syn-ack;;3;

[Link];;;tcp;53;domain;open;;;syn-ack;;3;

[Link];;;tcp;80;http;open;;;syn-ack;;3;

Code block

#!/usr/bin/python

import nmap

nm = [Link]()

print (nm.nmap_version())

[Link]('[Link]', '22-455', '-v --version-

all')

print(nm.all_hosts())
217

(6, 40)

{'tcp': {'services': '22-455', 'method':

'connect'}}

['[Link]']

#!/usr/bin/python

import nmap

nm = [Link]()

print (nm.nmap_version())

[Link]('[Link]', '22-455', '-v --version-all')

print(nm.all_hosts())

Code block
218

#!/usr/bin/python

import nmap

nm = [Link]()

print (nm.nmap_version())

[Link]('[Link]', '22-1024', '-v --version-

all')

print ([Link]())

print (nm['[Link]'].state())

print (nm['[Link]'].all_protocols())

print (nm['[Link]']['tcp'].keys())

(6, 40)

{'uphosts': '1', 'timestr': 'Mon Oct 3 [Link]

2016', 'downhosts': '0', 'totalhosts': '1',

'elapsed': '5.73'}
219

up

['tcp']

[80, 25, 53]

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;22;ssh;open;;;syn-

ack;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;25;smtp;open;;;syn-

ack;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;53;domain;open;;;syn-

ack;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;80;http;open;;;syn-

ack;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;137;netbios-

ns;filtered;;;no-response;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;138;netbios-

dgm;filtered;;;no-response;;3;
220

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;139;netbios-

ssn;filtered;;;no-response;;3;

[Link];host3.x0x;PTR;tcp;445;microsoft-

ds;filtered;;;no-response;;3;

PART THREE

Chapter 27. - Proxy Chains

Code block

root@kali:~# nano /etc/[Link]

Code block

Code block

service tor start

Code block
221

Chapter 28. - Virtual Private

Network or VPN

Code block

cat /etc/[Link]

Code block

Code block

nano /etc/dhcp/[Link]

Code block

Code block

service network-manager restart

Code block
222

Code block

sanjib@kali:~$ cd Downloads/

sanjib@kali:~/Downloads$ ls

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

Code block

Code block

openvpn [Link]

Code block

Chapter 29. - MAC Address

Code block

ipconfig

Code block

Code block

root@kali:~# macchanger -s eth0

Current MAC: [Link] (CADMUS COMPUTER

SYSTEMS)

Permanent MAC: [Link] (CADMUS COMPUTER

SYSTEMS)

Code block

Code block

root@kali:~# macchanger –h

Code block