 Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

or infirmity.
 7th April 1948 “World Health Day”
 ‘Hygeia’ Greek godesss of Health on which Hygiene.
 Best treatment of hair by washing it with a shampoo containing Selenium.
 Lice can be killed by washing our hair with shampoo containing Lindane.
 Dental Caries and Tooth Decay are common problems.
 Trachoma – serious eye disease and can even cause blindness.
National Programmes
 National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP)
 National Filaria Control Programme (NFCP)
 National Smallpox Eradication Programme (NSEP)
 National Leprosy Control Programme (NLCP)
 National Cholera Control Programme (NCCP)
 Tuberculosis Programme
 Pulse Polio Programme for Polio Eradication.
Diseases
 A disease is any condition that impairs health or disrupts normal body functioning due to one another reason.
 It can also be defined as a disorder or deviation in the physical, physiological, or mental function of the
body.
Hippocrates and the Scientific Approach
 Hippocrates (460-359 BC) shifted the focus to scientific explanations for diseases, earning him the title
"Father of Medicine."
 Types of Diseases

 Congenital Diseases: Present at birth due to genetic disorders or environmental factors during
development. These can be passed down through generations. Eg Haemophilia, Colour Blindness etc.
 Acquired Diseases: Developed after birth, not inherited, and are not passed on to the next generation.
(Two types of acquired disease)

 Non-Communicable (Non-Infectious) Diseases: Not spread from person to person, caused by factors other
than pathogens or germs.Remain to the infected person.
(Four types of Non-Communicable Disease)

(1)Degenerative or Organic Diseases – Malfunctioning of a body organ.

(2)Deficiency Disease – Deficiency of a nutrient.
(3)Allergies – Caused by hypersentivity of body to a foreign particle
(4)Cancer – Due to uncontrolled growth or Multiplication of a certain tissue.

 Communicable (Infectious) Diseases: Spread from person to person by pathogens.

Infection – Entry of a pathogen inside a body
Incubation Period – Period between Infection and First Symptoms of Disease.
Modes of Transmission
Direct Transmission: involves the direct transfer of pathogens
 Direct contact: e.g. chickenpox, smallpox, measles, etc.
 Droplet infection: e.g. common cold, influenza, diphtheria, etc.
 Contact with soil: e.g. tetanus.
 Animal bites: e.g. rabies.
 Transplacental transmission: From Mother to Foetus e.g. German measles etc.
Extent of Disease
 Endemic – found in a ceratin area. Eg Yellow Fever.
 Epidemic – break out and spread from place to place. Eg Plague
 Pandemic – throughout the world. Eg. AIDS
 Sporadic – Scattered individual cases of diseases Eg. Cholera.

Indirect Transmission: involves the transfer of pathogens through intermediate agents, and includes:
 Carriers or Vectors: Female Anopheles is the vector of malaria and Human body Louse spreads typhus.
 Vehicle-borne method: Food, Air, Water etc.
 Air Born Method – As an epidemic Typhus by air and dust.
 Fomite borne Disease – Contaminated articles of a human.
 Unclean Hands – may transfer pathogen.
Learn the Table 15.2 with any 2 diseases.
 Prophylaxis: The precautionary steps to check the transmission of communicable diseases.
 Preventive Measures:
 Health education
 Isolation of patients from healthy persons
 Proper sanitation
 Eradication of vectors
Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases
Cholera
 Causative Agent: Vibrio cholera
 Mode of Transmission: Contaminated food and water.
 Symptoms: Fever and Vomiting with acute diarrhea - stool has rice water like appearance resulting in
dehydration,
 Preventive Control and Treatment:
 Health education
 Isolation of the patient
 Boiled water with fresh and hot food.
 Drugs like Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol etc. are effective.
Typhoid
 Common in the age group of 1-15 years.
 In India, about 2.5 million people suffer from typhoid every year.
Causative Pathogen:
 Salmonella typhi (a motile bacterium)
Incubation Period:
 7-21 days
Mode of Transmission:
 Oral-faecal route or Contaminated food and water.
Symptoms:
 Headache and typhoid fever (rises in the afternoon)
 High fever in the second week, then declines during third and fourth week
 Slow pulse with dry coated tongue
Prevention:
 Boiled water, fresh and hot food
 Isolation of the patient from healthy people
 Proper sanitation and disposal of human excreta
Treatment/Control:
 Ampicillin, Chloromycetin, Ciprofloxacin are useful antibiotics.
(Learn the figure 15.4)
Tuberculosis
Causative Pathogen:
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Incubation Period:
 2 to 10 weeks
Mode of Transmission:
 Nasal discharges and sputum of patients spread germs
 Can also pass through the milk of infected cattle
Symptoms:
 The bacterium releases Tuberculin
 Common symptoms are:
 Patient feels sick and weak
 Loss of appetite and weight
 Infection of lungs followed by cough
 Types of Tuberculosis:
 Lung (pulmonary) T.B.:
 Continuous fever
 Blood stained sputum
 Pain in chest with loss of weight and appetite
 Lymph gland T.B.:
 Swelling and tenderness of lymph glands (often in legs)
 May discharge secretions through the skin
Prevention
 Isolation of the Patient.
 BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccination
 Streptomycin – useful for the treatment.
24th March is World T.B. Day – National TB Control Program was started on 1962.
Types of Test
 Montoux Test – detection of Tuberculosis.
 Widal Test – detection of Typhoid.
 Kohn Test – detection of syphills.
 Pap Test – detection of cancer at cervix.
 Schick Test – to check the immunity of Diptheria.
 Scratch Test – to check the allergic response to diff. substances.
Control of Bacteria
 Heat sterilization: Heating at 115-125°C destroys bacteria and their spores.
 Sterilization: Using antiseptic chemicals like iodine, spirit, or Gamma-ray irradiation.
 Pasteurization: Heating milk at 63°C for 30 minutes and then chilling.
 Vaccination: Effective method of controlling bacterial infections.
Viruses
 Smallest structures, considered the connecting links between living and non-living.
 Vary in shape, structure, and genetic material.
Composed of :
 Protein covering called Capsid.
 Genetic material (DNA or RNA).
 Some have an additional covering called envelope.
Types of Viruses
(1) Plant Virus (2) Animal Virus (3) Bacteriophages
Obligatory Parasites
 Viruses exist independently outside the host cell.
 Cannot perform any activity of living organisms like nutrition, respiration.
Reproduction in Viruses
 Virus sticks to the membrane of a suitable host cell.
 Virus enters the cell, protein coat breaks down, and releases DNA or RNA.
 Viral DNA or RNA replicates and directs the host cell to make new protein coats.
 New viruses escape from the host cell.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Causative agent:
 The causative agent of AIDS is a virus known as HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus) or HTLV III (Human T-
cells Lymphotrophic virus) or LAV (Lymphadenopathy virus).
 HIV is detected in the blood, semen and urine.
HIV is transmitted from person to person by the following ways:
 Intimate sexual contact
 Through blood transfusion
 From mother to child during pregnancy
Symptoms:
 HIV destroys the immune system of the body by attacking white blood corpuscles (lymphocytes).
 The patient is exposed to a variety of diseases. The various symptoms of AIDS are:
 Weight loss , Fever Loss of appetite , Diarrhoea
Detection:
 HIV positive person can be identified through blood test by detecting the presence of anti-HIV antibodies in
the blood of the patient.
 The blood is added to the commercially prepared viral proteins. If there are anti-HIV antibodies in the blood
sample they will bind to the viral proteins and cause agglutination. This union will indicate that the blood is
from an infected person and he or she is said to be HIV positive.
Prevention:
 Testing the blood before transfusion.
 Avoiding sexual intercourse with strangers.
 Using condoms during intercourse.
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Causative pathogen:
 Varicella virus or chickenpox virus.
Mode of transmission:
 Pathogen is transmitted by contact with skin sores and clothes of the patient.
Incubation period:
 14 to 16 days.
Symptoms:
 Fever, headache, and appearance of small watery sores on the skin.
Prevention, control and treatment:
 Isolation of the patients helps in preventing spread of chicken.
Hepatitis
 Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver.
 Commonly caused by viral infection
 Autoimmune hepatitis by Secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol
Types of Hepatitis
 Hepatitis A
 Caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV)
 Transmitted through consuming contaminated food or water
 Hepatitis B
 Caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV)
 Transmitted through contaminated blood, bodily fluids (blood, saliva, semen), sharing needles, and sexual
contact
 Hepatitis C
 Caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV)
 Transmitted through contaminated blood, bodily fluids, sharing needles, and sexual contact
 Hepatitis D
 Caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV)
 Occurs only in conjunction with hepatitis B infection
 Transmitted through contaminated blood
 Hepatitis E
 Caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV)
 Transmitted through contaminated food or water
 Usually found in areas with poor sanitation
Symptoms of Hepatitis:
 Fatigue
 Flu-like symptoms
 Dark urine
 Pale stool
Preventive Measures:
 Practice good hygiene
 Get vaccinated for hepatitis A and B
 Vaccines for C, D, and E are currently under development
Diseases Caused by Parasites
 Caused by fungi, protozoans, worms, and mites

Malaria:
 Causative pathogen: Plasmodium spp.
 Mode of transmission: Bite of female Anopheles mosquito
Symptoms:
 Chilliness
 Severe headache
 Rising temperature
 Sweating
Prevention and Treatment:
 Eliminate mosquitoes by spraying insecticides
 Use mosquito repellents
 Eradicate mosquito larvae from breeding sites
Kerosene Oil & Malaria
 Kerosene oil or petrol can be used to treat stagnant water to help treat malaria.
 Chloroquine and Primaquine are the drugs used for malaria treatment.
 Malaria was named by Muculoch in 1872.
 Laveran discovered that malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite in 1880.
 Sir Ronald Ross discovered that malaria is transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles.

Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery)

 Entamoeba histolytica is the causative pathogen.
 It is transmitted by contaminated food and water.
 Symptoms are mild diarrhea with constipation.
 Blood mixed with stool is a common symptom.
 Sulpha drugs are taken for treatment.
 Entamoeba Histolytica was discovered by Lamble (1895), Losch (1875) discovered its pathogenic nature.

Sleeping Sickness
 The causative pathogen is Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense and Trypanosomoa Brucei Gambiense.
 The more severe form of the illness is caused by T.b. rhodesiense.
 The infection is transmitted by Tsetse flies.
 They carry the infection and spread through your blood when they bite you.
 Symptoms are anxiety, drowsiness during the day, fever, headache, Pentamidine injections protect against
T.b. gambiense. But not against T.b. rhodesiense.
 Insect control measures can help prevent the spread of sleeping sickness in high-risk areas.

Diseases caused by helminthes

Ascariasis
 The causative pathogen is Ascaris species.
 It is transmitted through contaminated food and water.
 Symptoms are loss of weight, pain in the abdomen and vomiting.
 Vermifuges may be used to remove adult worm from human intestine.

Taeniasis or Cysticercosis
 Causative Pathogen: Taenia solium or Taenia saginata.
 Mode of Transmission: Eating measly pork or beef.
 Symptoms: Loss of weight, pain in abdomen, epilepsy.
 Prevention, Control and Treatment:
 Proper disposal of faeces.
 Avoid eating pork or undercooked pork.
 Antihelminth drugs.
.
Filaria or Elephantiasis
 Causative Pathogen: Wuchereria bancrofti.
 Mode of Transmission: The bite of a female Culex mosquito.
 Symptoms: Lymph nodes in the limbs, scrotal sacs, and other body parts swell up.
  Prevention, Control and Treatment:
 Protection from mosquito bite.
 Antifilarial drugs.
Anopheles,Culex and Aedes Mosquitoes
 Anopheles: Spread malaria, have dark spots on their wings, sit obliquely while resting.
 Culex: Spread filaria, wings are unspotted, sit parallel while resting.
 Aedes: Spread yellow fever.
Control of Mosquitoes
Methods:
 Gambusia Fish eats upon the mosquito larva
Insects
Cockroaches
 They are cosmopolitan in distribution.
 Found in manholes of sewers
 Omnivorous
 Spread diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, and typhoid.
Control of Cockroaches
 Spraying insecticides like DDT, BHC gives satisfactory results.
 Keeping the houses clean.
Houseflies
 Most common disease carriers.
 Spread diseases like cholera, typhoid, amoebiasis, ascariasis, etc.
 Deposit germs on eatables and contaminate them.
 When contaminated foodstuffs are taken by humans, pathogens enter the body and cause diseases.
Control of Houseflies
 Keep eatables and drinking materials covered.
 Dispose of garbage properly.
 Treat garbage and refuse with insecticides.
Rats
 Serious domestic pests.
 Eat grains and cause damage to household materials.
 Spread diseases like plague, typhus fever, etc.
 Rat fleas, ectoparasites transmit plague to humans when the rat dies.
Control of Rats
 Use chemicals containing zinc phosphate as rat killers.
 Dispose of or kill rats using traps.