Synchronous Machine Problem Set for GATE/ESE/PSUS 2021

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SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
1. Find the highest speed and the corresponding number of poles for two different coupled
alternators required to give frequencies of 15 & 42 Hz.
Sol:
P.M Alt-1 Alt-2

     
15Hz 42Hz
120f
N
P
120  15 120  42

P15 P42
P 42 14  2 28
 42   
P15 15 5  2 10
 P15 = 10 and P42 = 28
120 15
and N   180 rpm
10

2. A 50Hz synchronous clock is correct at 7 A.M. From 7AM to 1 PM the average frequency
is 49.95Hz from 1 PM to 6 PM it is 49.90Hz. What must be the average frequency for the
remainder of 24 hours in order for the clock be correct again at 7 A.M.
Sol: 7AM to 1PM  49.95 Hz
(6 hours)  unable to supply 0.05 cycles per second.
0.05  60  60  5  cycles lost = 1080
1PM to 6 PM  49.9Hz  5 hours
Cycles lost = 0.1  60  60  5 = 1800
Total cycles lost = 2880
 in remaining 13 hours total 2880 cycles has to be supplies
2880
 f   0.0615
13  60  60
 f = 50 + f = 50.0615 Hz

3. A 3-, 10 pole , connected Alternator runs @ 600 rpm. It has 120 slots with 8
conductors per slot and conductors in each phase are connected in series. Find phase & line
emf’s if flux/ pole = 56 mwb. What harmonics due to slots might occur in phase and line
voltages?.

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Sol: E = 2f N a K p K d
Here Kp = 1
120
Let q = slot/pole/phase = 4
10  3
q
Sin
Kd  2 ;   slot angle  10 180  150
 120
q sin
2
 4  150 
Sin  
 2 
Kd   0.957
 150 
4 Sin  
 2 
PN 10  600
f   50Hz
120 120
 1 1
E ph  2    50  56  10 3  120  8     1 0.957  1905.8V
 2 3
E L  3  E ph  3 1905.8  3.3KV
slot  6 nq  1
here q = 4
 slot  24  1 (n  1, q  4)
slot  23, 25

4. Find RMS value of individual harmonics and of total induced emf per phase and line of a
50Hz, 3- , connected Alternator, 10 poles, slots per pole per phase = 2 and there are 4
conductors per slot. Coil span = 1500, Flux per pole = 0.12mwb with 20% of 3rd harmonics.
All coils are connected in series.
Sol: Kp1 = cos /2
 30 
 cos    0.966
 2 
 n   3  30 
K P3  cos    cos   0.707
 2  2 
10 180 0
 0
 30 0
2  3 10
q=2

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 2  30 
Sin  
 2 
 K d1   0.966
 30 
2 Sin  
 2 
 3 
Sinq 
K d3   2   0.707
 3 
q Sin  
 2
E1( ph )  2f N se K p1 K d1
 1 1
 2  50  0.12  10 3  2  3  10  4     0.966  0.966  994.8V
 2 3
 1 1
E 3ph  2  (3  50)  0.2  0.12  10 3  2  3  10  4     0.707  0.707  319.7 V
 2 3
E ph  E12  E s2  1045V
E L  3E1  3  994.8  1723VTriplan harmonics can ' t come in line

5. The armature of a 1- Alternator is completely wound with ‘T’ turn coils distributed
uniformly. The induced voltage in each turn is 2V(rms), the emf of whole winding is
(a) 2T (b) 1.11T (c) 1.414 T (d) 1.273 T
Sol: Here Distribution factor has to be considered
 = 1800 electrical
 180 0 
Sin  
Sin  / 2   2  2
Kd   
( / 2) 180  
 0
2 180
2
 E     2T  1.273T
 

6. A 20 pole Alternator having 180 identical stator slots with 6 conductors in each slot. All
coils of phase are in series. If the coils are connected to realize 1-  winding, the generated
voltage is V1. If the coils are reconnected to realize 3 - , connected winding, the generated
phase Voltage is V2. Assuming full pitch single layer winding, the ratio V1/V2 is.
V1   2f   N se1 K P K d1 N se1   K d1
Sol:  
V3   2f   N s3 K P K d3  N se3  K d31 

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C 1
S   K d1 3 K d1
 S 2 
C 1 1 K d 3
S     K d 3
S 2 3
2
K d1 

Sin  / 2
K d 3   [Assume 60 0 phase spread]
( / 2)
 600 
Sin  
 2  3
K d3  
600  
 0
2 180
2
3
V   2
 1 
V3   3


7. It is desirable to eliminate 5th harmonic voltage from the phase voltage of an Alternator.
The coils should be short pitched by an electrical angle of
(a) 300 (b) 360 (c) 720 (d) 180
n
Sol: K P  cos
2
 5    0
cos 0
 2 
5 
  90 0    36 0
2

8. The Kd for a 36 slot stator with 3-phase, 8 pole having 1200 phase spread is ______
 120 0 
Sin  
Sin  / 2   2 
Sol: K d    0.826
(  / 2) 120 0 

2 180 0

9. 4Pole , 50Hz Alternator has 48 slots in which a double layer winding is used. Each coil
has 10 turns and is short pitched by an angle of 360 ( elec). The fundamental flux per pole
is 25 mwb. The line to line induced emf for 3- star connection is approximately

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Sol: E  2 f  N se K P K d            (i)

Sinq
2, 48
Kd  q 4
 4  3
q sin
2
4 180 0
   150
48
36
K P  cos  0.951        (ii)
2
1 1
N se  48  2 10          (iii)
2 3
 4  15 
Sin  
 2 
Kd         (iv)
 15 
4 Sin 
2
On substituting (ii), (iii) and (iv) in (i)
We obtain
Eph = 809.3V
E L  3  E Ph  1400V

10. A 500 MW, 3-, connected alternator has a rated voltage of 21.5KV at 0.85 pf. The line
current when operating at full load rated conditions will be
(a) 13.43 kA (b) 15.79KA (c) 23.25 KA (d) 27.36KA
Sol: P  3 VL I L cos 
500 10 6
IL   15.79KA
3  21.5 10 3  0.85

11. A 3-, 400V, 5KW star connected, synchronous motor having an internal reactance of 10
 is operating at 50% of load [Link] excitation is increased by 1%.What will be the
new load in % if the pf is to be kept same.
(a) 67.9% (b) 56.9% (c) 51% (d) 50%
5000
Sol: I ge   7.217A
3  400
1
I1   7.217  3.61A
2

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j x1
400
Ef1   ( j10)(3.610 0 ) 
3 +
Ia
= 230.9 – j36.1
Vt
 (230.9) 2  (36.1) 2  233.75V +
_

E j2 = 1.01  233.75 = 236.09V

_
 
E j2  Vt  jX S I 2 0 0 
236.092 = 230.9 – j10 I2
236.092 = 230.92 + 100 I22
I2 = 4.876 A
4.876
I2  100  67.9%
7.217

Linked data:-
A synchronous motor is connected to infinite bus at 1.0 p.u voltage and draws 0.6 p.u.
current at upf. Its Xs = 1.0 p.u and ra 0.
12. The Excitation voltage ‘E’ and load angle ‘’ are:-
(a) 0.8 p.u. & 36.86o lag (b) 0.8 p.u & 36.86o lead
o
(c) 1.17 p.u & 30.96 lead (d) 1.17 p.u & 30.96o lag
Ia
Sol: Ef- = Vt 0 – j Xs Ia = 10 –j 0.6
Ef- = 1.166-30.96 0 
+
 1.17 & 30.960 lag.
+
_ Ef- Vt

_

13. Keeping excitation voltage same, the load on the motor is increased such that motor
current increases by 20%. The operating pf will become
(a) 0.995 lag (b) 0.995 lead (c) 0.791 lag (d) 0.848 lead
Sol: 1.1662 = 1- j X6(1.2  0.6)  = 1 - 0.72 (90 + )
1.1662 = (1 – 0.72 cos(90 + ))2 + (0.72 sin (90 + ))2
Cos (90 + ) = 0.1099
Cos  = 0.994 lag

14. A 400V, 50KVA, 0.8 pf lead,  - 50Hz synchronous machine has Xs of 2& ra 0. The
friction & windage losses are 2 KW and core losses is 0.8 KW. The shaft is supplying 9
KW load at 0.8lead. The line current drawn is
(a) 12.29A (b) 16.24A (c) 21.29A (d) 36.88A
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Sol: I/P = 9 + 2 + 0.8 = 11.8 KW

3 VL IL cos  = 11.8 KW
11.8 10 3
IL   21.29A
3  400  0.8

15. A 1000KVA , [Link], 3- connected alternator has Xs = 20 and ra 0. Consider
operation at full load at upf.
The induced emf (line to line) is :-
6600
Sol: Vt   3810.62V
3
1000
I fL   87.48A
3  6.6
E f  Vt  jI a X S
Ef = 3810.62 + j20 (87.48) = 4193.0824.660
Ef L-L = 3  4193.08  7.2KV

16. A connected 440V, 50Hz Alternator has per phase Xs of 10. It supplies balanced
capacitive load currents of 20A. It is desirable to have zero voltage regulation. The load pf
should be :-
(a) 0.82 (b) 0.47 (c) 0.39 (d) 0.92
E  Vt 20A
Sol: Nearer to unity V.R  f  100%
Vt j10
00 = E f  Vt
40 Load
Ef  = Vt00 + j Xs Ia  +
_
3
254 = 25400 + j10  20
Let (90 + ) = x
2542 = (254 + 200 cos x)2 + (200 sin x)2
x = 113.180,  = 23.20
cos  = 0.92 leading

17. Two parallel connected 3- , 50Hz, 11KV, connected synchronous machines are
operating as synchronous condensers. They together supply 50 MVAR to 11KV grid
Current supplied by both the machines are equal. XSA = 1; XSB = 3. The ratio of
Excitation currents of Machine A to that of Machine B is ______.

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Sol: Each – 25 MVAR 

+
IA IB
25 10 6
IA = IB =  1312.2A
3 11103 j1 j3
EfA = Vt  jX S I a 900 11KV/
11000
 Vt  X S I a   11312.2
3 A B
11000 _
E fB   3 1312.2 
3
E fa
 0.7449
E fB

18. The Resistance measured between the two terminals of star connected 3-, 50MVA, 11KV
Alternator is 1. On Short circuit a field current of 40A gives full laod current of 200A.
The line voltage on OC with same filed current excitation is 2010V. Calculate the
synchronous impedance and reactance.
Eoc / 3
Sol: Zs 
I SC
In DC voltmeter ammeter test
Rph = Rm/2
 Rph = ½ = 0.5
ISC = 200A
Eoc = 2010 V
2010 / 3
Zs   5.802
200
X S  (5.802) 2  (0.5) 2  5.78

19. A 100KVA, 415V (line) star connected synchronous machine gives rated Voc of 415V at a
field current of 15A. The ISC at a field current of 10A is equal to the rated armature current.
The per unit saturated synchronous reactance is
Sol: Eoc = 415V, If = 15A
Ia rated at If = 10A
I f ( EoC ) 15
SCR    1.5
I f (I sc rated ) 10
1 1 2
Also SCR =  X S( pu )    0.667 p.u
X S( per ) 1.5 3
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20. (a) A cylindrical – rotor synchronous motor, with Ef = 1.5 p.u, is connected to an infinite
bus. The machine has a Xs of 1.2 p.u. and output power delivered to the load is 0.5 p.u.
With all losses ignored find the magnitude of reactive power delivered or absorbed by the
synchronous motor.
(b) If load on the motor is increased to its rated load without any change in it’s field current
repeat part (a).
(c) With the load as given in part (a), if the excitation voltage is reduced to 0.75 repeat part
(a).
E V
Sol: (a) For a cylindrical rotor synchronous motor, the real power is given by P  f t sin 
Xs
1.5 1 1.2  0.5
 0.5  sin  (or ) sin    0.4
1.20 1.5
 cos  = 0.9165
Vt
Q (Vt E f cos )
XS
1
Q 1  1.5  0.9165  0.3123p.u
1.2
As Q is negative, the synchronous motor is delivering reactive power to infinite bus.
(b) Under rated load conditions:-
1.5 1
1 sin 
1.2
 sin  = 0.8 and cos = 0.6
1
Q 1  1.5  0.6  0.0833p.u
1.2
Here Q is positive, the synchronous motor is
 drawing reactive power from the infinite bus,
0.75 1
(c) Here, 0.5  sin   sin   0.8; cos   0.6
1.2
1
Q 1  0.75  0.6  0.4583 p.u
1.2

21. A salient pole synchronous generator is synchronized with an infinite bus. For zero
excitation voltage, draw its phasor diagram and hence obtain an expression for its power
factor under maximum power conditions, Neglect armature Resistance
Sol: The phasor diagram of a salient pole synchronous generator with Ef = 0 and ra = 0 is
illustrated below

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Vt2  1 1 
P  sin 2
2  X q X d 
Maximum Reluctance power, Pmax is obtained for  = 450
V2  1 1 
 Pmax  t  
2  X q X d 
From phasor:-
Vt sin  = Iq Xq and Vt cos  = Id Xd
V sin  V cos 
 Iq  t and I d  t
Xq Xd
V 1 Vt
Under Maximum power condition I d  t cos 45 0 
Xd 2 Xd
1 Vt Vt 1 1
And I q   I a  I d2  I q2  2
 2
2 Xd 2 Xd Xq

Vt X d2  X q2
 .
2 XdXq
Now Vt Ia cos  = Pmax
Vt X d2  X q2 Vt2  X d  X q 
Vt . . . cos   
2 XdXq 2  X d X q 

1  X d  X q 

cos  
2  X d2  X q2 
 

22. A salient pole synchronous motor, connected with an infinite bus, is working at no load, Its
field current is gradually reduced to zero and is then reversed.
(a) Find the magnitude of maximum negative excitation possible.
(b) Find the magnitude of reactive power.
E f Vt Vt2  1 1 
Sol: P  sin    sin 2
Xd 2  X q X d 
When excitation is made negative, the power is given by
 E f Vt V2  1 1 
P sin   t   sin 2
Xd 2  X q X d 
The magnitude of negative excitation is increased till steady-state limit is reached with the
reversed, electromagnetic power and reluctance power are opposing each other
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 Steady state power limit is reached, when the motor is just on the verge of being
synchronism. Thus minimum negative excitation is obtained by equating P to Zero.
E f Vt Vt2  1 1 
 sin    2 sin  cos 
Xd 2  X q X d 
X 
(or ) E f  Vt  d  1 cos 
X 
 q 
Since, P = 0, load angle  must be zero
X 
 E f min  Vt  d  1
X 
 q 
(b) for negative excitation,
Vt2  1 1  2 E V
Q  Vt2   sin   f t cos 
Xd  
 Xq Xd  Xd

Under the condition of maximum negative excitation, Efmin,  is zero and

 Q is given by
V 2 E f min .Vt
Q t 
Xd Xd
Vt2  X d  Vt Vt2
  Vt   1. 
Xd X 
 q  Xd Xq
Q is positive hence synchronous motor draws reactive power from the infinite laws.
For the motor at no load, Vt Ia cos = 0
Or Ia cos  = 0,
 cos  = 0 (or)  = 900
Vt2
Q = Vt I a sin 90 = Vt I a =
Xq
V
(or )X q  t
Ia
Note: Xq is obtained by maximum lagging current test.

23. A 3- phase salient – pole synchronous generator has the following constants in per unit
system

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Xd = 1.20, Xq = 0.8, Xd1 = 0.4

This generator supplies rated KVA to an infinite bus at rated terminal voltage and at upf.
(a) Find the load angle and then calculate the transient power
(b) Repeat part (a) by consuming constant voltage behind transient reactance

Vt sin   I a X q
Sol: tan(  ) 
Vt cos   I a ra
V  0  1 0.8 q-axis
j I a Xq
tan   t  0.8
1 0
And  = 38.660 Ef` j I d Xd
Id = Ia sin ( + ) = 1.00 sin 38.660 = 0.625 I a Xq
Eq1 = Vq + Xd1 Id = Vt cos  + Xd1 Id
= 1.0 cos 38.66 + 0.4  0.625 = 1.0308
E1q Vt I a Xd
V2  1 1  Id Xd` Ei`
P  1 sin   t   1  sin 2 Vd
Xd 2  X q X d  Vt
Vq
1.031 1 1 1 1  0
P sin 38.66     sin 77.32
0 .4 2  0 .8 0 .6 
i
= 1.6098 – 0.6098 = 1.00
E1i  Vt  jI a  d`

E1i  (1  j0.0)  j(1  j0.0)  0.4  1  j0.4 Ia
1 0 
E i  1.07721.80
I = +21.800 d-axis
Id
E1q Vt 1.077  1
Transient power P is given by P  1 sin i  sin 21.80 0  1.00
Xd 0.4

24. A 10 MVA, 11KV, 3-phase, 8 pole, star connected alternator is synchronized with an
infinite bus. When operating at rated load and at unity power factor, its normal period of
oscillations is 1.4sec. Its synchronous reactance is 20%. Compute the moment of inertia of
its rotating parts.
Sol: Per phase terminal voltage
11000
Vt   6351V
3
10000
Per phase Armature current, I a   524.88A
3 (11)

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X S ()
% Reactance, X S  100
(Vt / I a )
20 6351
 X s ( )    2.42
100 524.88
E f  Vt  jI a X s
= 6351 + j (524.88) (2.42)
E f  6476.811.310
3t f Vt
(or) Synchronizing power: PS  cos 
XS
3(6476.8)(6351)
 cos(11.310 )
2.42
= 50,002, 497 Watts/elect rad.
2
Inertia power, Pj = 2ns J
P
2
 2(12.5)  J  19.64J
8
P 19.64I
t n  2 i  2   1.4 sec
Ps 50,0002,497
J = 126.399.6 kgm2

25. A 3-phase star connected cylindrical rotor Alternator with Xs of 5 per phase, is supplying
240A at upf to a 11KV infinite bus.
(a) If Excitation emf of the alternator is increased by 25% without changing its driving
torque, calculate the new values of current, power factor and load angle. Will there be any
change in the power supplied to the infinite bus?
(b) With the increased excitation of part (a) held fixed, at what power output would the
alternator break from synchronism?
Find the corresponding values of current and power factor.
Sol: Per phase infinite two voltage,
11000
Vb   6351V
3
At unity pf:- E f  Vt  jI a X s
= 6351 + j240  5
= 6351 + j1200
Ef  (6351) 2  (1200) 2  6463.4V

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(a) New value of Excitation emf,

Ef = 1.25  6463.4 = 8079.3V
Ef1
1
jIa1 Xs
jIa Xs
Ef
Vb

Ia
Ia1
1

From phasor, Ia, Xs cos  = Ia Xs = 240  5 = 1200V

1200
 I a1 cos 1   240A
5
 E f 1  ( Vb  I a1X s sin 1 ) 2  ( I a1X s cos 1 ) 2
(or) (8079.3)2 = (6351 + 5 Ia1 sin 1)2 + (1200)2
7989.7  6351
(or) Ia1sin 1 =  327.74A
5
 New armature current I a1  I a1 cos 1 2  I a1 sin 1 2
 2402  327.742  406.22A
240
cos 1   0.591 lag
406.22
I a X S 1200
The initial angle .  is tan   
Vb 6351
  = 10.70
Also Ef sin  = Ef1 sin 1
E 1
 Sin 1  f sin   sin 10.7 0
Ef1 1.25
(or) 1 = 8.540
Since the driving torque of the alternator is not changed mechanical input to alternator is
same so before, consequently the power supplied to infinite laws can’t change,

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Ia2 Vb

J Ia2 Xs

Ia

Ef2
With the excitation emf as in part (a) the maximum power output takes place when the load
angle between Vb and Ef1 is 900 as shown.
3E fc Vb 8079.3  6351
 Maximum power output =   30786.9KW
XS 5
Also I a 2 X S  E f21  Vb2  (8079.3) 2  (6351) 2  10276.67
 Armature current of alternator under maximum power output is Ia2.
10276.63
  2055.3A
5
Power factor, under maximum power output, is leading and its value is given by
10262.3
  0.786 leading
6.351 2055.3

26. A 3-phase star connected turbo generator feeds power to 11kV infinite bus, through two
parallel transmission lines each having a reactance of 4. The generator synchronous
reactance is 3.
(a) The mechanical input to alternator and its excitation are adjusted so that the operating
power factor at alternator terminals is unity and rated current of 500A is delivered.
Calculate the alternator terminal and excitation voltages. Also determine the active and
reactive powers delivered to the infinite bus.
(b) With the excitation fixed as found in part (a), the mechanical input to alternator is adjusted
so that no power transfer takes place between alternator and the infinite bus. Calculate the
lagging reactive power delivered to the bus and alternator terminal voltage under these
conditions.
Sol:
3 4

Ia
Ef 
4

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Ef

j3Ia
2
Vt
1 Ia

Vb2  Vt2  (2I a ) 2 J2Ia

11103
Vb   6351V Vb
3
Vt  (6351) 2  (1000) 2
Vt = 6271.8V
E f  Vt2  3I a   (6271.8) 2  (3  500) 2  6448.7V
2

Power angle between Ef and Vt,

 3I   1500 
 2  sin 1  a   sin 1    13.45
0

 Ef   6448.7 
Active power delivered to infinite bus
E V
P  f b sin (1   2 )
3 2
6448.7  6351
  sin(22.51)
5
= 3135.93 KW/phase
= 94.07.79 KW total
Since Ia leads Vb, the alternator takes reactive power from the infinite laws.
 Q = Vb Ia sin 1
= 6351  500  sin 9.060 = 500 KVAR per phase
Or Reactive power delivered to the infinite bus.
= - 500 KVAR/Phase
VL Vt
(b) Ef
900

Ia1
E  Vb 6448.7  6351
I a1  f   19.54A
5 5
Vt = Vb + 2 Ia1 = 6351 + 2  19.54 = 6390.8V
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Reactive power delivered to infinite bus:-

Vb Ia1 = 6351  19.54 = 124.1 KVA/Phase

27. Two similar alternators operating in parallel have the following data:
Alternator 1 – capacity 700KW, frequency drops form 50Hz at no load to 48.5Hz at full
load.
Alternator -2 – capacity 700KW, frequency drops from 50.5Hz at no load to 48Hz at full
load.
Speed Regulation of prime movers – linear in each case
(a) Calculate how a total load of 1200 KW, is shared by each alternator. Also find the
operating bus bar frequency at this load
(b) Compute the maximum load that these two units can deliver without overloading either
of them

Sol: xy + yz = 1200 KW
oy = f (Bus Bar frequency)
from similar triangles Aab and Axy
xy ab

Ay Ab
xy 700 700
  xy  (50.5  f )
50.5  f 50.5  48 2.5
Frequency

A OA = 50.5Hz
B OB = 50.0Hz
x y
d
c
a b
700KW 700KW

ob = 49Hz
oc = 48.5Hz
Load on Alternator o Load on Alternator
From similar triangles Bcd and Byz
yz cd yz 700KW
 (or ) 
By Bc OB  OY OB  OC
yz 700KW
 
OB  OY OB  OC

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yz 700 700
  (or) yz  (50  f )
50  f 50  48.5 1.5
 50.5f 50.f 
xy + yz = 1200 = 700   
 2 .5 1 .5 
12 151.5  3f  250  5f
 
7 7.5
f = 48.58 Hz
700
The load shared by alternator 2  xy  (50.5  48.58)  537.6KW
2.5
 The load shared by alternator 1 = 1200- 537.6 = 662.4 KW

(b) Full load will first come on. Alternator 1. It is also seen that alternator 1 shares a such larger
load as compared to 2. Full load on Alternator 1 is given by cd = 700 KW and occurs at a
frequency of 48.5 Hz. Extend dc to C’as shown. Now for a full load on Alternator 1, the load
on Alternator 2 is given by cc’, From similar triangles we get.
C`C ab C`C 700KW
 (or ) 
0A  0C 0A  0B 50.5  48.5 50.5  48.0
700
(or) C`C   2.0  560KW
2.50
 Maximum possible load = 700+ 560 = 1260 KW

28. Two similar, 3 phase 6.6kV star connected alternators running in parallel, supply a load of
4000KW at pf 0.8 lag. The synchronous impedance per phase for the first machine is (0.6 +
j10) and for the second machine is (0.5 + j12.0). The total load to shared equally
between the two machines. Without changing their driving torques, the excitation of first
alternator is adjusted so that it delivers 200A at a lagging pf. Determine the current
delivered by the second alternator. Also calculate the power factor, load angle and
excitation voltage for each alternator.
Sol: Total load current
4000
IL   437A
3  6.6  0.8
Taking terminal voltage Vt as reference phasor,
I L  437(0.8  j0.6)  349  j262.5A
2000
Power factor of first Alternator, cos 1   200  0.874lag
3  6.6
1 = 290 and sin 1 = 0.485
 for first Alternator, I as  200(0.874  j0.485)  174.8  j97 A

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For second Alternator, I a 2  I L  I a1  240  43.50 A

Pf of second Alternator, cos 2 = 0.726 lag
6.6
For first Alternator, E f 1  Vt  I a1 Z s   10 8 174.8  j97 (0.6  j10)  5.1618.9 0 KV
3
0
 load angle 1 = 18.9 , and excitation voltage Ef1 = 5.16 KV phase voltage or 8.93 KV
line voltage
Also, E f 2  Vt  I a 2 Z s 2
6.6
  10 3 (174.2  j165.5)(0.5  j12)  6.2119 0 KV
3
For second alternator, load angle 2 is 190 and excitation voltage Ef2 is 6.21 KV phase
voltage or 10.75 KV line voltage

29. Two identical synchronous machines of rating 100MW, 50Hz operating in parallel have
following characteristics :
Machine 1: Speed Droop R = 4%
Speed changer set to give 50% rated load at rated speed

Machine 2: Speed Droop R = 4%

Speed changer set to give 75% rated load at rated speed.
(a) Determine the load taken by each machine for a total load of 150MW and the frequency
of operation
(b) What adjustments should be made by the speed changers of the machines to share the
loads as in (a) but with a frequency of 50Hz?

Sol: Frequency

A
104%=50.2Hz

a b c 100=50Hz
x 50MW 75MW
y z

Alternator 1 o Alternator 2

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In fig 0f is the rated speed corresponding to 50Hz to that load on machine 1 is 0.5 100 =
50MW = ab and load on machine 2 is 0.75  100 = 75MW = bc. In the fig, cy and yz
represent the load on machines 1 and 2 so that xy + yz = 150 MW and oy = f.
xy ab xy 50
  
yA bA 104  f 4
50
(or) xy = (104 –f)
4
75
Similarly for machine 2, yz = (104 –f)
4
 50 75 
 xy  yz  150  140  f   
4 4
F = 99.2%
F = 0.992  50 = 49.6Hz
50
 Load on machine 1 = (104 – 99.2) =60MW
4
75
Load on machine 2 = (104 – 99.2)  = 90MW
4
(b) Machine 1, speed drop , R = 4%
Speed changer should be set to give 60% rated load at rated speed.
Machine 2, speed drop R = 4%
Speed changer should be set to give 90% rated load at rated speed.

30. A 50 KW synchronous motor is tested by driving it by another motor. When the excitation
is not switched on, the driving motor takes 800W, when the armature is short circuited and
the rated armature current of 10A is passed through it, the driving motor required 2500W.
On open circuiting the armature with rated excitation, the driving motor takes 1800W.
Calculate the efficiency of the synchronous motor at 50% load.
Neglect the losses in the driving motor.
Sol: (i) when excitation is off for synchronous machine input motor takes 800W, i.e the driving
motor is producing an output power corresponding to friction & windage losses.
Pfriction & windage = 800W
(ii) When the armature of motor is short circuited and rated armature current flows than
friction and windage and full load copper losses occur in the machine
Pwillness = 2500 – 800 = 1700W
Also Piron = 1800 – 800 = 1000W
3
1
At half load, Pcu = 1700     425W
2
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50  0.5 103
 100  91.82%
(50  0.5 103  1000  425  800)

31. Two identical synchronous generators, each of 100MVA, are working in parallel supplying
100MVA at 0.8 lagging pf at rated voltage. Initially the machines are sharing load equally.
If the field current of first generator is reduced by 5% and of the second generator
increased by 5%. Find the sharing of load (MW and MVAR) between the generators
Assume Xd = Xq = 0.8 p.u, no field saturation and rated voltage across load. Reasonable
approximations may be made.
Sol: rating of each alternator = 100MVA , 0.8 pf
Assuming linear magnetization of the alternators, the change in field current will be same
as in excitation emf.
Hence Ef, is reduced by 5% and Ef2 is increase by 5%
PL = SL cos  = 100  0.8 = 80MW
QL = SL sin  = 100  0.6 = 60 MVAR
Initially, P1 = P2 = 50MW,
Q1 = Q2 = 30 MVAR
Let Base = 100MVA
V = 1pu, Ia = 1 pu
Xs = 0.8 p.u; Ra = 0
EA  EB  V cos   I a ra 2  V sin   I a X s 2
2 2
E fA  E fB  1 0.8  1 0.6  0.8 = 1.612 p.u
When excitation is injected:-
E `fA  0.95 1.612  1.532p.u
E `fB  1.05 1.612  1.693 p.u
Assuming negligible change in pf
1.532  V cos p 2  V sin   I `a X s 2
Ia1 = 1.115 p.u
P`A = 0.883  40  106 = 35.32 MW
Q`A = 0.833  30  106 = 26.49 MVAR
P`B = 1.115  40  106 = 44.6 MW
Q`B = 1.115  30  106 = 33.45 MVAR

32. Two 3- phase, Y connected alternators are to be paralleled to a set of common bus bars.
The armature has a per phase synchronous reactance of 1.7 and negligible armature
resistance. The line voltage of the first machine is adjusted to 3300V and that of second

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machine is adjusted to 3200V. The machine voltages are in phase at the instant they are
paralleled, under this condition, the synchronizing current per – phase will be
(a) 16.98 A (b) 29.41A (c) 33.96A (d) 58.82A

Sol: When excitation of two parallel machine is not same then synchronizing current flows
which can also be called as circulating current and it tends to make the excitation emf of
both machines same.
E1  E 2
Per phase synchronizing current =
Zs1  Zs 2
3300 / 3  3200 / 3
I sy   16.98A
2  1 .7

33. A 750 KW, 11KV, 3-phase, star connected synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance
of 35/phase and negligible resistance. Determine the excitation emf per phase when the
motor is operating on full load at 0.8 pf leading. Its efficiency under this condition is 93%.
750
Sol:   0.93, Input   806.45KW
0.93
806.45
Ia   52.9A, 0.8pf leading
3 11 0.8
11000
Vt   6351V
3
E f  Vt  jI a X S , E f  6351  j(52.9((0.8  j0.6)  35
(or) E f  7462  jh 481
(or) Ef = 7607.5V (or) 13.18KV (line)

34. The direct axis and quadrature axis reactance of a salient pole alternator are 1.2p.u and
1.0p.u respectively Ra is negligible. If this alternator is delivering rated KVA at upf and at
rated voltage then its power angle is
(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d) 900
Sol: Given rated KVA = 1p.u, rated voltage = 1 p.u, power factor 1
S = Vpu Ipu cos 
Ipu =1 p.u
V sin   I a X q 0  1 1
tan    0
V cos   I a R a 11  1 0
 = 450
Also  =  + 
As  = 0   =  = 450
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35. A three – phase 50Hz salient pole synchronous motor has a per – phase direct axis
reactance Xd of 0.8 p.u and a per phase quadrature axis reactance Xq of 0.6 p.u. Resistance
is negligible. It is drawing full load current at 0.8 pf leading when terminal voltage is 1 p.u
per phase induced voltage in p.u is ______.

Sol:
j I q Xq
Internal pf angle Ef
=+ j I d Xd
V sin   I a X q
tan  = Vt
V cos   I a R a
cos = 0.8 and sin  = 0.6
1 0.6  1 0.6  
 = tan 1    56.310 Ia

 1  0 . 8  1  0  Iq
-1 0 
 =  -  = 56.31 – cos 0.8 = 19.44
Ef = Vt cos  + Id  d
Id = Ia sin ( + ) = 1 sin 56.30 = 0.32 Id
0
 Ef = 1  cos 19.44 + 0.332  0.8 = 1.608 p.u

36. A star connected 400V, 50Hz, 4 pole synchronous machine gave the following open circuit
and short circuit test results
O.C test ; Voc = 400V (rms, line to line) at If = 2.3A
S.C test: ISC = 10A (rms, phase) at If = 1.5A
The value of per phase synchronous impedance (in ) at rated voltage is ______
Sol: We have to find the short circuit current at field current of 2.3A
10  2.3
Isc/If = 2.3 =  15.33A
1.5
Voc 400
XS    15.06
3  I SC 3 15.33

37. Two generating units rated 300MW and 400MW have governor speed regulation of 6%
and 4% respectively from no load to full load. Both the generators are operating in parallel
to share a load of 600 MW. Assuming free governor action, the load shared by the larger
unit is _____MW.
Sol: Assuming both machine have equal no load frequency ‘f’
FL1 = f(1 – 0.06) = 0.94f
FL2 = f(1 – 0.04) = 0.96f
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Load shared by machine 1

 f f` 
P1     300
 f  0.94f 
The load shared by machine 2
 f f` 
P2     400
 f  0.96f 
Total load, P1 + P2 = 600
 f f`  f f`
300   400   600
 0.06f   0.04f 
50( f – f `) + 100 (f – f `) = 6f
144
144 f = 150f ` ; f`= f
150
Load shared by larger machine i.e. machine 2
 f  144 
 f
 150   400  6
P2   400  400MW
 0.04f  150  0.4
 
 

38. A 1000 KVA, 3-phase, 11KV, star connected synchronous motor has a negligible
resistance and a synchronous reactance of 35 per phase.
(a) What is the excitation emf of the motor if the power angle is 100 and the motor takes rated
current at (i) lagging power factor, and (ii) leading power factor
(b) What is the mechanical power developed and the power factor in part (a).
(c) At what power angle will this motor operate if it develops an output of 500KW at the rated
line voltage and with an excitation emf of 10KV (line)?
(d) What is the minimum excitation at which the motor can deliver 500KW at the rated line
voltage without losing synchronism.

Sol: Xs = 35 
Vt = 11/ 3 = 6.35 KV
1000
Is(rated) =  52.5A
3 11
(a) Power angle ( = 100)
Ia(rated). Xs = 52.5  35 = 1.84 KV

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Ia (lead)

1 O
A 0 Vt
=10
2 IaXs

Ef 
Ia (lag) C
B

Vt2 + Ef2 – 2 Vt Ef cos 100 = (Ia Xs)2

Ef2 – 12.51 Ef + 36.93 = 0
At lag pf, E f  4.77KV
At lead pf, E f  7.74KV
(b) (i) Ia lagging
3  Vt E f 3  6.35  4.77
Pm(out) = sin    sin 10 0
Xs 35
From  0 AB; = 451 KW
Ia Xs E
 f
Sin sin 
1.84 4.77
 0
    26.80 0
sin 10 sin 
Pf = cos 2 = cos (900 – 26.80) = 0.451 lag
(ii) Ia leading
3  Vt E f 3  6.35  7.74
Pm(out) = sin    sin 10 0  7315KW
Xs 35
From  0AC,
Ia Xs V 1.84 6.35
 t  0
    36.8 0
Sin sin  Sin 10 sin 
Pf = cos1 = cos(90 – 36.80 – 100) = 0.73
0

VE
(c) Pm(out) = t f sin 
Xs
Ef = 10/ 3 = 5.77KV

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3  6.35  5.77
0.5   sin     9.2 0
35
As Ef < Vt  lagging pf solution is considered
1.84 5.77
    30.10
sin 9.2 Sin 
cos 2 = cos (90 – 30.10) = 0.5 kg
(d) Without losing synchronism minimum excitation corresponds to power angle  = 900
VE 3  6.35  E f
Pm(out) = t f sin 90 0 , 0.5 
Xs 35
Ef = 0.919 KV (or) 1.59 KV (line)

39. A 20 MVA, 11KV, 3- phase, delta connected synchronous motor has a synchronous
impedance of 15  /phase. Windage, friction and iron losses amount to 1200 KW.
(a) Find the value of the unity power factor current drawn by the motor at a shaft load of 15
MW. What is the excitation emf under this condition?
(b) If the excitation emf is adjusted to 15.5KV (line) and the shaft load is adjusted so that at
the motor drawn upf current, find the motor output (net)
Sol:
(a) Vt  11  6.35 KV
3
15
X S (eqv star)   5
3
Pm= 15+1.2 =16.2 MW ( 3 phase)
Pe(in)= Pm(out)= 16.2 MW ( 3 phase)
16.2  103
Ia  =0.85 KA (upf)
3  11  1
E f  6.35  j5  0.85  6.35  j4.25 Ia Vt = 6.35 KV
O M
Ef= 7.64 KV (or) 13.2KV (line)
15.5
(B) E f   8.95 KV IaXs
3
Ia X S  8.952  6.352  6.31 KV
3 P
6.31  10 Ef = 8.95 KV
Ia   126 KA
5
Pe ( in )  Pm ( out )
gross
 3  11  126 =24MW

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Pin ( out )
 24  1.2  22.8MW
net

40. A 3.5 MVA, slow speed, 3- phase, synchronous generator rated at 6.6 KV has 32 poles. Its
direct and quadrature- axis synchronous reactance as measured by the slip test are 9.6  and
6. Neglecting armature resistance, determine the regulation and the excitation emf needed
to maintain 6.6 KV at the terminals when supplying a load of 2.5 MW at 0.8 pf lagging.
What maximum power can the generator supply at the rated terminal voltage, if the field
becomes open circuited
Sol:
Xd=9.6 , Xq=6 
6.6  103
Vt   3.81KV
3
3.5  106
I a ( rated )   306.17A
3  6.6  103
Ia. at 2.5 MW at 0.8 pf is
2.5  106
 3
 273.4 A;   cos 1 (0.8)  36.9 0 lag
3  6.6  10  0.8
V sin   I a X q 3810  0.6  273.4  6
tan   t   129
Vt cos   I a  a 3810  0.8
Or =52.20, = -=52.20-36.90 = 15.30

E f  Vt cos   I d X d  3810 cos 15.30  I a sin   d
= 3810 cos 15.30+ 273.4 ×sin 52.2×9.6
= 5749V (or 9.96 KV (line)
5749  3810
Regulation =  50.9%
3810
E f Vt  Xd  Xq  2
Pe  sin   Vt 2   sin 
Xd  2X X 
 d q 
Given Ef=0
E f Vt  Xd  Xq  2
Pe  sin   Vt 2   sin 
Xd  2X X 
 d q 

 Xd  Xq 
Pe max  Vt 2  
 2X X 
 d q 

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2  9 .6  6 
 3.81    =0.454 MW
 2  9 .6  6 

41. Calculate the synchronizing coefficient (in KW and Nm/mech deg) at full load for a
1000KVA, 0.8pf (lag), 6.6 KV, 8- pole, star connected cylindrical rotor generator of
negligible resistance and synchronous reactance of 0.8 pu
Sol:

E f  1  j 0.80.8  j 0.6)  0.8 p.u 1-36.90 p.u
 
E f =1.61 23.40
E f  1.61 pu +
Ef Vt = 1 p.u
0== 23.40 _
VE
Pe  t f sin 
XS
1 1.61
 cos 23.40
0.8
=1.847 p.u per elect rad
1 pu = 1000KW

Stiffness = 1847 × KW / elect deg
180
=32.25 KW/eluct deg
8
Tet  e   m
2
Stiffness= 32.25 ×4 KW/mech deg
=129 KW/mech deg
120  50 2
Ws    78.5 rad / s
8 60
129  103
stiffness   1.64  103 NM / mech deg
78.5

42. A salient pole synchronous motor has Xd=0.85 p.u. It is connected to busbars of 1.0 p.u
voltage while its excitation is adjusted to 1.2 p.u. calculate the maximum power output the
motor can supply without loss of synchronism. Compute the minimum p.u excitation that is
necessary for the machine to stay in synchronism while supplying the full load torque.
Sol:

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E f Vt  1
Vt 2 1 
pm  sin     sin 2
Xd X 2 X 
 d q 
1.2 sin  1  0.3
pm   sin 2
0.85 2  0.85  0.55
d in
 0  1.41 cos   0.64 cos 2  0
d
=700 ( by hit and trial)
Pm (max)  1.41sin 700  0.32 sin 1400 =1.53 p.u
When excitation is variable
Ef 0.3
pm  sin  
0.85 2  0.85  0.55
Pm= 1.176 Ef sin + 0.32 sin 2
1.0= 1.176 Ef sin +0.32 sin2 ……………… (i)
For maximum power o/p
1.176 Ef cos + 0.64 cos 2=0 ………………… (ii)
From (i) & (ii) = 630, Efmin= 0.705 p.u

43. A 25 KVA, 400 V,  connected, 3- phase, cylindrical rotor synchronous generator requires a
field current of 5A to maintain the rated armature current under short circuit condition. For
the same field current, the OC voltage is 360 V. Neglecting Ra and magnetic saturation, its
voltage regulation (in % wrt terminal voltage).When the generator delivers the rated load at
0.8 pf leading at rate terminal voltage is____________
Sol:
OC voltage = 360 V
360
In pu VOC=  0.9 p.u
400
Isc=1 pu
V
X S  oc  0.9 pu
I SC
E f  1  136.860   j 0.9
E f  0.85457.420 pu
0.854  1
V .R   100%  14.550
1

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44. A 25 KVA, 230 V, 3- 4pole, 50 HZ, Y connected synchronous generator has XS of 1.5 /
phase and negligible stator resistance the generator is connected to an infinite bus of 230V&
50 Hz:-
(i) Determine the Excitation voltage when the machine is delivering rated KVA at 0.8 pf
lagging.
(ii) The field excitation is increased by 25% without changing the prime mover input. Find Ia
, pf and reactive power supplied by the machine.
(iii) With the field current as in part (i), the input power from prime mover is increased very
slowly. What is the steady state limit?
Determine statorcurrent, pf and reactive power?
Sol:
25  103
I a ( rated )   62.75 A
3  230
 230 0
Ef  0  j 62.76  1.5  cos 1 5.8
3
=203.71 21.70 VOLTA
EFL-L= 203.71 × 3 = 352.8 +V
(II) Ef sin, conet
Ef1 sin 1= Ef2 sin 2
 Ef1 sin 1= 1.2 Ef1 sin 2
 2= 17.950

 E f Vf
1.2  203.7117.150  230 00
I A2   3
jX s j1.5
0
= 83.34 -52.94 A
if = 100 (52.940)= 0.6027 lag

Q= 3 ×230 ×83.34 sin (52.94)

= 26.494 KVAR lag
230  352.84
(iii) Pmax   54.102 KW
1.5
230 0
900  0
I a3  203.71 3  162.1133.10
j 1.5
pf = cos 33.1 =0.8377 (lead)
Q= 3 ×230 ×162.11 ×SIN 33.1 = 35.267 KVAR

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45. A 3-  12 pole, alternator is coupled to an engine running at 500 rpm. The alternator supplies
to an inductormotor which has full load speed of 1455 RPM, find slip and no of poles of
motor .
sol:
PN 12  500
f    50 HZ
120 120
As Nr= 1455 rpm
 Nearest Ns=1500 rpm
Hence Pm=4
 1500  1455 
s   100  3%
 1500 

46. A power system to which a generator to be connected at a certain bus may be represented by
the Thevenin’s voltage, Eth= 0.9 00 p.u in series with Zth= 0.25 900 p.u when connected
to the system, Eg of the generator is 1.4 300 p.u synchronous reactance of the generator on
this system base is 1.0 p.u
(i) Find the bus voltage. VT, Real power & reactive power Q at the bus.
(ii) If the below voltage is to be raised to VT  1.0 p.u , when same P transferred to system.
Find the value of Eg required and value of Q transferred to the system at the same bus.
Sol: j 1.0 p.u j0.25p.u
Ia

Eg Vth Eth00


I a  0.6132  24.050

I th  0.900  j 0.1632  0.25   24.050
=0.9726 8.280 p.u
  
S out  Vt  I a
=0.9726 8.280 × 0.6132 24.050
=0.5963 32.330 = 0.504 + j 0.319
E
(ii) P  Vth th  sin 
X th
1  0.9
0.504  sin     8.040
0.25

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 
 Vth  Eth 18.040  0.90 0
I a2  
jX th j 0.25
0
=0.66632.77
S out  Vt  I a*2  18.050  0.66632.77 0
=504 + j 0.435
Qout= 0.435 p.u VARS lag
  
E g  Vth  j I a2  s
=1 8.050 + j 0.666 -32.770
= 1.5213 27.40

47. A 3-  star connected alternator is rated at 1600 KVA 13.5KV The effective Ra& Xs are 1.5
& 30  per phase respectively find the voltage regulation for load of 1280KW at rated
voltage and 0.8 lag pf

Sol:
 1280  103
Ia  3
=63.43-36.830
3  13.5  10  0.8
 13.5  10 0
Zs (1.5  j30), Ef  0 + (68.43-36.870)×(1.5+ j 30)
3
0
=9244.24 9.85 voltage
 13.5  103 
 9244.24  
V R   3   100 = 18.6%
 13.5  10 3 
 
 3 

48. A 550 V, 55KVA, 1-  Alternator has effective resistance of 0.2 . A field current of 10A
produces an Ia of 200A on short circuit and an emf of 450V on open circuit. Calculate the
synchronous reactance and the full load voltage regulation at pf 0.8 lagging.
Sol:
 450 cos 1 0.2
Zs  
200 450 / 200
= (0.2 + j 2.241) 
Xs= 2.241 
55  1000
Ia   100 A
550

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
 
E f  550  100   cos 1 0.8  2.2584.9 0
0
= 720.17 13.73 volts
 720.17  550 
V .R     100  30.94%
 550 

49. A 208 V, 45 KVA 0.8 pf leading,  connected synchronous machine has a synchronous
reactance of 2.5  negligible Ra. Friction and windage losses are 1.5 KW and core losses
are 1 KW. Initially shaft is supplying a 15 hp load and motor’s pf is 0.8 leading (i) Draw the
phasor diagram of motor and find line current and line to line voltage.
(ii) If the shaft load is increased to 30 hp, then find new values of line current & internal line
to line voltage .
Sol:
Pout= 15 ×746 =11.19 kw
Pin= Pdeveloped- Pmech
Pdevelop= Pin when Ra=0
 Pin  3VL I L cos   11.19  1.5  1.0
 13.69kw
3  208  I as  0.8  13.69  103
Ias= 47.5 A = Ir
 47.5
E f 1  20800  j  
 cos 1 0.8  2.5  255.10  12.420
3
(ii) 746 ×30= Pout= 22.38 KW
Pi/P = 22.38+1.5+1= 24. 88 kw
24.88 ×103 = 3  208  I L2  0.8
 I L2  86.325 A (line cov ert )
 86.325
E f  20800  j  cos 1 0.8  2.5
3

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
E f  299.8  19.42 0 V L  L Ia2
Ia1

Cos-1 0.8 V

20hp (constant power line)

Ef1

30hp
Ef2

50. A 500V, 3-, star connectedsynchronous motor has a resistance and synchronous reactance
of 0.4 & 3.6  per phase respectively, VOC= 600V. If friction and core loss are 1 KW.
Calculate line current & output power factor when motor output is 62 KW.
Sol: pdeveloped= 62+1= 63 KW
VE f E 2f
Pout  cos s     cos  s
Zs Zs
Zs= (0.4+ j3.6)
= 3.622 83.60
600  500 600 2
63  103 
3.622
 
cos 83.660   
3.622
cos 83.66

=56.930
500 0 600
0    56.930
IA  3 3
3.62283.660
=84.74 -12.610A
PF = cos (12.610) lag = 0.9761 lag

51. A 75 MVA 13.8 KV, 3-, 8 pole , 60 HZ salient pole synchronous machine has the
following d - axes & q - axis reactances, Xd= 1 p.u & Xq= 0.6 p.u. the synchronous generator
is delivering rated MVA at rated voltage and 0.866 pf lag.
(i) draw phasor diagram of the machine.
(ii) compute the excitation voltage Ef.( choose base MVA = 75 MVA & KV= 13.8 KV)

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(iii) If the machine is connected to a 3- phase system having 1.0 p.u voltage find the
maximum power that the generator can deliver.
Sol:
d-axis

Id(Xd – Xq)
Iq E Ef q-axis
 j I a Xq
1 j I q Xq
Id Ia
j I d Xd

Ia cos = I2
Ia sin = Id
E’ = 1 00 + J 1 (-cos-10 .866) Xq p.u
E’ = 1.4 21.790 p.u volts
I d  I a sin   1.0 sin (30  21.79 0 )
I d  0.7857 p.u
 
E f  E ' I d X d  X q   1.4  0.7857 (1  0.6)

E f = 1.7143 p.u
= 1.7143 ×13.8 KV (L-L)
= 23.657 KV (L-L)
1.0  1.7143 12  1 1 
P sin     sin 2
1 2  0.6 1.0 
1
P  1.7143 sin   sin 2
3
dp
 0    71.77 0
d
 Pmax= 1.8263 pu
= 1.8263 ×75= 136.925 mw
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 Synchronous Machine Problem Set for GATE/ESE/PSUS 2021
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YouTube For Interview Qns: Telegram for Material Downloads: Facebook for Doubts Clearing
“GATE Lectures by KN Rao”