HP Police Constable Exam: Mathematics Notes

(Matric Standard)

Prepared for HP Police Constable Exam Aspirants

Mathematics (Matric Standard - 20 Marks)

1 Rational Numbers
Definition
A rational number is any number that can be expressed as a fraction pq , where p and q are integers and
q is not equal to zero (q ̸= 0).

Examples
1
2, − 34 , 5 (because 5 = 51 ), 0 (because 0 = 01 ), 0.6 (because 0.6 = 6
10 = 35 ).

Operations
• Addition/Subtraction: Find a common denominator. a
b ± c
d = ad±bc
bd

• Multiplication: Multiply numerators and denominators. a

b × c
d = ac
bd

• Division: Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. a

b ÷ c
d = a
b × d
c = ad
bc

Key Properties
• Terminating or repeating decimals represent rational numbers.
• There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers.

Practice Questions
1. Express 0.75 as a rational number in the form pq .
2
2. Find the sum: 5 + 13 .
3. Simplify: (− 37 ) × 14
9 .

Answers:
75 3
1. 0.75 = 100 = 4
2 1 2×3+1×5 6+5 11
2. 5 + 3 = 15 = 15 = 15

3. (− 37 ) × 14
9 = − 3×14 42 2×21 2
7×9 = − 63 = − 3×21 = − 3

1
2 Fractions and Decimals
Fractions
Represent a part of a whole.
• Types:
– Proper Fraction: Numerator < Denominator (e.g., 25 )
– Improper Fraction: Numerator > Denominator (e.g., 37 )
– Mixed Fraction: Whole number and a proper fraction (e.g., 2 13 , which is 73 )

Decimals
Numbers where the whole number part and the fractional part are separated by a decimal point.

• Conversion:
3
– Fraction to Decimal: Divide the numerator by the denominator. (e.g., 4 = 0.75)
– Decimal to Fraction: Write the decimal as a fraction with a denominator of 10, 100, 1000,
6
etc., based on the number of decimal places, then simplify. (e.g., 0.6 = 10 = 35 )

Operations with Decimals

Align decimal points for addition and subtraction. For multiplication, multiply as usual and count total
decimal places. For division, make the divisor a whole number.

Practice Questions
1. Convert 3 25 into an improper fraction.
5
2. Convert 8 into a decimal.

3. Calculate: 12.5 × 0.4.

Answers:
(3×5)+2
1. 3 52 = 5 = 15+2
5 = 17
5
5
2. 8 = 5 ÷ 8 = 0.625
3. 12.5 × 0.4 = 5.00 = 5

3 Mensuration (2D Shapes - Area & Perimeter)

• Perimeter: The total distance around the outside of a 2D shape.

• Area: The amount of surface a 2D shape covers.

Shape Perimeter Formula Area Formula

Square 4 × side (4a) side2 (a2 )
Rectangle 2 × (length + breadth) (2(l + b)) length × breadth (lb)
1 1
Triangle Sum of all sides (a + b + c) 2 × base × height ( 2 bh)
2 2
Circle 2π × radius (2πr) π × radius (πr )
Parallelogram 2 × (side a + side b) base × height (bh)
1
Rhombus 4 × side (4a) 2 × d1 × d2
1
Trapezium Sum of all sides 2 × (sum of parallel sides) × h
Use π ≈ 22
7 or 3.14 as specified.

2
Practice Questions
1. Find the area of a square with a side of 5 cm.

2. The perimeter of a rectangle is 30 m. If its length is 10 m, find its breadth.

22
3. Calculate the circumference of a circle with a radius of 7 cm (Use π = 7 ).

Answers:
1. Area = side2 = 52 = 25 cm2 .
2. Perimeter = 2(l + b) ⇒ 30 = 2(10 + b) ⇒ 15 = 10 + b ⇒ b = 5 m.
22
3. Circumference = 2πr = 2 × 7 × 7 = 44 cm.

4 Surface Area & Volumes (3D Shapes)

• Surface Area: The total area of all the faces (surfaces) of a 3D object.
• Volume: The amount of space a 3D object occupies.

Shape LSA/CSA Total Surface Area (TSA) Volume Formula

Cube 4a2 6a2 a3
Cuboid 2h(l + b) 2(lb + bh + hl) l×b×h
Cylinder 2πrh √ 2πr(r + h) πr2 h
2 2 1 2
Cone πrl (l = r + h ) πr(r + l) 3 πr h
4
Sphere 4πr2 4πr2 3 πr
3
2 2
Hemisphere 2πr 3πr2 3 πr
3

l: slant height, r: radius, h: height, a: side, l: length, b: breadth.

Practice Questions
1. Find the volume of a cube with an edge of 4 cm.
2. Calculate the Total Surface Area of a cuboid with length 5 cm, breadth 3 cm, and height 2 cm.
22
3. Find the volume of a cylinder with radius 7 cm and height 10 cm (Use π = 7 ).

Answers:
1. Volume = a3 = 43 = 64 cm3 .

2. TSA = 2(lb + bh + hl) = 2((5 × 3) + (3 × 2) + (2 × 5)) = 2(15 + 6 + 10) = 2(31) = 62 cm2 .

22
3. Volume = πr2 h = 7 × 72 × 10 = 22 × 7 × 10 = 1540 cm3 .

5 Profit and Loss

• Cost Price (CP): The price at which an item is bought.
• Selling Price (SP): The price at which an item is sold.

• Profit (Gain): If SP > CP, then Profit = SP - CP.

• Loss: If CP > SP, then Loss = CP - SP.
• Profit Percentage (Profit %): ( Profit
CP ) × 100

• Loss Percentage (Loss %): ( Loss

CP ) × 100

3
 • Formulas involving SP and CP:
– SP = CP × ( 100+Profit%
100 )
– SP = CP × ( 100−Loss%
100 )
100
– CP = SP × ( 100+Profit% )
100
– CP = SP × ( 100−Loss% )
• Discount: A reduction in the marked price. Discount = Marked Price - Selling Price.

• Discount %: ( Marked
Discount
Price ) × 100

Practice Questions
1. An item bought for 200 is sold for 250. Find the profit percentage.

2. A shopkeeper sells a toy for 180 at a loss of 10%. What was the cost price of the toy?
3. If the marked price of an article is 500 and a discount of 20% is offered, what is the selling price?

Answers:
50 1
1. Profit = SP - CP = 250 - 200 = 50. Profit % = ( 200 ) × 100 = 4 × 100 = 25%.
100 100 100
2. CP = SP × ( 100−Loss% ) = 180 × ( 100−10 ) = 180 × 90 = 2 × 100 = 200.
20
3. Discount Amount = 20% of 500 = 100 × 500 = 100. Selling Price = Marked Price - Discount =
500 - 100 = 400.

6 Time and Distance

• Basic Formula: Distance = Speed × Time
• Derived Formulas:
Distance
– Speed = Time
Distance
– Time = Speed

• Units Conversion:
5
– km/hr to m/s: Multiply by 18
18
– m/s to km/hr: Multiply by 5

• Average Speed:
2s1 s2
– If distances are equal (d1 = d2 = d) and speeds are s1 and s2 : Average Speed = s1 +s2
Total Distance
– Otherwise: Average Speed = Total Time

• Relative Speed:

– Objects moving in the same direction: S1 − S2 (where S1 > S2 )

– Objects moving in opposite directions: S1 + S2
• Problems involving trains:
Length of train
– Time taken by a train of length ’L’ to pass a pole/standing man: Speed of train
L1+L2
– Time taken by a train of length ’L1’ to pass a platform/bridge of length ’L2’: Speed of train

4
Practice Questions
1. A car travels 150 km in 3 hours. What is its speed in km/hr?

2. Convert 72 km/hr to m/s.

3. A train 100 m long is moving at a speed of 20 m/s. How long will it take to pass a stationary pole?

Answers:
Distance 150 km
1. Speed = Time = 3 hours = 50 km/hr.
5
2. 72 km/hr = 72 × 18 m/s = 4 × 5 m/s = 20 m/s.
Length of train 100 m
3. Time = Speed of train = 20 m/s = 5 seconds.

7 Triangles
• Definition: A polygon with three sides and three angles.

• Sum of Angles: The sum of the three interior angles of a triangle is always 180◦ .
• Types of Triangles (based on sides):
– Equilateral: All three sides are equal; all three angles are 60◦ .
– Isosceles: Two sides are equal; angles opposite to equal sides are equal.
– Scalene: All three sides are of different lengths; all three angles are different.
• Types of Triangles (based on angles):
– Acute-angled: All angles are less than 90◦ .
– Right-angled: One angle is exactly 90◦ .
∗ Pythagoras Theorem: (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2 .
– Obtuse-angled: One angle is greater than 90◦ .
• Area of Triangle: 21 × base × height. Also, Heron’s formula for sides a, b, c and semi-perimeter
p
s = a+b+c
2 : Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c).

Practice Questions
1. Two angles of a triangle are 50◦ and 70◦ . Find the third angle.
2. In a right-angled triangle, the lengths of the two shorter sides are 3 cm and 4 cm. Find the length
of the hypotenuse.

3. Find the area of a triangle with base 10 cm and height 6 cm.

Answers:

1. Let the third angle be x. 50◦ + 70◦ + x = 180◦ ⇒ 120◦ + x = 180◦ ⇒ x = 60◦ .
√
2. (Hypotenuse)2 = (3)2 + (4)2 = 9 + 16 = 25. Hypotenuse = 25 = 5 cm.
1 1
3. Area = 2 × base × height = 2 × 10 × 6 = 30 cm2 .

5
8 Statistics
• Data: Collection of facts or figures.
• Frequency: The number of times a particular observation occurs.
• Mean (Average): Mean = Sum of observations
Number of observations
P
• For grouped data: Mean = Pfi xi
fi

• Median: The middle value of a dataset arranged in order.

– If n is odd: Median = ( n+1

2 )
th
observation.
– If n is even: Median = Average of ( n2 )th and ( n2 + 1)th obs.
• Mode: The observation that occurs most frequently.

• Range: Difference between the highest and lowest values.

Practice Questions
1. Find the mean of the numbers: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.

2. Find the median of the data: 3, 7, 2, 9, 5.

3. Find the mode of the data: 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5.

Answers:
2+4+6+8+10 30
1. Mean = 5 = 5 = 6.
2. Arrange data: 2, 3, 5, 7, 9. Number of observations = 5 (odd). Median = ( 5+1
2 )
th
= 3rd observation
= 5.

3. The number 4 occurs most frequently (3 times). So, Mode = 4.

9 Probability
• Experiment: An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes.
• Sample Space (S): The set of all possible outcomes.
• Event (E): Any subset of a sample space.

• Probability of an Event P(E):

Number of favorable outcomes for E

P (E) =
Total number of possible outcomes in S

• Key Properties:
– 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1.
– P (S) = 1 (Sure event).
– P (∅) = 0 (Impossible event).
– P (E ′ ) = 1 − P (E) (Complementary event).

6
Practice Questions
1. What is the probability of getting a head when a fair coin is tossed once?

2. A die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a number less than 3?
3. From a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards, one card is drawn. What is the probability that the card is
a King?

Answers:
1. Sample Space S = {Head, Tail}. Total outcomes = 2. Favorable outcome (Head) = 1. P (Head) =
1
2.

2. Sample Space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Total outcomes = 6. Favorable outcomes (numbers less than
3) = {1, 2}. Number of favorable outcomes = 2. P (number < 3) = 26 = 31 .
4 1
3. Total cards = 52. Number of Kings = 4. P (King) = 52 = 13 .

Tips for Preparation

• Understand the basic concepts and formulas thoroughly.
• Practice a variety of problems for each topic.

• Work on speed and accuracy.

• Refer to matric standard NCERT textbooks or similar level books for more detailed explanations
and practice questions.
• Solve previous years’ question papers for the HP Police Constable exam, if available, to understand
the pattern and difficulty level.

Good luck with your preparation! Polizeibeamter