Ps A signment— a. aa a) | Stabe and prove 4fald equivalence theorem wah neat dfagram and explain the prowdure of fmpadance dskerminati on Of shok antenna with necessary 2quakions. % Fach poink on She primaay wavefront ts i tho newsouTee for the ceondary ophatoal wovegront , then the aecndory wove front can be constiucbed as the envelope ot Aecondary sphefcal wavefront. | TRE prindple & cabled the untquentss | theorem, Uniquencss theorem; * The dfetd fin the Jessy region ts uniquely pactdtod ky the sources within thts regiont Fhe tangentials or Ee _eietd over the boundary (OY the tangential aro tfields over the boundary and the gormoy of the Pat over +e boundory 01) tho oder of est OVX the boundary, * Tau ty ate tangentfals componente of Fields and welds a comptetely Known ovoy the boundary surace, the fieldscan ke detorminad Fr'the dour free regfon. The, equivalerct problem ts deve lopadk, by feonidertng an actual radiating, AOUTL, the Can ko electri cally represented asi the cwuant d2nsi ties (T= Electric ffold density) an (M- Magnetic -fiotd dens?ty) * The tangentials components & and H fields axe oudside “s', that Bs In Yo without go and H, Thay muust datisfy the condPtion On +h Fangonttals Components of € and H Piet ls. Ys tangential | component¥ wing uniqueness Fheorem concept , and by using Fangertiah components zwrthouk the sour, the fiad ts found expressed hy the sovree. * This gives clarity about tne unfqueness and 4fetd equivalence principle. Actual problem Vo. Vv, ~ bounded readtury Erb VAL Unboundedl medfure Hise Equivalent problem Va rhe | a : 4 : \e He > Soure 14 1% a not defined. \ x x . Ms =A Tee) pesmistivity - amgunt.of e-Hold can bo stored. wie 4 Dsl, : €,>>€, lov: €y) >> Se!| ¥E, moterfat value showd greater valiy than T+ permitting the o-Hetd. * € matertol can allow radPatfing Atoraly Pee * Amount of radfatton ehowld be Less th $y * £1 > Good conductor » poor sadfodoy ; Js= hx Ca-w Ms=-fA x {ee This equation fs calle Prot al equlvatona patnefple. * From dectromagnatic untgueness Fhowaen the tongertiag Fand H fold components Ore noedod to debormine the pields. * TE wi ho demonstrated that ‘ayudvalt Problem conbe Pag with dye eleunie Cument danstttes Ctangentfal # component) er magnetic cunerst densities Langentfal E components), rE TE Te i% Js= A Gat lace. | Within the vogfon H value fs not known: hoaose H=0 | genagnes Buide the boundary , the vole of two components or, measured. Us- 8 x Cay Ms=-® x(t leg Ms=-n xe, Thi Jo and Ms are svgfcfant +o find the fields. \ ©, his veductfon fs cabled bove’s equivalence principle. Vo Ey, By 6 Ns Magnetic worduetor inte ak Ey proof ot bovels equi valene prin ple.Shot antenna : Slot antenna ds the type of antenng who has Apecktic openting , oF ALOE ov, cu opening in conducting lot matal shoot, When olectrtc 4fold is qfvos, 7k can vadlas clactromagnette vadfotion. The wavelangth, & small. TE Ls wed often fr high groquon, relat vely Compact, Salfent features of slot antenna: \ * The complementary Ppode antenna, ° comuts 400 ava stubs connected Fn the two ute transmbssfon dine, 94 is an Protpicfene radfator, * The Unw av Closely placed, and cart cumenk in opposite phoses, so Lines ohcancel out gach othor, ¥ While tHe lok antenna Ls w good und epident radfator, tT hos 4 stubs although the width ot the antenna i amatl, current carries & not tontined to the odges . Buk spread out over the eho, % shot antenna vadtotes horfzonbal means normal to thts shoot and vortfeal are poarsised . KTH Pt vertically radfotes, t+ wil be a horizontal polarization, Impedance of slot antenna: Hatt wove Afpole tmpodane =131- Nh ZS complomentary dfpole antenna. —— Slot antenna C1,G.- path Ze > Pmpodane of alot antenna zq> tmpadana ot dfpole antenna.emantany Afpo slot antenna comp "J rent ; Va = der f Egat Vg = Lim feeds 30 i C90 6, Ts=ahim Jucdb Ta =o bom Sade 220 es C20 ¢ From vas Mer) gz Me To dim Seadt = eo Jim Sud 0. G O50 G0 og, Aim feat 2 “dita Had —> S40 ¢ re ep0 J i ®. No- fntrinsfe tmpedaen 2.2 85416 Rat xqchassify Varlous srruirures of horn cunternd . Pescrib2 tre radfakion chatactertatics , application of 7o hangulan horn and conical horn antennas, The horn antenna 2s cher constructed by Hu shoring and waveguide with batter impadance mokelng ond dfrecttonal radiation chara erative The horn antenna’ ts wsed or 1 og-istene communtcation wave quids 3 The waveguide imprdane. bs (soso). Te Fre space Pmpadance Lb 3112. Tre Lao Jorge mismatch ketween the waveguide and tHe toe space Fmpedance , * By fnerease the daring , , we can bulld a heth antenna ulate, highor ‘ompodance maschiing FO th tree apace Impedance, tke wit produe a highoy dfrectf vi ty,¥ Te horn antenna hos the Ngee Pte Sperhane. ‘ . is Me Tes Hlaring Lb mee widely’ b tte Fee paw Impedance due Lo tHe higher phasic, Aperture, py nes higher directivity, * The unctfon of the hovn antenna Us to produce a unkform phase dronk with a Jarger oporture, * Here alectromagnetic radfatfon Ls radfoted, 3a B wht 20B8c ys Me cose 2b _ Lide : \ > cee tf alt SIE cee Mora) yoy ano. ho! ©= cos-t GR Sant +) i Gers ®= tan= (g-Th pythagoras theorem (LHS) = p24 ney, V+Qidetde = > 4h> |: 4 Compaved to -, dew Lge = h2 matt: so rag tected 4 pe bh? 8dse % T4 the slave angle (a0) & very Large. Ik ; does not, provide jnon-unt for phase, frre distribution. Highor oom width. Reduced XS Vrectivity. % TH tho flaw angle (26) & wmabl. ra provide uniform phose front dbstribotion. fener w? dtr fg he Peat tages dhrockivity, \ Apar burr fvea. Diveckiv’ ty’ (dD) ~&}chavactorsthes: | t | The maafmum directivity 9 achfeved Horger dfseet fowfng angle (20), Cond? toy, He valu NG idves not exceed Hw Value $! Or for E-plane hom % 0-32 for confeal hown. * OM for pH plano hom Various skrvetuin of horn antenna: |__Ractongatos toms | Confeol Horns Exponentfolly tapered pyramidal! Faponardtially topoved Yor } wareq dt rN nes gene \ | > | a 2» Abroad, Tt flores both Eplane and the! 'H- plane. Tr reduces sidolohes. TE i ves fi va nae vpedee Used. fox wideband mosrenings More compa ck wvodul Hho Afneat tapoved “prllcesfon and wit same gafn, Stdelohes. Hke pywamidal ft ts eProutar waveguide and exponentially Fapouda Recangulor Koons Sectoral H- plane” no | along brador dfmenfon with vortangwlare waveguide), Floving is narrow fn H-phane and Calong nav ASnonsion) Flaving harrow in E-plane and broader Pn H-plane. Flares only H-plane( | Convfcot | Norns. Confcal TA produws 4lares from clreulay wovegulde into tonfeat haam. produces symmetstead conieat boam suftable dor chraular polarization. brit tem bieonkcal Flaws only in E-plam Two cohes fofned hogetier fn apex region, tt opomts fn TEM mode, t+ Ls net Supported toy stand woregude , but used co-aatal [the stroctures Wideband performances:Rockaniyul ax ‘Horns }incax tapared AE | Flaves Pn both and H- plane. T+ provides aymmotrical boams mor than sectoral home Pi " Confead Horn TE kfeonfeal? SpodatlyYdestoned tp Avppost To; mede, Useful for Symmetics| CPradar ond Woh d+ Boamwtdth: HPBW C E-plang)= be A» A ~ Aperture hefg nt d- Wowelan gth. ao Ce-planey= NS* Ae pour handling. ; Radfatfon chavactontstics: HPBW (Half pours beam width): Hal CH-planee )> 6? Ba oF E-plang B- Aporture haaht of H-y plonas % FNBW (FP Nutt beam width): i - plane) =< PNB (HP ihe aae Gain Gia, 40 Ae.. re ” sus oval col Ac= E4ective Aperture 4a = Effie en), d= waveleng th 3 Dirck vi ty : p= iM HpBiv,« HPBWy 4° polovizadte ‘on: X¥ TEip for reaengedar woaveg uFdle = Lineas er cbeculey polarised TE) for fratar waveguide ~ ctriutar polorPsad Ov IPreax. 5+ Radfation pattern: ' Mafn loko - strong and droulfonal side tobe - propey tapered Back loke - negtfy ible, b+ Tmpedance enatching kVSwR! Flaving batween woveguide ard free space Tmpedance Low vswe (Voltage phic wove roto) -Hatynt | Appltcotfons: , | Ractorguler Horn antenna [ Chrudlar Horn antenne. ae + Rada aysems SokeLhtye cormmont cat on * Microwave Aesting + Avdenno paklern maaswuernent calf bration songe) * Antenna ground statfon Spawcraft feeds duit * Em /eme Halting fe P22p apace network Artal mocle helfcal ankenno. provides better Tedfotion perdovmante than novmal raode | antenna. Justity the reason. Compare and Contrast the operation and design procedure ot axfol and normal mode helfeal antennas. | Reason’. | > Addol mode hobfcat antenna provides dProfonak radiation and broader, | ’ | > Th thts modo, the radiation fold | | maaimum along the heli ants, > While noma mode antenna, provides pidivecttonal gdfoctfon and creator polartsad,2 Moreovey, normal mode heb’ antenna, has & — dtndvantage of smaller bandwidth and smaller radfatton otf any. > Asa reewt, Antal mode helfcal antenna provides bkettorn radfation parformanw han normal mode antenna, Modes : * Normal (x) Pespondfewlor ants mode. * Artal {ov Boam mode () Normal © perpandtcutar oodh + % Tho radfotion 4feld £4 maximum fn porpendiewloar t thw hodtx oft: * The radfation js bidloectional and etraor polarised x The dfmorsfons are 1, dD arte smatl Campati ble, LpD [ar Jstnoh = Ss) ye SD QnA = n2pe =O =/]F, ° gh 3 AR Lneas horizontal polaaty a PR= 00 = Lfrnonr ver ticod polaatzationé | AR= 4 =) Creator polarised, Are 1 8S > — =\ ae s2 K2Dt Qr sz _¢? aX pitch angle : v= ane) ($) 24am! (SZ) = ten GS) "This Lb ane condftfon Jor pitch angle tv gee ciaxcwlar polarLiatton, Artal ov Boam mode. (End fire) 1m £5. ° * Astal mode provides maxfmum radfatton along $he hollx ants * Tt bs brood and dfroctfonal hoam * T+ pfimonsions ove [c,s,p) avo one oF Hw ord oft wowelengthbo 9 12° to jpo Se The phtch angle See’ showd be 4 * Optimum angle bb 14° - lar ccc ce lg? charactor tsti cs : tb Terminal impedance Re Soc » ‘N) Haig power Boamw rath : 12 HPBWe ds ye dagree. is NS WN) Feat nut boamwt deh: Fnews Hs [3 © N Ws iy Divo vity : b- JENsc* re Y) Aafod Ratkfo: : L AR= ire vi) Goin. ) HPBW Grain ogE | Advan lagnas x Wg how dfnvelt vty x atmple coat gn i w HYg hon hoamwh dh X Usb tr OIE @ Vi plaadvantage | x Lor go's in phyo % Space rqutwmunt La Wg by noodod Tnference t Normal mode Ju chosen whan coverage and compactness oX# prtorttized, while aafal mode ts reloded whon dtroutfonadt ly 1 gofn and polartzadion slabiltty ors oxidtcal , espe cally Pn Mol Paquony. Whay Ls microssrip antenna popular ? exphoin the ziwvowe design and application and dost gn aguation ot rectangular patch antennal Popularity o- microstelp cunlenna t % Compact and Vobdwotgltt * Fosy to fabricate * fow costSupport many roquenc! es * Integrated easy eS * Fleaible design Skwuckwe of arckangulor microstrip podch antem % The mievostrip patch antenna ha, the vadfating matal patch on ono side ond the dietetic substrate yonrected. do the Ground plane on othoy side, * Tt fs a kind ot fnternal antenna, * Tk has a patch which Ls cond very material Ike coppey or gold. * Tk can ke Sy any ehapo. Fringing eHeet Pocteh sw_Tb ‘ Dfohechic Avbstrate4 OBBING Length < ors Ay | x thickness khang th F OO LL height <¢ 005s Ao | F BAL Ex do 12, * M&crosttip patch antenna rod cites primaaily because of thE fringhng Held afrect betwnin tho patch and the ground plane , Arsoreing phot thaw Js no gleetate Hold variadion width and ghicknow of the motel 4 amo "4 potch. .@5 B * Th the put ia given, the atoctie Pratd es (Pke alienating cwaent it ater radiating , osd ating tHe motel pokch , ot’ Hair phok , ‘tho. signal an bo radtated 4 goinging effect. y jlach*c giatd variation In ov ve Ebvating initde Fath on T Fy Gtrourd plane{antenna which has bottoy radfation, A) pecaiien, oo a. a * One the ‘inpuk aignol is given, the / vadiation wilt happen Inside tte substrate ke out of phase. Pom ghts . radfasi ‘ating Pringing ofeck & created. | * The Had ok the substrate 7040 \ved Its Fangentiol and normal #fotd wereto grond | plone. 4 3 : ( * Tha novmal: 4folds” are concol out! sac Odhey because they ace ouk of phase, ¥ The Hangential fields yadlates mn phase jand produce maaPmom radiated Hald. Trade ofp hetweon +o antenna dimonsfon and performances * Thick dfglechic Avbstvode contelrus low dfeleck?e, constant gives good. Aargey bandwidth ¥ But Pt foads to Jorgey stxo, ¥ To mako a compact aizoe andegnna, | select Hue high diolectryc Const anc: substrate 3‘Radiotion pattern: a > Moxirourn vodlation.. 18° > Unwanted Radiation D710 > Uridivectional , Rotter rodfation , lenser dfrocti vi ty, it rh mode ot excitation mzo, n=!agy (es 4 Length = c QS1 eres on Leppe L+@hL W568 Av = hrogia Loren +03) [40-064] Tews + 0-859) TX F008) be feed pocat ion _> Ww © ve 10 teL Bngth Ab bstrade hsub= bpatch + bheus % Trpuk reststance Rin if Ry cos? ()4) Applteadttonas ¥ Radon Ayplen ¥ Spaceahtp x PMorewasl x Mobike phones x GIPS * Satellite * Some yovernmort ond commoxcfal application. perive an eaprosion for argractive Pndex ard critical froquenvy of Sonosphere wht suitable Aagramns Refractive Pndox: gomg. | Fe may =O $2 4k f=-eF 2@Equacking @ and@? ' may, ze & E = Emazinwt m ¥ a| = -e[ bmsin wt) He ale a rhe Tain wt Thiegrating both aides m eo + av MY 2 -€ Pemmatnuot Vez +2 Em coswt 278 conduction cuvrent Te= -nAvde for oO Azl =mhefie os ("s Emconw' | / Zo ==ne™ oa Emcoswt —> @- Didplacernons comrerct dp Taz oa D= KE ITg-= AKE hte Ia= d SZ Lemesswt] «Ko Td= kp Emcoswt+wW ~5 © +e TetTd _-ne> K ew ne En Cosw ral + + Ko Emcoswt: w= Emtoswt +W | Ke ne® mw = ne® a, [i mw a > Feffective Wohectric constant of Tons phere 1 So wlative dfateckic constant, kK = eo ne? mwKe Rlative nopyradktve troex CH) fr vaceum B= Ves J jnet 1 e muw>ke m= A 1071 x10" Neg | © E16 602107 !eoulanh Ko= 254 x10718 & /m | We aap x Tp pin KHz Othe vadlatfon hold« good ; pay sivetbeomM exitical froquendy: The orfifcal proquancy) of the Layer ts detinad as the Wahest frequency of wove phat voturnad to the eatth ky the layer having Koon hoor nosmally ook iF Fox V2tnmax ° 4s 2 Nmax =, maxfmom Son akiion donaitnyp.4) | Fe ek, , §=0. 2 T = aint BIN sine 2 O* Vrain . fc¥ t= 8IN Fem D= lookHe Feo = gin E = 3-5mbz Fez yew Fy) = o-Tm He Fo = lomuy Povelop an exprvssfon 4ox maximum) wsoble Frequency Tn Tonoapherfe wave proPagatfon, Maximum vsabte Frequancy :, * Te maxnum wable 4roq.uon ty Sa dott Os the Wighest Frequent wed for the ky Wwe Communtcat? on hotween “the 40 given potnt on garth, * The Wer dramamPbtey aatgnal sprog wonuy & Snereased HU ro coP vers mediives, iy | we con qind maximom usable vaneyTonos phere Tearvmliing Rocetving Forth Jeri vation: For Tnosphuic Loupy ne vopvackive. 2nd nz dint _ (IN, Nenumpber donut ly sin © ze $= drquaney ore angte ot in dent snot An v= ong he 90" sinqo| Vee © = maxfmum ican modern wirckess communication and Inradar systuns , soaking and MmaAswThy MRE peviorny of antennas and RFAwices oe critical steps qh tra detgn procs. Te avure Tek Mansy Amant ave acuunate and -psee +0 TRNAS lspociad envirorments [ko anechotc chambers and compack antenna test ranges (cA TRs) ore used « Fmpostan ce of Anechofo chamber? * Reglectfon Free onvironmert ¢ The primary pupae ofan echoic Chambon 43 do yomow unwored sep lection « This hops fn obrafring the true radfatfon’ patton and gain of an anlenna without Inference. & Nowe isolation + The chamber blocks oxternal ele chromagnat interference CEM) pokleh ensures Acnrake ond repack Hest reswtts, espectatly for sensitive devices tike mobrho phones ,tOTdavia oy nd Litary vadow. * Aofe testing environments. Testing Mgh- froquonay or high power antennas Traide a chambas prevents dae Aignod om aypecting A0urv0unding anulronmin, making Tk Aofe for both humans ancl oft aePe ncede Used Pn RED and covefpabtor’s 96" Anechote chambors ane uidaly ward ard cdevolopmank CR} b) 05 woul 04 for cestt-Heatton to comply with gnternatfora! gmc /EMI standards. Pn sosearth. product Compack Antenna Test Ranges (CATR)? x Amienna Ranges art wed fox testing and evaluating antennas goensww Tuy met dasign and performance sdandards- ae Those wre exsentfal In Held s Like aerospacy ofan so , aaroilhtes and wraokes comaruanicadionae Ty pos of Ranges: Trdoos Range! used when large? Afstane oF ied ©urdoo Ranges! natural frdexperen & fs fo he stv Two main types * pepo * Uae veplectors fo Afro ck waves, ofr Gn Compack Antenna Test Ranges (cate), Free space Ranges? Aim to stimulate opens pack poopagation condttfons, ithe in large anechofe chambars. nies 44) peothe how radfabton potlern of a ivan cuvtenna con be rrcasurcd expo rimnand eg.