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Science Notes

The document provides an overview of science, defining it as the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. It outlines the main branches of science, including physical, life, and earth sciences, and details the scientific method as a process for problem-solving. Additionally, it covers fundamental concepts such as matter, energy, characteristics of living things, earth layers, and space science.

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139 views3 pages

Science Notes

The document provides an overview of science, defining it as the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. It outlines the main branches of science, including physical, life, and earth sciences, and details the scientific method as a process for problem-solving. Additionally, it covers fundamental concepts such as matter, energy, characteristics of living things, earth layers, and space science.

Uploaded by

Butter Cup
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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🔬 Science Notes: General Overview

🧪 1. What is Science?

Science is the systematic study of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and
reasoning.

 Goal: To understand how things work and to make predictions based on knowledge.

 Branches: Physical, Life, and Earth sciences.

2. Branches of Science

A. Physical Science

 Physics – Study of matter, energy, motion, and forces.

 Chemistry – Study of substances, their properties, and how they interact.

B. Life Science (Biology)

 Study of living organisms: structure, function, growth, evolution, and ecosystems.

C. Earth and Space Science

 Geology – Study of Earth’s structure and materials.

 Meteorology – Study of weather and climate.

 Astronomy – Study of space, stars, and planets.

 Oceanography – Study of oceans and marine life.

🧬 3. Scientific Method

A step-by-step process for solving problems or answering questions.

1. Ask a Question

2. Do Background Research

3. Form a Hypothesis (an educated guess)

4. Conduct an Experiment

5. Analyze Data
6. Draw a Conclusion

7. Report Results

⚛️4. Matter and Its States

 Solid – Definite shape and volume.

 Liquid – Definite volume, no definite shape.

 Gas – No definite shape or volume.

 Plasma – High-energy state (e.g., stars, lightning).

Changes in state: Melting, freezing, condensation, evaporation, sublimation.

🔋 5. Energy

The ability to do work or cause change.

 Types: Kinetic (motion), Potential (stored), Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Nuclear.

 Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only


transformed.

🧠 6. Living Things (Biology Basics)

 Characteristics of Life: Made of cells, grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli, use energy.

 Cell Types:

o Prokaryotic – simple, no nucleus (e.g., bacteria).

o Eukaryotic – complex, with nucleus (e.g., animals, plants).

 Photosynthesis: Process by which plants make food using sunlight.

 Respiration: Process of breaking down food to release energy.

🌍 7. Earth and Environment

 Layers of Earth: Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core.


 Natural Resources: Renewable (e.g., solar) vs Non-renewable (e.g., coal).

 Pollution: Harmful changes in the environment (air, water, land).

 Climate Change: Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.

🔭 8. Space Science

 Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

 Moon Phases: New, Crescent, First Quarter, Gibbous, Full.

 Solar System: Sun-centered system of planets and other objects.

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