ASSIGNMENT NO.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Submitted By:
Lumiwes, Dan Paul I.
BSCE – CEM 2A
Submitted To:
Engr. Jhun Jacinto
1. Parallelogram Law:
The Parallelogram Law is a basic principle for adding two vectors. It says that if you have two
vectors, A and B, acting at the same point, you can find their sum by drawing a parallelogram
where A and B are adjacent sides. The diagonal of this parallelogram gives you the resultant
vector, which is the vector sum of A and B.
In simpler terms, imagine two forces pulling on an object at the same time, one in the east
direction, and the other in the north. The parallelogram law helps you determine the total effect
of both forces by finding the diagonal of the parallelogram they form.
2. Transmissibility:
Transmissibility refers to the idea that the effect of a force on a body remains the same no
matter where along its line of action the force is applied. So, if you push or pull on an object with
a force, moving your hand along the line of the action of the force doesn’t change the overall
effect of that force. It could be applied at one point, or another point along that line, and the
object would still react the same way.
For example, if you apply a force to a door handle to open it, you could theoretically apply the
same force anywhere along the line of action let’s say along the door’s edge and still get the
same result.
3. System of Forces:
A system of forces is just a collection of different forces action on a single body. These forces
can vary in direction, magnitude, and where they are applied on the body.
Classifications:
- Concurrent Forces: Forces that meet at the same point.
Example: Having three people pushing a cart from three different directions, one pushing
north, one pushing east and one pushing southeast. All three forces are acting at the same
point where the cart is located, making them concurrent forces.
- Coplanar Forces: Forces that lie in the same plane.
Example: If a car is being pulled in two directions by two towing trucks, one is pulling north
and one is pulling east both forces are acting in the same horizontal plane, so they are
coplanar.
- Non-concurrent Forces: Forces that do not act through the same point. It means the line of
action of these forces do not intersect at single point.
Example: A ladder leaning against a wall. One force is applied at the bottom of the ladder,
where it is contact the ground and is acting horizontally to resist the movement of the ladder
or the Friction force and the other force is applied at the top of the ladder, where it touches
the wall and there is a normal force exerted by the wall.
- Non-coplanar Forces: Forces that do not lie in the same plane.
Example: A 3D box, where one force is pulling the box along the floor in the x-axis direction
and another force pushing it upwars along the z-axis direction.
4. Resolution of Vectors:
When you resolve a vector, you break it down into smaller, simpler components. This is super
helpful because sometimes it’s easier to analyze vectors along specific directions like the
horizontal and vertical rather than dealing with the vector as a whole.
For example, if you have a force vector F that makes an angle θ with the horizontal-axis, you can
resolve it like the following:
Along the x-axis: Fx = F cos(θ)
Along the y-axis: Fy = F sin(θ)
This way, you can analyze the force in terms of simpler, straight-line directions like left-right and
up-down and it becomes easier to apply in calculations or understand the effects of the force in
each direction.
In summary, vector resolution is just a technique to break down a complex vector into more
manageable parts. It makes analyzing forces much easier because you’re working with simpler
components instead of the full, original vector.
