IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION

Understanding how a radial shaft seal performs in

an application creates an invaluable awareness of the
entire sealing system. Knowing what physical principals
are at work, a design engineer is more likely to be thinking
SEAL DESIGN
about seal selection earlier in the design process.

The life cycle of mobile machinery can be limited

by the effectiveness of the radial shaft seal. When failure
occurs, the seals are believed to be at fault. But in fact,
the root cause of failure is usually unknown and lies buried
in the network of sealing parameters. Not understanding
these parameters can be detrimental to the life of a seal. If
the design engineer does not know how shaft preparation
affects the sealing mechanism, then lead, which is spiral
grooves on the shaft surface, is more likely to occur. By
understanding how different parameters affect the seal-
ing mechanism, the correct profile is more likely to be se-
lected and the system variables controlled.

ESP International understands the importance of

education and recognizes the need in our market for a
technical presence. The intentions of this handbook are to
provide a resource for engineers that organize the industry
standards for radial shaft seals. In the design process, en-
gineers may not have time to research all of the operation
details of each part.

Often seal selection is compromised and the

chance of failure increases. This handbook will reduce the
research time without losing education. Radial shaft seals
are designed and selected based on profile characteris-
tics.

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
ESP Catalog 0338

SEAL THEORY
The challenge of sealing against a dynamic surface
has been around since the frontier era. The first known
shaft seals were leather straps used to retain animal fat on
the end of a wheel axle. This crude seal required routine
SEAL DESIGN
maintenance and was unreliable. The Industrial Revolution
spawned the development of engines, transmissions and
gearboxes, all of which required various seals to retain a
variety of lubricants. The seals of the industrial age were
organic ropes or packing. These seals were very effective
until shaft speeds, temperature and other parameters in-
creased with the development of better transportation sys-
tems.

In the late 1920’s, a self contained shaft seal was

created from oil resistant leather assembled into a metal
case. This was the first radial lip seal to be press fit into an
outside diameter bore. Radial shaft seals continued to de-
velop further and a synthetic, oil-resistant rubber replaced
the leather element, forever changing seal design.

HOW DO THEY WORK?

Radial shaft seals prevent leakage through the gen-
eration of a pumping action at the interface of the seal
lip and the shaft surface. The pumping direction has a di-
rect correlation to the direction of an asymmetrical con-
tact pressure profile. This pressure profile is controlled by the
geometric design of the lip seal which is designed to create
a larger pressure gradient on the oil side of the sealing lip.
The pressure gradient is one aspect that contributes to the
function of a radial shaft lip seal.

A second aspect that contributes to the pumping

mechanism of a seal lip is the presence of an oil film layer
between the seal lip surface and the shaft surface.

34.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 The third aspect in the sealing mechanism that con-
tributes to the net pumping effect is the formation of asperi-
ties on the seal lip surface. The asperities become aligned
at an angle to the rotating shaft causing the oil film to pump
towards the oil side of the seal.

SEAL DESIGN The existence of the asymmetric pressure profile, flu-

id film and asperities all contribute to the pumping mecha-
nism of the seal. Seal failure occurs over a period of time
and can be attributed to many different effects.

Rotation
Undeformed Profile of
Microasperities

Tangential Shear Stress

Pumping
Counter Pumping

Net Pump Flow

Deformed Profile

Contact Pressure Profile.

The existence of the

asymmetric pressure
profile, fluid film and
asperities contribute to
the pumping mechanism
of the seal.

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
ESP Catalog 0338

TBC29-098418500315-FCS
Pump Rate

1.8

1.6

1.4 g/min

1.2 1.6-1.8
1.4-1.6
1
1.2-1.4

SEAL DESIGN
0.8 1-1.2
0.8-1
0.6
0.6-0.8
0.4 0.4-0.6
0.2-0.4
0.2
0-0.2
0
0 hours
300 hours
600 hours
900 hours
10000

1200 hours
9000

8000

7000

6000

1500 hours
5000

4000

3000

1800 hours
2000

1000

RPM
Pump Rate Graph.

The graph displays how the

pump rate of a seal lip will
change over time.

In a lab environment, where the sealing lip is not af-

fected by the ingress of dirt and debris a seal will eventually
develop a leak after many hours of running. Leakage de-
velops as the pressure profile of the lip contact on the shaft
modifies and/or the asperities diminish.

Factors that modify lip pressure are wear and com-

pression set of the elastomer. As the seal wears the con-
tact width of the seal lip grows and the asymmetric pres-
sure profile is modified. As well, the elastomer of the seal will
develop compression set over time due to its exposure to
fluid at elevated temperatures. The effect of the modifica-
tion of the asymmetric pressure profile on the pump rate of
the lip is shown above. The Pump Rate Graph displays the
decrease in seal lip pump vs time vs RPM.

A second failure mode of the seal lip can occur as

shaft speed increases. The oil film between the seal lip and
shaft surface helps to protect and lubricate the rubber lip
on the rotating shaft. Even with the oil film present there
is frictional heat generated at the sealing lip. That heat
can become significant at high shaft speeds and there are
temperature limitations for various elastomers. Nitrile is the
most commonly chosen due to cost, but if shaft speed is
high, a fluorocarbon or teflon material may be required.

36.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 RADIAL SHAFT SEAL TERMINOLOGY
There are different designs of radial shaft seal, some
have more elements than other like for example a dust lip or
inner case. The image below shows the terminology of a TC
radial shaft seal.
SEAL DESIGN

1. Seal OD 8. Spring Axial Position

2. Garter Spring 9. Contact Point
3. Flex Section 10. Air Side Surface
4. Oil Side Angle 11. Case ID
5. Lip ID 12. Air Side Angle
6. Head Thickness 13. Dust Lip
7. Oil Side Surface 14. Shaft Diameter

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ESP Catalog 0338

SEAL DESIGN

1. Case Width 8. Inside Face Inner

2. Outer Case Diameter
3. Inside Face 9. Lip Length
4. Outside Face 10. Toe Face
5. Inner Case 11. Outer Case Inner
6. Axial Clearance Diameter
7. Heel Section 12. Lip Height

38.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 PARAMETERS AFFECTING SEALING
The process of defining a specific sealing system is the
first step torward understanding the true application needs.

Certain parameters can affect the types of profiles that

SEAL DESIGN can be used. The design engineers ability to narrow down all
of the system variables and understanding their affects will dic-
tate the success of the profile selection.

There are four categories of system parameters that list

common application variables; the housing, outside, media
and shaft parameters.

HOUSING PARAMETERS

• Ferrous or Non-Ferrous • Replacement

• Surface finish • Draft angle
• Chamfer size available • Ease of removal
• Counterbore or • Spring back
straight • Cocking

MEDIA PARAMETERS OUTSIDE PARAMETERS

• Contamination type
• Viscosity
• Particle size
• Internal pressure
• Ozone
• Sump temperature
• Temperature
• Chemical properties
• Pressure
• Lubrication properties
• Clearance
• Fill level
• Corrosion
• Contaminants
• Assembly restrictions

SHAFT PARAMETERS

• Ferrous or Non-Ferrous • Speed (RPM or FPM)

• Surface finish • Offset
• Hardness • Dynamic runout
• Finish type • Torque requirments
• Lead • Rotation direction
• Grooving • Downtime
• Diameter • Cycles / Day
• Chamfer size

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
ESP Catalog 0338

TEMPERATURE
There are three different forms of temper-
ature: outside, sump and underlip. The cumula-
tive effect of these temperatures can increase
the hardening rate of the elastomeric lip mate-
rial. This causes the loss of flexibility in the contact SEAL DESIGN
area, and ultimately decreases the life of a seal.
Sump
Temperature Outside
Temperature The outside temperature can come from
any heat source other than the sump or under-
lip. Long exposure to high outside temperatures
can have unexpected effects on the life of a
seal. When combining these temperatures with
Underlip the sump temperatures, an increase in the hard-
Temperature ening rate of the elastomer may ocurr. The other
end of the spectrum occurs when outside tem-
peratures reach the lower limit of the lip material
temperature range.

At low temperatures, the effect on the

sealing element may result in tearing if there is
dynamic runout of the shaft due to a decrease
in flexibility and resilience. Unless the seal expe-
Temperatures riences catastrophic failure, leakage does not
affecting the seal. normally occur at these low temperatures be-
cause the viscosity of the sump media has in-
There are three
creased and due to friction the temperatures
different forms of
temperature: outside, quickly elevates.
sump and underlip.
The sump temperature is the most com-
mon measure of the three temperatures. There is
a direct correlation between seal life and sump
temperature. Even if the seal is operating at sump
temperature that is within the given elastomeric
temperature range, this does not mean that the
seal life is not being compromised. If long life cy-
cles are an important priority, then a low sump
temperature is desired. If long life-cycles are not
a priority, then a high sump temperature can
have a positive effect on the system. Fluid vis-
cosity, seal torque and power consumption all
decrease as sump temperature increases.

40.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 The underlip temperature of the contact width is a func-
tion of shaft speed, material friction, surface roughness, sump
and outside temperature. As these parameters increase, the
effect is a higher underlip temperature. The material friction is
dependent on elastomer properties, radial lip load and lubri-
cation. If there is no fluid film available, the seal element would
SEAL DESIGN burn up because of extremely high underlip temperature.

The cumulative effect of all of these temperatures is

that the hardening rate of the lip material is increased and
seal longevity is lost.

PRESSURE
Standard radial shaft seals are not designed to operate
in a pressurized system. The flex section is too thin and has no
rigid support. Even a slight increase in pressure can force the
outside lip surface to pivot about the contact width, decreas-
ing the air side angle. This condition is called bell mouthing
and its effects are irregular wear and shortened seal life. The
maximum industry pressure for standard profiles is 7 – 10 psi
(0.48 – 0.69 bar). When dealing with pressures in this range it is
important to also consider shaft speed. The optimal pressure
for a standard radial shaft seal is near zero.

To choose a profile type the system pressure needs

to be classified. Most radial shaft seals are designed for the
standard pressure range. For applications in the medium/low
range, the profile availability is significantly reduced.

To accommodate for these pressures, the lip length

must be shortened and the flex section increased in thickness.
High classification pressures require an additional structural
member to assist the primary lip from deflecting and extrud-
ing. For applications with pressures higher than 150 psi contact
ESP International for recommendations.

PRESSURE CLASIFICATION
Standard 0-10 psi (0-0.69 bar)
Low 10-50 psi (0.69-3.45 bar)
Medium 50-100 psi (3.45-6.9 bar)
High 100-150 psi (6.9-10.3 bar)

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
ESP Catalog 0338

LUBRICATION
Lubricants are used to reduce wear of dynamic mechani-
cal components. Radial shaft seals keep these lubricants contained
within a cavity or sump. A radial shaft seal also rides on a film of fluid
when rotating. This lubricant film is the primary reason the lip does not
wear or burn up due to excessive friction. Even with lubricant present
SEAL DESIGN
at the sealing lip, frictional heat is created and the dissipation prop-
erties of the lubricant can impact the life of a radial shaft seal. Also,
the availability of lubricant can affect seal life, optimally the seal lip
will be immersed in oil, but some applications employ splash or mist
lubrication. These applications may have a negative effect on seal
life.

The seal lip and the lubricant must be chemically compatible

to prevent elastomer degradation. With high demands being placed
on the lubricants, additives are used to improve performance of lu-
brication.

Unfortunately, these additives may have a negative effect

and a compatibility problem is often seen when the elastomer hard-
ens at low operating temperatures or the lip is excessively soft from
normal use. A complete list of the additives in the lubricant is essential
for a thorough analysis.

The following table shows a list of common additives used in

lubricants:

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF THE ADDITIVES

Antifoamants Silicone Polymers

Corrosion Inhibitors Overbased Metallic Sulfonates Phenates, Fatty Amines

Detergents Amines, Phenates, Succinimides

(EP) Antiwear Additives Organic Phosphates, Chlorine, Sulfer Compounds

Friction Modifiers Amides, Phosphates, Phosphites, Acids

Metal Deactivators Metal Phenates, Nitrogen

Oxidation Inhibitors Aromatic Amines, Hindered Phenols

Pour Point Depressants LMW Methacrylate Polymers

Rust Inhibitors Ester, Amines, Sulfonates

42.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 VISCOSITY

Viscosity is be defined as the measured resistance to

flow. The molecular weight and composition determine the
viscosity.

SEAL DESIGN The Viscosity Index is a unitless measure of the

tendency of the lubrication to change viscosity due to
a change in temperature. A low VI suggests the lubrica-
tion will have a significant change in viscosity with a small
change in temperature.

Lubricants with high viscosities will create high levels

of friction and therefore decrease seal life. Lubricants with
low viscosities will reduce friction and power consumption.
However, lower viscosities require an increased pump rate
to maintain sealability.

The following formula is used to calculate the viscos-

ity index:
(L - U)
V = 100
(L - H)

Where:

V = viscosity index
U = kinematic viscosity at 40° C
L and H = values based on the kine-
matic viscosity at 100° C

The kinematic viscosity values are available in ASTM

D2270

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
ESP Catalog 0338

SUMP FILL LEVEL

As the sump level decreases, the life
of the seal decreases. This can be explained
through thermal analysis of the seal contact
region of the shaft. Lubrication is a critical
part of the seal’s cooling system and should
be continually monitored. When sump levels
SEAL DESIGN
are not adequate to cool the seal, special lip
materials such as PTFE should be considered.

CORROSION
Corrosion of the dynamic surface can
cause damage or failure of the radial shaft
Sump fill level.
seal. Elastomers can create an electrochemi-
Lubrication is a critial cal reaction in the contact width region when
part of the seal’s heat and humidity are present. A seal that is
cooling system and idle for long periods is subject to this type of
should be continually corrosion when temperatures are above 85°
monitored. F (29° C).

The selection of corrosion resistive lu-

bricants can inhibit the corrosion but will not
eliminate it. If an electrochemical reaction is
a concern, contact ESP International.

CONTAMINATION
The effect of contamination ingesting
into a mechanical system can result in failure
of bearings, gears and other dynamic com-
ponents. Because of the pumping action un-
der the contact width, if contamination is al-
lowed to reach this point it will naturally ingest
into the system.
Contamination.
Selecting a radial shaft seal profile that
If contamination does not allow this to happen is necessary to
reaches the lip, the avoid mechanical failure.
pumping action will
ingest it into the system.

44.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 To classify the severity of contamination begin with
identifying all potential particle types and sizes. Percentage
of cycle exposure should also be considered, defined as the
amount of time the seal is exposed to contamination dur-
ing application. Another variable to consider is the maximum
percentage that the seal is submerged.
SEAL DESIGN
Most radial shaft seals are designed to operate under
a level 1 or 2 contamination environment. This includes radial
shaft seal profiles having a secondary dust lip. This lip provides
only minor protection and is often misused in applications.

The effect of this additional lip is an increase in under-

lip temperature and a loss of seal life. When using this profile,
it is important to lubricate between the two lips during instal-
lation to minimize this effect.

The effect of high percentages of exposure and sub-

mergence results in the reduction of available profiles. Sever-
ity levels of 4 and 5 requires special consideration of lip types,
number and orientation. Contact ESP International for design
suggestions.

Other important parameters to investigate when deal-

ing with contamination are shaft speed, shaft hardness, duty
cycles and down time. The Severity of Contamination can be
ranked as fallowing:

Percent Max
Contamination Particle
Description Particle Type Cycle Percent
Level Size
Exposure Submerged
Impactment, Powdery,
5 Extreme slurry, water, dust, fine and 75-100 100
abrasive particles large
Powdery,
4 Heavy Dirt, mud, water fine and 50-75 75
large
Small/
3 Moderate Dirt, splashing 25-50 25
Moderate
Small/
2 Light Air travel, dust 0-25 0
Moderate
1 None None None 0 0

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
ESP Catalog 0338

CASE DESIGN
COUNTER OR STRAIGHT BORE
The bore type affects the positioning of the primary
sealing lip and the O.D. sealability. A counter bore should
be designed to control the position of the primary sealing lip.
If the case has a nose gasket incorporated into the design, SEAL DESIGN
this gasket will provide additional O.D. sealing by forming a
face seal. If the bore is straight, then a stopping mechanism
needs to be included on the installation tool or a flanged
case needs to be used.

Flange
Case

Counter or Straight
Bore.

Should be designed to
control the position of
the primary sealing lip.

46.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 HOUSING ASSEMBLY
Radial shaft seals are pressed into a bore to form a
static seal. The static seal can be created by a metal-metal,
rubber-metal, or a combination interference.

The press fitting action positions the seal both axially

and radially. The head and heel section are properly aligned
SEAL DESIGN if the outside face of the case is perpendicular to the shaft
axis. The effect of poor installation is seal cocking or damage
to the outside diameter.

Cocking is caused by improper installation methods. If

there are such assembly space restrictions as a blind installa-
tion or no room to use the proper installation tool, alternative
seal designs should be considered.

Failure to design a proper bore chamfer is the primary

cause for damaging the seal O.D. A proper use of an instal-
lation chamfer allows for a positive pilot gap, positioning the
seal against the chamfer prior to installation.

When a proper tool is used, installation forces, cocking

and spring back are all minimized. The result is longer seal life
and less chance of leakage. If a sufficient chamfer is not pos-
sible, a customized seal O.D. should be designed. Contact
ESP International for design suggestions.

Housing Assembly.

The proper use of an

installation chamfer
allows for a positive
pilot gap.

47.

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ESP Catalog 0338

REPLACEMENT AND EASE OF REMOVAL

If the radial shaft seal is in a system that is serviced of-
ten, then the type of static OD needs to be considered. Met-
al press-fit OD requires low installation forces but are difficult
to remove. There are also small particles of the bore removed
when a metal press-fit is uninstalled.
SEAL DESIGN
If an application requirs a dozen replacements over
the life of the system, a metal press-fit would not be a proper
choice. If ease of removal is important and the service may
take place outside of a service shop then a pry flange may
need to be incorporated into the design. These parameters
should be considered and addressed early in the design pro-
cess to save money and time for the aftermarket.

Ease of Removal.

If an application
required several
replacements over
the life of the system,
ease of removal is
important.

Pry
Flange

48.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 SHAFT DIAMETER
Increasing shaft diameter results in higher frictional
torque and required power. These increases will affect the
underlip temperature and would require the revolutions per
minute (RPM) to be lowered.
SEAL DESIGN Because of associated costs and sealability it is pre-
ferred to minimize the shaft diameter of a radial shaft seal.

SHAFT HARDNESS
The shaft hardness is important for the contact width
of the seal or for any part of the shaft that might contact the
sealing lip. If the hardness is so soft that the shaft is suscep-
tible to denting or nicking, then there could be seal damage
caused during installation. A Rockwell hardness of 45 HRc or
higher is recommended if the shaft is subject to being nicked
by handling or assembly.

Such materials as bronze, brass and aluminum should

not be used without a hardened steel wear sleeve because
of excessive wear and grooving.

SHAFT SPEED
As shaft speed increases, the adverse effects of pres-
sure, temperature, contamination, lead and wear all in-
crease.

Sealing against extreme or heavy contamination is

difficult for speeds above 500 ft/min. For these speeds, the
frictional drag needs to be reduced to accommodate the
high underlip temperature making it difficult to keep out con-
tamination.

Shaft.

Increasing shaft
diameter results
in higher frictional
torque and required
power.

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
ESP Catalog 0338

As shaft speeds reach 3000 ft/min the pumping action

across the primary lip will begin to degradate, especially if
there is a slight lead angle. A hydrodynamic aid may need
to be added to the airside angle to counteract the loss in
pumping action and increase the inward pumping rate. This
will also help keep the film of lubrication under the contact
width, decreasing the underlip temperature and increasing
the life of the seal. SEAL DESIGN

Speed (ft/min) Classification

0-500 1
500-750 2
750-1750 3
1750-4000 4
4000 and up 5

SHAFT ASSEMBLY
Incorrect installation direction or the absence of a
shaft chamfer can cause damage to the seal lip of cause it
to roll during installation.

Shaft installation direction should be considered for

triple lip profile types to insure proper lip orientation for dirt
exclusion.

If the shaft chamfer is less than design specifications

the chances of rolling the sealing lip increases. If the assem-
bly area is restricted or there is a blind installation, an alter-
nate seal profile may need to be selected.

FINISH TYPE AND LEAD

The finishing process on the shaft will affect the seal-
ability of the system. The microscopic effects of how the fluid
media reacts at the contact width determines the hardening
rate of the elastomer materials.

The lead angle present on the shaft affects how the

fluid transfers itself along the surface of the shaft. Lead acts
as a screw during rotation. If the lead angle is along the di-
rection of rotation and the angle is larger than 0.05°, leakage
may occur.

50.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 Using the steps listed below, a simple process for de-
termining the lead direction and angle can be followed.

PROCEDURE TO DETECT SHAFT LEAD

SEAL DESIGN STEP DESCRIPTION
1 Mount shaft in holding chuck
2 Eliminate any wobbling or runout, level shaft
3 Loop a thin thread over the shaft
Attach a 1 oz (30 g) weight to thread with 2/3
4
contact
5 Set shaft rotation to 60 RPM
6 Observe thread movement in axial direction
7 Record results in both directions of rotation

After gathering data on the rate of axial movement

of the thread, the lead angle can be calculated using the
formula below:

Axial Movement of String

Lead Angle = ArcTan
(Shaft Circumperence)(No. of Revoluions)

The lead angle of the shaft should be 0° ±0.05. Exam-

ple: If a string advances 0.4” in 1minute on a 3.0” shaft rotat-
ing at 80 RPM.
0.4
Lead Angle = ArcTan
(3 π )(80)

For more detail information about finish type and lead,

check Section 10 of SAE Fluid Sealing Handbook Radial Lip
Seals (SAE J946).

51.

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ESP Catalog 0338

INTERPRETATION OF THREAD MOVEMENT

RIGHT HAND LEAD OR CW

CW Rotation: Moves from chucked end to free end

SEAL DESIGN

CCW Rotation: Moves from free end to chucked end

LEFT HAND LEAD OR CCW

CW Rotation: Moves from free end to chucked end

CCW Rotation: Moves from chucked end to free end

52.

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 NO LEAD

CW Rotation: Stationary

SEAL DESIGN

CCW Rotation: Stationary

TAPERED SHAFT
CW Rotation: Moves in same direction no matter shaft
rotation. Remounting the shaft reverses direction

CCW Rotation: Moves in same direction no matter

shaft rotation. Remounting the shaft reverses direction.

53.

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ESP Catalog 0338

CUPPED SHAFT

CW Rotation: Moves toward center

SEAL DESIGN

CCW Rotation: Moves toward center

CROWNED SHAFT

CW Rotation: Moves away from center

CCW Rotation: Moves away from center

54.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS
The choice of housing and shaft materials will affect
the type of materials that can be used for the seal OD and
lips.

The most common restriction when considering a

SEAL DESIGN
housing material is the instance when two materials have a
different coefficient of thermal expansion. This effect needs
to be considered with larger diameter seals.

If a carbon steel case is pressed into an aluminum

bore, a ten-inch diameter seal is more likely to experience
OD leakage than a one-inch seal. When non-ferrous ma-
terials are used, other parameters should also be analyzed:
hardness, surface finish and galvanic corrosion.

If a non-ferrous shaft must be used, contact ESP Inter-

national for consultation.

Material Type Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Steel Ferrous 7 μ in/in-°F (12.6 μ m/m-°C)
Aluminum Non-Ferrous 12.7 μ in/in-°F (22.9 μ m/m-°C)
Nitrile Non-Ferrous 62 μ in/in-°F (111.6 μ m/m-°C)

SURFACE FINISH OR TEXTURE

The elastomeric lips of radial shaft seals have enough
elasticity to insure that the lip will follow the normal form and
waviness errors of a shaft to maintain a seal. However, the life
of the seal is affected by the microscopic imperfections of
the surface finish.

Surface finish, or texture, consists of peaks and valleys

that make up a surface and their direction on the surface.
During analysis, surface finish can be broken down into three
components: roughness, waviness and form.

55.

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ESP Catalog 0338

ROUGHNESS
Is a direct relation to tool marks. Every pass of a cutting
tool leaves a groove of some width and depth. Roughness is
also what can form a lead angle.

WAVINESS SEAL DESIGN

Is the result of small fluctuations in the distance between

the cutting tool and the work piece during machining. This is
caused by cutting tool instability and vibration.

FORM ERROR
Is caused by lack of straightness or flatness in the ma-
chine tools. Form error is highly repeatable error, because the
machine will follow the same path each time.

All these surface finish components exist simultaneous-

ly and are superimposed over one another. In some cases,
these are determined separately but normally the total profile
surface finish incorporates all three.

Waviness
Spacing
Waviness
Surface finish.
Height
Consists of peaks and
valleys that make
up a surface and
their direction on the
surface.

Peaks Valleys

Roughness Mean
Average Ra Line

Roughness
Spacing

56.

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 SURFACE PREPARATION

PLUNGE GRINDING
The grinding wheel is normal to the shaft
SEAL DESIGN
axis at contact and does not traverse back and
forth. The result is short to medium grinding marks
that have little to no lead. This process can be
relatively expensive but only needs to be per-
formed in the seal contact region. Grade A.

PAPER POLISHING
This method is very effective if constant
pressure is applied over the width of the emery
cloth. Automatic equipment is more consistent
than polishing by hand. Grade B.

METAL PEENING
Small metal particles are impelled on the
surface, imposing compressive stresses in the skin
of the shaft. This is a secondary process that elimi-
nates the potential of lead. Grade B.

GRIT BLASTING
Media such as sand is impelled onto the
shaft as a secondary process. If correctly applied,
machine lead can be eliminated. Grade B.

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ESP Catalog 0338

TUMBLING
Method produces a uniform aggregate
apperance and removes minor surface ir-
regularities. Grade C.
SEAL DESIGN

TRANSVERSE GRINDING
A centerless grinder is used as either the
shaft or the wheel moves axially through the
grind zone. This method can produce spi-
ral grooves and can result in seal leakage.
Grade D.

HONING
The resulting finish is a criss-crossing pat-
tern that produces a pumping condition like-
ly to cause a leakage. Grade F.

DIAMON BURNISHING
In this process the media moves axially
and does not remove machine lead, but in-
stead makes it worse. Grade F.

MACHINE TURNING
Machine turning will almos always gen-
erate lead and should be followed with a
subsequent secondary operation. Grade F.

58.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENT
Average roughness or Ra, is the parameter most
widely specified and measured. The algorithm for Ra calcu-
lates the average height of the entire surface from a mean
line. This is an effective way to monitor process stability, and
SEAL DESIGN it is used to control surface finish for radial shaft seals.

An important consideration when looking at Ra is

that different surfaces may have the same Ra value with
more wave heights and spacing. There are more than a
dozen roughness parameters specified by ASME Standard
B46.1. Many of these can be used to further control the sur-
face finish. Contact ESP International for further discussion.

Ra = 16
Surface finish.

Finishes with the

same Ra but
different surface
profiles

Ra = 16

Ra = 16

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ESP Catalog 0338

CYCLE TIME / DOWN TIME

Cycle time and down time are parameters that

when combined with other variables such as underlip tem-
perature, shaft speed and contamination can either in-
crease or decrease their effect on sealing.
SEAL DESIGN
The identification of the length of the cycle time will
classify the severity of its affect on other parameters. An
example of this is an application that runs continuously, it is
expected to have a high negative effect on the underlip
temperature. An alternate material or lip design may be
chosen as a result.

Downtime is generally considered in combination

with cycle time. The reason for this can be illustrated in
an example where the cycle time is a level 1, but so is the
down time.

The resultant effect is equivalent to a continuous cy-

cle time even though the true cycle time is only 30 minutes
or less.

Classification Down Time Classification Cycle Time

1 1 hr/Day 1 30 min or less
2 2-4 hr/Day 2 1 hr
3 5-12 hr/Day 3 2-4 hr/Day
4 Days 4 5-12 hr/Day
5 Weeks 5 12-16 hr/Day
6 Seasonal 6 Continuous

60.

ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 SELECTING A RADIAL SHAFT SEAL

Deciding on the type of radial shaft seal is a challeng-

ing process that requires selecting specific seal design char-
acteristics to match the system parameters. The design engi-
neer should organize the potential parameters and prioritize
them in order of severity and importance.
SEAL DESIGN
Selecting a radial shaft seal profile requires deciding
the following: lip type, case type and the use of a hydrody-
namic aid. There are many different radial shaft seal profiles
available in the industry and a hydrodynamic aid can be
added to the primary lip of most spring loaded lip styles. All
three of these design variables need to be considered sepa-
rately and then combined to form a radial shaft seal profile.

First consider the application basics. This will help to

narrow the lip selection immediately. The application study
below provides an example of a common separation that
usually requires different lip styles. Developing your own ap-
plication studies that are specific to your industry is a valu-
able selection tool.

APPLICATION STUDY:
Grease vs. Oil Retention

Grease Retention

The viscosity of grease is much higher than

oil and is much easier to retain. Therefore,
a non-spring loaded lip is both sufficient
and cost effective for this applicatoin.
If contamination is the primary control
parameter, then the seal should be installed
in the opposite direction shown above.

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ESP Catalog 0338

SEAL DESIGN

Oil Retention

The retention of oil is a more challenging task

than grease because of the low viscosity of
oil. A spring is required to help maintain the
proper radial load for sealing. The spring is
installed facing the fluid and hydrodynamic
aids are sometimes molded to the air side
angle to assist in the sealing action.

LIP SELECTION
Lip style is directly related to the media type, shaft
speed, pressure, temperature and contamination parame-
ters. The media used in the application can go from oil and
grease, to other types like water, food and dairy products. All
of these will affect the choice of available styles.

The effectiveness of your radial shaft seal depends on

the lip type selection. This is the most important design vari-
able and will determine both the life expectancy and cost.

The following table shows the most common lip styles,

their names, applications and descriptions. There are many
other available lip styles when trying to accomodate special
parameters or extreme environments.

62.

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 APPLICATION LIP TYPE DESCRIPTION
This style of lip is used for stan-
Standard dard pressure oil sealing in clean
Oil retention
“S” Lip environments. May be reversed
for extreme grease sealing.

Oil retention for This style of lip has a shortened

Standard
medium pressure flex section to accommodate
“SN” Lip
applications medium pressure.
SEAL DESIGN
This style of lip is used for stan-
Oil retention for Standard
dard pressure oil sealing in
dusty applications “T” Lip
dusty/dirty environments.

Oil retention for This style of lip has a shortened

Standard
medium pressure flex section to accomodate
“TN” Lip
applications medium pressure

This style of lip is used for stan-

Standard dard pressure grease sealing in
Grease retention
“V” Lip clean environments. May be re-
versed to purge grease cavity.

Grease retension This style of lip is used for stan-

Standard
for dusty dard pressure grease sealing in
“K” Lip
applications dusty/dirty environments.

This style of lip is used for stan-

Oil retention for dard pressure sealing of none
Standard
applications with lubricating fluids. Inverted dust
“X” Lip
low lubrication lip retains grease near sealing
lip.
This style of lip is used for stan-
Separating two Standard
dard pressure separation of two
fluids “D” Lip
fluids
This style of lip is used for stan-
Gresase retention dard pressure grease sealing in
in heavy Standard extreme/heavy contamination
contamination ”U” Lip environments. Flexible lips al-
environment low for purging of grease cavity
from either direction.
This style of lip is used for stan-
Grease retention in dard pressure grease sealing in
heavy Standard extreme/heavy contamination
contamination “ T9” Lip environments. Lip on outside
environment face is designed to act as an
axial face seal.
This style of lip used for scrap-
Contamination Standard ing and wiping in hydraulic and
exclusion “WP” Lip pneumatic cylinder applica-
tions.

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ESP Catalog 0338

CASE SELECTION
The most common and cost effective case materials
are stamped from cold rolled carbon steel. The steel is then
phosphate coated to aid in the molding process and to help
eliminate corrosion during storage. Other case materials in-
clude stainless steel, brass and aluminum. These materials are
SEAL DESIGN
considered special because of their additional cost, and are
not typically used. The other option for case materials is fully
coated or partially coated rubber. Carbon steel cans are
usually selected for rubber molded options.

The case geometry controls the positioning and rigid-

ity of the seal lips. Often overlooked, the case type can af-
fect the life of the sealing system. The case forms a static
OD radial seal and is susceptible to leakage if not properly
designed. The table on the next page shows common case
geometries and their advantages.

Case Selection.

Different case
styles for radial
shaft seals.

64.

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 APPLICATION LIP TYPE DESCRIPTION
This style of case is the
most common and eco-
Spring back is not
Standard “L” nomical design. A cham-
acceptable
Case fer or curl is used to aid in
SEAL DESIGN Ease of installation
installation.

This style of case is used for

sorft alloy or plastic hous-
Soft alloy housing
Rubber ing. Used for frequent re-
Frequent removal
Covered moval and installation
High surface
Case when damage to hous-
roughness
ing bore is a concern.

This style of case is an

economial design used
High surface
when surface roughness
roughness
Nose Gasket is outside specified limits.
Counter bore
Case Also for use when corro-
Corrosion by
sion by sealing fluid could
sealing fluid
be a problem.

This style of case is an

economical design used
when frequent removal
Ease of removal Shotgun
is necessary. Also aids in
Field install Case
installation when a field
install may be needed.

This style is used when

damage may occur to
Blind installation of the sealing lip when shaft
Secondary or
shaft is installed. Also adds
Inner Case
Structural rigidity structural rigidity to radial
shaft seal.

This style combines the

Reduce spring ease of installation of
back Heel Case metal OD seal with OD
Ease of installation sealability of rubber cov-
ered case.

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
ESP Catalog 0338

LIP MATERIAL SELECTION

Selecting an elastomeric material is important to
the life of a radial shaft seal. The elastomer’s resistance to
temperature, abrasion, chemicals, weather, sunlight and
ozone can affect a profile’s success in an application. The
base polymer must be selected to ensure that these pa- SEAL DESIGN
rameters are satisfied without creating excessive cost.

There are a variety of compounds available de-

pending on the system parameters. For parameters or
chemicals that are not listed, contact ESP International for
more information.

Ethylene PTFE
Properties Nitrile Fluorocarbon Silicon Polyacrylate HNBR
Propylene (Teflon)

Temp. °F (-40) - 250 (-50) - 300 (-30) - 400 (-80) - 350 (-30) - 300 (-10) - 300 (-100) - 500
Temp. °C (-40) - 120 (-45) - 150 (-34) - 200 (-60) - 175 (-34) - 150 (-23) - 150 (-75) - 250

Abrasive Good to Good to Poor to Good to Poor to

Good Fair to Good
Resistance Excellent Excellent Good Excellent Good

Solvent Resistance

Aliphatic Good to Good to

Poor Excellent Poor to Fair Excellent Outstanding
Hydrocarbons Excellent Excellent

Aromatic Fair to Poor to Poor to

Poor Excellent Poor Outstanding
Hydrocarbons Good Good Fair

Good to
Ketones Poor
Excellent
Poor Poor Poor Poor Outstanding

Lacquer
Fair Poor Poor Poor Poor Fair Outstanding
Solvents

Resistance

Poor to Good to
Weather Fair
Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent
Excellent
Excellent

Good to Good to Fair to

Sunlight Poor Outstanding
Outstanding
Excellent
Excellent Good
Outstanding

Poor to Good to Excellent to Good to Good to

Ozone Fair Excellent
Outstanding
Outstanding Excellent Excellent
Outstanding

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 HYDRODYNAMIC SEALING AIDS
The hydrodynamic effect and the dynamic sealing
mechanism discussed earlier in this chapter provide an ex-
planation of how a radial shaft seal works in application. The
pumping action provides continuous lubrication for the con-
tact width of the elastomer lip.
SEAL DESIGN
When certain parameters are pushed to extremes –
such as shaft speed, lead and viscosity – the pumping mech-
anism needs some support.

Hydrodynamics Sealing
Aids.

The hydrodynamic
effect and the dynamic
sealing mechanism
illustration.

Footprint
of Contact
Rib
Footprint
of “R”
Style Rib Hydrodynamic
Oil
Pressure Relieves
Lip Load
Return
Flow

Shear Flow

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 ESP Catalog 0338

Hydrodynamic sealing aids assist in the dynamic seal-

ing mechanism, and increase the pumping rate back to
sump. Oil that escapes past the contact width is forced back
by the rotating shaft into the converging space between the
rib and the lip.

The benefit of using hydrodynamic aids is the increase

of underlip pressure, decrease in friction, lower running tem- SEAL DESIGN
perature and ultimately can provide longer life. In cases
where there is potential for small scratches and nicks on the
shaft in the contact region, aids are used to overcome the
potential for dynamic leakage.

Hydrodynamic aids are available in different patterns

and as both unidirectional and bidirectional. Unidirectional
aids are for both clockwise or counter clockwise shaft ro-
tation. Be aware using a clockwise unidirectional aid in a
counterclockwise application will result in a large fluid leak.
As the hydro-aids will act in reverse, pumping oil out of the
sump.

Hydrodynamics
Sealing Aids.
Unidirectional
Pump Rate

6 cycles sinusoidal
The chart shows
2 cycles sinusoidal
the different pump
Triangle
rates that various
hydrodynamic
Conventional
sealing aids have.

0 1 2 3
Shaft Speed (RPM x 1000)

Unidirectional
Pump Rate

6 cycles sinusoidal
2 cycles sinusoidal
Triangle
Conventional

0 1 2 3
Shaft Speed (RPM x 1000)

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 The actual hyrdro aid has very specific geometry re-
quirements. The most common issues are shown below and
can be detected by installation on an acrylic shaft.

UNIDIRECTIONAL HELIX RIBS

SEAL DESIGN No contact with primary lip

Helix ribs too high

Helix ribs too shallow

Good helix ribs and contact pattern

BIROTATIONAL PADS
No contact with primary lip

Pads too high

Pads too shallow

Good pads and contact pattern

Acrylic Shaft

Hydrodynamics
Seal Aids Hydrodynamics
Sealing Aids.

View of the
hydrodynamic aids
through an acrylic
shaft.

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ESP Catalog 0338

THE SPRING
When the fluid being sealed has high viscosity, the seal
does not need a garter spring because the fluid will not flow
easily. But when the fluid has low viscosity, like oil for example,
the seal needs to have a garter spring to keep the lip pressed
onto the shaft. Also, after the lip material has swelled and
softened the spring increases the ability of the lip to follow the SEAL DESIGN
shaft dynamics.

Spring location is critical in a seal design, the spring

must be set back from the lip towards the air side. Failing to
do this will produce an inadequate pressure profile at the lip
point and will result in a seal that leaks.

Spring Offset.

The spring must be

set back from the
lip towards the air
side.

Spring
Offset

CUSTOM PROFILE DESIGN

The process of choosing a radial shaft seal to match all
of the system parameters is often challenging, and in some
cases not possible with standard profile designs. Each appli-
cation should be reviewed in detail and the appropriate seal
selected for the application. At times a standard cross section
will suit a particular application, but in difficult/non-standard
applications a custom seal can be designed with little effort.

The future of radial shaft seals is centered around the

relationship of the customer and manufacturer. ESP Interna-
tional is dedicated to provide technical solutions at a com-
petitive price. Proposing a custom design solution is not as
valuable if the tooling cost is too high to consider prototyping.
Our engineering department recognizes this and is confident
that we can offer designed solutions at a competitive price.

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ESP International | 5920 Dry Creek Lane NE | Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 | Phone: 888.ESP.9002 | www.espint.com
 SHAFT SPECIFICATIONS

SHAFT MATERIAL:

Most shafts are made from a carbon steel or cast iron,

SEAL DESIGN typically a material that can produce a surface hardness
above 30 HRc is recommended.

Chrome or nickel plating can provide a hard surface

and prevent corrosion in harsh environments. Brass, bronze,
aluminum, zinc, magnesium and other soft metals should not
be used due to the excessive shaft wear and grooving. Wear
sleeves of mild steel should be pressed over the shaft if these
materials are used.

SHAFT HARDNESS: Rockwell C30

The seal contact area of the shaft should be hardened
to a minimum of 30 HRc under normal conditions. There is no
conclusive evidence that a hardness above HRc will improve
wear resistance except under extreme abrasive conditions.
A Rockwell hardness of 45 HRc or higher is recommended if
the shaft is subject to being nicked by handling prior to as-
sembly.

SHAFT SURFACE FINISH: 10-20 Micro Inches

Seal leakage in some applications could be directly
linked to such shaft imperfections as machining lead. There-
fore, machine lead is held to a tight tolerance of 0°±0.05°.
Seal countersurfaces should be plunge ground to 10-20 mi-
cro-inches Ra roughness (0.25-0.50 micro-meters) in order to
create satisfactory sealing performance.

Machining Lead: <0°±0.05°

Grinding Chatter: No grinding chatter allowed > 45 cycles

Out of roundness must be less than
Roundness: 0.0002” (0.00508 mm) and a minimum
number of lobes
Lobing: Maximum of 7 lobes at 0.0001”

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ESP Catalog 0338

SHAFT TOLERANCE
Shaft tolerances are normally held tight because they
are often used in conjunction with bearings or bushings. In
general applications, be sure the shaft diameter is within the
following recommended tolerances. The tolerance range
should be decreased for high speed or high pressure appli- SEAL DESIGN
cations.

Shaft Diameter
Tolerance
(millimeters)
Over 6 to 10 +0.000/-0.090
Over 10 to 18 +0.000/-0.110 Shaft Diameter (inches) Tolerance
Over 18 to 30 +0.000/-0.130 Up to and including 4.000 ±0.003
Over 30 to 50 +0.000/-0.160 4.001 to 6.000 ±0.004

Over 50 to 80 +0.000/-0.190 6.001 to 10.000 ±0.005

Over 80 to 120 +0.000/-0.220 10.001 and larger ±0.006

Over 120 to 180 +0.000/-0.250

Over 180 to 250 +0.000/-0.290
Over 250 to 315 +0.000/-0.320
Over 350 to 400 +0.000/-0.360
Over 400 to 500 +0.000/-0.400

Shaft Specifications.

When designing the

shaft, the material,
hardness, surface finish
and tolerance need to
be considered.

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 SHAFT CHAMFER OR LEAD IN RADIUS
A shaft should always have a burr free lead-in cham-
fer or radius to prevent damage to radial shaft seal during
installation. The chamfer or radius allows the seal to change
from its free diameter to the installed diameter without the
sealing lip rolling or tearing. If a shaft does not have the rec-
SEAL DESIGN ommended lead-in chamfer or radius, an assembly cone
should be used during installation.

SCL

15/30°
E=Chamfer
Depth

Shaft Chamfer.
ØSD
Should always have
a burr free lead-in
chamfer or radius
to prevent damage
to the seal during
installation.

These corners must be

burr free and blended

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ESP Catalog 0338

Shaft Dia. ØSD Preferred Optional

E R
(inches) SCL@15° SCL@30°
Up to 4.000 0.093 0.188 0.347 0.156

4.001 to 7.000 0.125 0.250 0.466 0.218

SEAL DESIGN
7.001 to 40.000 0.188 0.375 0.702 0.323

40.001 and up 0.250 0.500 0.933 0.433

Shaft Dia. ØSD Preferred Optional

E R
(millimeters) SCL@15° SCL@30°
Up to 100.0 2.5 4.5 8.5 4.0

100.1 to 180.0 3.0 6.0 11.5 5.0

180.1 to 1000.0 5.0 9.5 18.0 8.0

1000.1 and larger 6.5 12.7 24.0 11.0

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 SHAFT ECCENTRICITY
To ensure a high performing radial shaft seal, Shaft-
To-Bore-Misalignment (STBM) and Dynamic Run-Out (DRO)
should be kept to a minimum.

STBM is the amount by which the shaft is off center

SEAL DESIGN with respect to the bore’s center. STBM is caused by machin-
ing and assembly inaccuracies. To measure, attach a dial
indicator to the shaft (between shaft and bore), rotate the
shaft and read the indicator. STBM is HALF the Total Indicator
Reading (TIR).

Shaft To Bore
Bore Misalignment
Centerline

Shaft
Centerline

Shaft-To-Bore-
Misalignment.

Is the amount by which

the shaft is off center
with respect to the
bore’s center.

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ESP Catalog 0338

DRO is the amount by which the shaft does not ro-

tate around the true center. Misalignment, shaft bending,
lack of shaft balance and other manufacturing inaccuracies
are common causes. To measure, slowly rotate the shaft and
read the TIR of a dial indicator as shown below.

SEAL DESIGN

Total Indicator
Reading (TIR)

Dynamic-Run-Out.

Is the amount by
which the shaft
does not rotate
around the true
center.

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 BORE SPECIFICATIONS

BORE MATERIAL
Ferrous metal such as steel and cast iron are accept-
able, but aluminum and plastic housings may also be used.
SEAL DESIGN If an aluminum or plastic housing is used, then a rubber OD
radial lip seal is recommended due to the differences in ther-
mal expansion between the seal and the housing, because
rubber has a higher thermal expansion than carbon steel,
rubber will tighten in the bore as the temperature rises.

BORE SURFACE FINISH: 100 micro-inches

Excessively rough bore finishes may allow paths for flu-
id to leak between the radial lip seal OD and bore. For metal
OD radial lip seals, a maximum bore finish of approximately
100 micro-inches (2.5 micro-meters) should be maintained to
avoid leakage.

For rubber OD radial lip seals, a maximum bore finish

of approximately 150 micro-inches (3.7 micro-meters) should
be maintained to avoid leakage. Rubber will conform to the
housing roughness and allows the rubber OD radial lip seal to
function with a rougher finish.

BORE HARDNESS
No specific hardness is recommended here. Howev-
er, bore hardness should be high enough to maintain interfer-
ence with the seal’s outside diameter after it is installed. If the
bore is too soft and a seal is installed, the material in the bore
will likely be abraded away, allowing the seal to be installed,
but resulting in a reduced interference fit with the bore due
to the abraded material.

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ESP Catalog 0338

BORE CHAMFER AND DEPTH

The bore should always have a burr free lead in cham-
fer to allow for problem free installation of the radial shaft
seal. The inside corner should have a maximum radius of
0.03” (0.8mm).
SEAL DESIGN

Seal Width +0.016”

(0.40 mm) minimum

0.031 Max
(0.079 mm) 15/30°
Bore Chamfer.

Should always have

a burr free lead-in
chamfer to allow
for problem free
intallation of the seal.

0.060/0.090
(1.52/2.29 mm)

This corner must

be burr free

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 BORE TOLERANCE
The interference between the radial shaft seal and
bore is controlled by the bore and seal OD tolerance. A seal’s
press-fit is designed according to the following standard.

SEAL DESIGN Bore Diameter (inches) Tolerance

Up to and including 2.000 ±0.001

2.001 to 3.000 ±0.001

3.001 to 5.000 ±0.0015

5.001 to 7.000 ±0.0015

7.001 to 12.000 ±0.002

12.001 to 20.000 +0.002/-0.004

Bore Diameter
Tolerance
(millimeters)
Over 6 to 10 +0.022/-0.000

Over 10 to 18 +0.027/-0.000

Over 18 to 30 +0.033/-0.000

Over 30 to 50 +0.039/-0.000

Over 50 to 80 +0.046/-0.000

Over 80 to 120 +0.054/-0.000

Over 120 to 180 +0.063/-0.000

Over 180 to 250 +0.072/-0.000

Over 250 to 315 +0.081/-0.000

Over 315 to 400 +0.089/-0.000

Over 400 to 500 +0.097/-0.000

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ESP Catalog 0338

RADIAL SHAFT SEAL INSPECTION TOLERANCES

Radial Shaft Seal Width Tolerance

Units Width Range Tolerance
Inches All +0.015/-0.015
Millimeters Up to 10 +0.20/-0.20 SEAL DESIGN
Millimeters Over 10 +0.30/-0.30

Radial Shaft Seal Press Fit Allowance (millimeter)

Bore Dia. Rubber Permissible
Metal Case
(millimeters) Covered Case Eccentricity
Up to 50.0 +0.20/+0.10 +0.30/+0.15 0.25

50.1 to 80.0 +0.23/+0.13 +0.35/+0.20 0.35

80.1 to 120.0 +0.25/+0.15 +0.35/+0.20 0.50

120.1 to180.0 +0.28/+0.18 +0.45/+0.25 0.65

180.1 to 300.0 +0.30/+0.20 +0.45/+0.25 0.80

300.1 to 500.0 +0.35/+0.23 +0.55/+0.30 1.00

Radial Shaft Seal Press Fit Allowance (inch)

Press-fit Allowance Tolerance
Bore Dia. Rubber Rubber
Metal Case Metal Case
(inches) Covered Case Covered Case
Up to 1.000 +0.004 +0.006 +0.002/-0.002 +0.003/-0.003

1.001 to 2.000 +0.004 +0.007 +0.002/-0.002 +0.003/-0.003

2.001 to 3.000 +0.004 +0.008 +0.002/-0.002 +0.003/-0.003

3.001 to 4.000 +0.005 +0.010 +0.002/-0.002 +0.004/-0.004

4.001 to 6.000 +0.005 +0.010 +0.003/-0.002 +0.004/-0.004

6.001 to 8.000 +0.006 +0.010 +0.003/-0.002 +0.004/-0.004

8.001 to 10.000 +0.008 +0.010 +0.004/-0.002 +0.004/-0.004

10.001 to 20.000 +0.008 +0.010 +0.006/-0.002 +0.004/-0.004

80.

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