CHEMICAL
BONDING
JEE • Grade 11 • Chemistry • Session No. 5
Hybridisation
Hybridisation is the intermixing of atomic orbitals having less energy
difference.
Need of Hybridisation
CH4
Important features of hybridisation
The number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the number of the atomic
orbitals that get hybridized.
The hybridized orbitals are equivalent in energy and shape.
The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming stable bonds than the
pure atomic orbitals.
These hybrid orbitals are directed in space in some preferred direction to
have minimum repulsion between electron pairs and thus a stable
arrangement. Therefore, the type of hybridization indicates the geometry
of the molecules.
Hybrid Orbital features of hybridisation
Hybrid Orbitals
%s %p Shape of H.O.
(H.O.)
sp
sp2
sp3
N TE
∝
% s character of Hybrid orbital 1
B.L.
% s character of Hybrid orbital ∝ B.S.
With same
surrounding atom
% s character of Hybrid orbital ∝ B.A.
% s character of Hybrid orbital ∝ E.N.
Example
Length of Hybrid Orbital
sp sp2 sp3
Solution
Ans. sp < sp2 < sp3
Example
Electronegativity Order
sp sp2 sp3
Solution
Ans. sp > sp2 > sp3
Calculation of Hybridisation
Total number of hybrid orbitals = [ No. of 𝜎- bond(s) + lone pair(s)] on
an element
Types of Hybridisation
There are various types of hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals. The
different types of hybridisation are as under :-
4. sp3d hybridization
1. sp hybridisation
(s+px+py+pz+ dz2 )
2. sp2 hybridisation 5. sp3d2 hybridization
(s+px+py+pz+ dz2 + dx2 −y2 )
3. sp3 hybridization 6. sp3d3 hybridization
(s+px+py+pz) (s+ px+ py+ pz+ dz2 + dx2 −y2 +dxy)
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species
SO2
Solution
Ans. sp2
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species
H2O
Solution
Ans. sp3
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species
SF4
Solution
Ans. sp3d
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species
XeF4
Solution
Ans. sp3d2
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species
IO3–
Solution
Ans. sp3
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species
PCl5
Solution
Ans. sp3d
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species
XeO3F2
Solution
Ans. sp3d
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species
SO32–
Solution
Ans. sp3
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species and C-C Bond length order :
C2H6 C2H4 C2H2
Solution
Ans. dC–C : C2H6 > C2H4 > C2H2
Example
Comment on hybridisation of given species and Electronegativity order of
Carbon : C2H6 C2H4 C2H2
Solution
Ans. sp(C) > sp2(C) sp3(C)
Example
Comment on hybridisation of ‘N’ in given species
N2O5
Solution
Ans. sp3
Example
Comment on hybridisation of ‘C’ in given species
C6H6
Solution
Ans. sp2
Atomic orbitals involved in hybridisation
s + px + py + pz + dxy + dyz + dxz + dx2 −y2 + dz2
Example
CCl4
Solution
Ans. s + px + py + pz
Example
CIF3
Solution
Ans. s + px + py + pz + dz2
Example
IF5
Solution
Ans. s + px + py + pz + dx2 −y2 + dz2
Example
IF7
Solution
Ans. s + px + py + pz + dxy + dx2 −y2 + dz2
Example
Which of the following atomic orbitals is/are participating in hybridisation of
central atom in IOF3 ?
(A) s (B) pz (C) dx2 −y2 (D) dz2
Solution
Ans. A, B, D
Example
Determine the number of pπ–pπ and pπ–dπ bonds in CO2.
Solution
Ans. pπ-pπ = 2 ; pπ-dπ = 0
Example
Determine the number of pπ–pπ and pπ–dπ bonds in PO43- .
Solution
Ans. pπ-pπ = 0 ; pπ-dπ = 1
Example
Determine the number of pπ–pπ and pπ–dπ bonds in SO3 .
Solution
Ans. pπ-pπ = 1 ; pπ-dπ = 2
Example
Determine the number of pπ–pπ and pπ–dπ bonds in SO2 .
Solution
Ans. pπ-pπ = 1 ; pπ-dπ = 1
Example
⊕ ⊕
The hybridisations of the atomic orbitals of nitrogen in NOΘ
2 , NO 2 and NH4
respectively are.
[JEE (Main) 2021]
(1) sp3, sp2 and sp (2) sp, sp2 and sp3
(3) sp3, sp and sp2 (4) sp2, sp and sp31
Solution
Ans. (4)
Example
In allene (C3H4), the type(s) of hybridisation of the carbon atoms is (are) :
(1) sp and sp3 (2) sp and sp2
(3) Only sp3 (4) sp2 and sp3 [JEE (Advance) 2012]
Solution
Ans. (2)
Example
The total number of lone pairs of electrons in N2O3 is :
[JEE (Advance) 2015]
Solution
Ans. (8)
Example
Among the triatomic molecules/ions, BeCl2, N3⊝ , N2 O, NO⊕
2 , O 3 , SCl 2 , ICl ⊝
2 ,
I3⊝ and XeF2 the total number of linear molecules(s)/ion(s) where the
hybridization of the central atoms does not have contribution from the d-
orbital(s) is:
(Atomic number : S = 16, Cl = 17, I = 53 and Xe = 54) [JEE (Advance) 2015]
Solution
Ans. (4)
Introduction to VSEPR theory
According to Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, Lone pairs
are bulky need more space, due to attraction they live closer to nucleus and
where s-character is more.
Introduction to VSEPR theory
Bond pair is influenced by 2 nucleus while lone pair is influenced by only 1
nucleus, it means lone pair prefer to stay in the hybrid orbital of central atom
which is closer to nucleus or which have more %s character and this orbital
occupying more space around central atom.
Repulsion Order
Lone pair > double bond > single bond(Generally)
Electron geometry is defined as the sum of number of sigma bonds formed
and lone pairs present on central atom whereas, shape/ structure is only
defined by number of sigma bonds formed by central atom.
Repulsion Order
Lone pair – Lone pair > Lone pair – single bond > single bond – single bond
Repulsion Order
Lone pair - single bond > double bond - single bond (Generally)
Exception :
XeOF4
VSEPR Table
Hybridisation
Structure
& Bond Lone
& Examples
Hybrid orbital Pair Pair
Shape
(H.O.)
sp
2 0 BeCl2
H.O. = 2
Hybridisation
Structure
& Bond Lone
& Examples
Hybrid orbital Pair Pair
Shape
(H.O.)
sp2
3 0 BCl3
H.O. = 3
NO3-
Trigonal Planar
sp2
2 1 SnCl2
H.O. = 3
SO2
V or Bent or Angular
Hybridisation Structure
Bond Lone
& Hybrid orbital & Examples
Pair Pair
(H.O.) Shape
sp3 CH4
4 0
H.O. = 4 NH4+
Tetrahedral
sp3 NH3
3 1 Trigonal
H.O. = 4 CH3–
Pyramidal
sp3 H2O
H.O. = 4 2 2 V or Bent or
Angular SF2
sp3
1 3 ClO–
H.O. = 4 Linear
Hybridisation Structure
Bond Lone
& Hybrid orbital & Examples
Pair Pair
(H.O.) Shape
sp3d PF5
5 0 Trigonal
H.O. = 5 XeO3F2
bipyramidal
sp3d
4 1 SF4
H.O. = 5 See-saw
sp3d ClF3
H.O. = 5 3 2
T-Shaped BrF3
sp3d ICl2-
2 3
H.O. = 5 Linear XeF2 , I3-
Hybridisation Structure
Bond Lone
& Hybrid orbital & Examples
Pair Pair
(H.O.) Shape
sp3d2 SF6
6 0
H.O. = 6 IF6+
Octahedral
sp3d2 IF5
5 1
H.O. = 6 Square XeOF4
pyramidal
sp3d2 IF4-
4 2
H.O. = 6 XeF4 , ICl4-
Square Planar
Hybridisation Structure
Bond Lone
& Hybrid orbital & Examples
Pair Pair
(H.O.) Shape
sp3d3
7 0 IF7
H.O. = 7 Pentagonal
Bipyramidal
sp3d3 IF6-
6 1 Distorted
H.O. = 7 XeF6
Octahedron
sp3d3
H.O. = 7 5 2 XeF5-
Pentagonal
Planar
Example
The shape of XeO2F2 molecule is :
(1) Trigonal bipyramidal (2) Square planar
(3) Tetrahedral (4) See-saw [JEE (Advance) 2012]
Solution
Ans. (4)
Example
The shape/structure of XeF5 ⊝ and XeO3 F2 , respectively, are :
(1) Pentagonal planar and trigonal bipyramidal
(2) Trigonal bipyramidal and pentagonal planar
(3) Octahedral and square pyramidal
(4) Trigonal bipyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal [JEE (Main) 2020]
Solution
Ans. (1)
Example
Based on VSEPR theory, the number of 90-degree F–Br–F angles in BrF5 is :
[JEE (Advance) 2010]
Solution
Ans. (0)
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