MODULE 4 Art History and Evolution of

Styles
Table of contents
1. Introduction/Overview
2. Learning Outcomes
3. MODULE 10 Art History and the Evolution of Art Styles
3.1. Part 2
3.2. Part 3
3.3. Part 4
3.4. M10F1
3.5. M10A1

1. Introduction/Overview
This module aims to provide students comprehensive study of art history and evolution of art
styles tracing the historical background of art affecting political, sociological and economic
aspects. Moreover, students shall be able to reflect the various influences of brilliant thinkers
and artists of ancient times to understand and appreciate well the contemporary arts. It is truly
important that students shall be able to realize that the great artworks in the history of art are
important contributions to bring out new ideas, perspectives, and innovations resolving related
issues in the global context.

2. Learning Outcomes
Course Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this module, the students are expected to:

1. identify the underlying history, philosophy of the era or movements;

2. classify the various art movements by citing their important characteristics such as historical
background, factors, influential person, socio-political issues, and prevalent artists, art forms
and media;

3. cite important characteristics in an artwork based on the era movements document and
annotate works;

4. name individual artists/civilizations and identify representative works of their art

5. identify major historical periods in Western art, and identify the styles, and major artists, from
those periods;

6. recognize the distinguished arts in the particular time, and;

7. compare and contrast the different art that is present in each civilization.

3. MODULE 10 Art History and the Evolution of Art Styles

1. Cave art, Egyptian and Greek Arts

Video Clips: A.)Stone Age Art, B.) Egyptian Art History, and C.) Greek Art History
Art Styles Artworks Artist

CAVE ART

Generally, the numerous The first painted cave

paintings and engravings acknowledged as being as
are found in caves and Paleolithic, meaning from
shelters dating back to the the Stone Age, was
Ice Age ( Upper Paleolithic), Altamira in Spain. The art
roughly between 40,000 discovered there was
and 14, 000 years ago. deemed by experts to be
the work of modern
Cave art is generally humans (Homo Sapiens).
considered to have a Most examples of cave art
symbolic or religious have been found in France,
function. The exact Cave painting of bison, c.
and in Spain, but a few are
meanings of the images 15,000 BCE; in Altamira cave,
also known in Portugal,
remain unknown but some near Santander, Spain.
England, Italy, Romania,
experts think they may have Germany, Russia, and
been created within the Indonesia.
framework of shamanic
beliefs and practices.
Representations in caves,
painted or otherwise,
include few humans, but
sometimes human heads or
genetalia appear in
isolation. Animal figures
always constitute the
majority of images in caves
from all periods.

EGYPTIAN ART Ancient Egyptian art refers

to art of the second and
Ancient Egyptian art third dynasty developed in
includes the painting, Egypt from 3000 BCE until
sculpture, architecture, and the third century. Most
other arts produced by the elements of Egyptian art
civilization in the lower Nile remained remarkably
Valley from 5000 BCE to stable over this 3,000 year
300 CE. Ancient Egyptian period, with relatively little
art reached considerable outside the influence. The
sophistication in painting quality of observation and
and sculpture, and was both execution began at a high
highly stylized and level and remained so
symbolic. Much of the throughout the period.
surviving arts came from
tombs and monuments;
hence, the emphasis on life
after death and the
preservation of the
knowledge past.
 GREEK ART The Stag Hunt Mosaic, late
4th century BC, fom Pella;
The Prehistoric Greek Art the figure on the right is
was seen in four periods: possibly Alexander the
Great due to the date of the
1. Formative or Pre- Greek mosaic along with the
period-motif was sea and depicted upsweep of his
nature centrally-parted hair
(anastole); the figure on the
2. First Greek Period- left wielding a double-
largely Egyptian influence edged axe (associated with
Hephaistos) is perhaps
3. Golden Age (480-400BC) Hephaestion one of
Alexander’s loyal
4. Hellenistic Period (4th Powerful sculpture of Zeus and
companions.
century-1st BC) heightened the sky
individualism, tragic mood,
and contorted faces
(lacaustic painting)

The subject matters of

painting in Greece were on
young wide males, draped
female, wounded soldiers,
and scenes from everyday
life.

The Stag Hunt Mosaic

2. Roman, Medieval

Video Clips : A.)Roman Art History, and B.) Medieval Art History

Art Styles Artworks Artist

ROMAN

The Prehistoric
Roman Art had
gone through
two periods: The Alexander Mosaic is a Roman floor mosaic originally
from the House of the Faun in Pompeii that dates from
1. Etruscan circa 100 BC. It is typically dated in the second half of the
period: (2000- century between 120 and 100 B.C. Wikipedia
100 B.C) –
Artist: Philoxenus of Eretria
Subject matters
of painting were Created: 100 BC
on ancestor Dimensions: 272 cm × 513 cm (8 ft 11 in × 16 ft 8 in)
worship; Locations: Naples National Archaeological Museum (since
catacombs and 1843), House of the Faun
sarcophagi
Alexander
2. Roman Mosaic
period (2000 The Italian explorer Pietro della Valle, on a visit to Saqqara-
BC-400AD)- The Memphis in 1615, was the first European to discover and
subject matters describe mummy portraits. He transported some mummies
of painting were with portraits to Europe, which are now in the Albertinum
commemorative (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden) (Wikipedia)
statues,
sarcophagi,
frescoes,
designs with
vine motifs.

Fayum
mummy
portrait of
a woman
from
Roman
Egypt with
a ringlet
hairstyle.
MEDIEVAL

There were Early Christian art and architecture or Paleochristian art is

three art the art produced by Christians or under Christian
classifications patronage from the earliest period of Christianity to,
during the depending on the definition used, sometime between 260
Medieval Period: and 525. In practice, identifiably Christian art only survives
from the 2nd century onwards. Wikipedia
1. Early
Christian art- In the Byzantine Empire, there was little or no distinction
Subject matters between artist and craftsperson, both created beautiful
of art were objects for a specific purpose, whether it be a box to keep
symbols, cross, a precious belonging or an icon to stir feelings of piety and
fish, lamb, alpha reverence. Some job titles we know are zographos and
and omega, historiographos (painter), maistor (master) and ktistes
triumphal (creator). In addition, many artists, notably those who
wreaths, grapes, created illustrated manuscripts, were priests or monks.
doves, and (www.ancient.eu › Byzantine_Art
peacocks and
later haloed Famous artists of early Gothic art were Cimabue, Duccio,
Christ, saints Giotto and Simone Martini. One of the first famous
and the Virgin paintings of this period was Cimabue’s "Madonna
Mary, and Enthroned", 1280-90. Until Giotto Italian art was heavily
Martyrs. influenced by Byzantine art due to close proximity with the
Spritual Byzantine civilization. As a result Italian artists worked in
expression took mosaics, painted murals and executed panel paintings.
precedence over Gothic Art (arthistory-famousartists-paintings.com)
physical beauty
and symbols
were
emphasized.

2. Byzantine art-
The subject
matters of
painting were
Christ as the
Creator, and
Mary, as the
Mother of god.

3. Gothic- The
subject matters
of painting were
religious and
grotesque; more
calmer and
plastic style.
The picture of
the Madonna
and Child gazing
into each other’s
eyes in playful
mood is an
example of this
style.
3. Chinese Painting, Ukiyo-e (Japanese print)

Video Clips: A.) Ukiyo-e Art History, and B.) Chinese Art and Painting BBC Documentary

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Art Styles Artworks Artist
CHINESE PAINTING In the north, artists such as
Jing Hao, Li Cheng, Fan
Chinese painting is one of Kuan, and Guo Xi painted
the oldest continuous pictures of towering
artistic traditions in the mountains, using strong
world. Landscape painting black lines, ink wash, sharp,
was regarded as the dotted brushstrokes to
highest form of Chinese suggest rough stone. In the
painting, and generally still south, Dong Yuan, Juran, and
is. The time from the Five other artists painted the
Dynasties period to the rolling hills and rivers of their
Northern Song period (907- native countryside in
1127) is known as the peaceful scenes done with
“Great age of Chinese softer, rubber brushwork.
landscape.”

UKIYO-E The earliest ukiyo-e works

emerged in the 1670s with
Ukiyo-e is a genre of Moronobu’s paintings and
Japanese art which monochromatic prints of
flourished from the 17th beautiful women. By the
through 19th centuries. Its 1740s, artists such as
artists produced Masanobu used multiple
woodblock prints and woodblocks to print areas of
paintings of such subjects colour. The 19th century
such as female beauties; followed a pair of masters
kabuki actors and sumo best remembered for their
wrestlers; scenes from landscapes the bold
history and folk tales; formalist Hokusai, whose
travel scenes and Great Wave off Kanagawa is
landscapes; flora and one of the best known works
fauna. The term ukiyo-e of Japanese art; and the
translates as “pictures of serene, atmospheric
the floating world.” Hiroshige, most noted for his
series The Fifty-three
Ukiyo-e was central to Stations of the Tokaido.
forming the West’s
perception of Japanese art
in the late 19th century-
especially the landscapes
of Hokusai and Hiroshige.
Continuation on Part 2

3.1. Part 2
4. Renaissance and Mannerism, Baroque and Rococo

Video Clips: A.)Renaissance Overview, B.) Mannerism, C.) Baroque Overview

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Art Styles Artworks Artists

RENAISSANCE Famous painters in this

period were Giotto, Leonardo
Early Renaissance (14th- da Vinci, Raphael Sanzio, and
15th century). The styles of Michaelangelo.
painting are simplicity,
pretty gesture and
expression. Painting was on
man and nature in fresco
technique.

Leonardo da Vinci was an

Italian polymath of the High
Highly Renaissance (16th Renaissance who is widely
century). Its center was in considered one of the most
Florence, venice and Rome. diversely talented individuals
Painting style consists of ever to have lived. Wikipedia
the deepening of pictorial
space, making the sky more Da Vinci introduced the
dramatic with dark clouds chiaroscuro;
and flashes of light

Michelangelo di
Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni,
known simply as
Michelangelo, was an Italian
sculptor, painter, architect
School of Athens and poet of the High
Renaissance born in the
 Republic of Florence, who
exerted an unparalleled
influence on the
development of Western art.
Wikipedia

MANNERISM

Mannerism is a style that

emerged in 1530 and lasted Doménikos
until the end of the century. Theotokópoulos, most
It is named after maniera, widely known as El Greco,
an Italian term for “style” or was a Greek painter, sculptor
“manner”, and refers to a and architect of the Spanish
stylized, exaggerated Renaissance. Wikipedia
approach to painting and
sculpture. While Mannerist artists were
interested in the
The High Renaissance perfectionism portrayed by
lasted from 1490 until the High Renaissance artists,
1530s, when the Late they did not seek to replicate
Renaissance or Mannerism it. Instead, they exaggerated
emerged. Renaissance principles,
resulting in work that favors
self-expressionism over the
pursuit of idealism.

Agnolo di
Cosimo, usually known as
Bronzino or Agnolo Bronzino,
was an Italian Mannerist
painter from Florence. His
sobriquet, Bronzino, may
refer to his relatively dark
skin or reddish hair.
Wikipedia

BAROQUE Famous painters included

Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, El
Painting style is ornate and Greco, Diego Velasquez, and
fantastic appealing to the Murillo
emotion, sensual and highly
decorative; with light and
shadow for dramatic effect.
The paintings showed
figures in diagonal, twists,
and zigzags. Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a
Flemish artist and diplomat
from the Duchy of Brabant in
the Southern Netherlands.
He is considered the most
influential artist of the
Flemish Baroque tradition.
Rubens's highly charged
compositions reference
erudite aspects of classical
 La Ronda di note- Rembrandt and Christian history.
1642(Amsterdam, Rijks Wikipedia
museum)

ROCOCO Famous Rococo painters

were Watteau, Fragonard,
The painting style Hogarth, Reynolds, and
emphasized Ingres.
voluptuousness,
picturesque and intimate
representation of farm and
country. Rococo art
technique made use of soft Jean-Antoine
pastel colors rendering the Watteau was a French
landscape smoking, and painter and draughtsman
hazy with the subject whose brief career spurred
always in the center of the the revival of interest in
canvass. colour and movement, as
seen in the tradition of
Correggio and Rubens. He
revitalized the waning
Baroque style, shifting it to
the less severe, more
naturalistic, less formally
classical, Rococo. Wikipedia

5. Neo- classical, Romantic and Realism

Video Clips: A.) Neoclassicism Overview, B.) Romanticism Overview, C.) Realism Overview

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Art Styles Artworks Artist

NEO-CLASSICAL

Arose in the second half Death of General Wolfe

of the eighteenth century
in Europe, drawing
inspiration from the
classical art and culture
of Ancient Greece and
Ancient Rome, which is
not uncommon for art
movements.
Artist: Benjamin West
theartstory.org
This painting shows the
Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss
death of Major-General
James Wolfe on the Plains
of Abraham at the Battle of
Quebec in 1759 during the
Seven Years' War, known in
the United States as the
French and Indian War.

Psyche Revived by Cupid's

Kiss

theartstory.org Artist: Antonio Canova

The work draws upon the

mythological story of Cupid
and Psyche as told in The
Golden Ass (c. 180) a Latin
novel written by Lucius
Apuleius. Venus, the
goddess of love, was
jealous of Psyche
ROMANTIC

Romanticism was
characterized by its
emphasis on emotion
and individualism as well theartstory.org
as glorification of all the
past and nature.
Preferring the medieval
rather than the classical.
The
The movement theartstory.org Nightmare (1781)
emphasized intense Artist: Henry Fuseli
emotion as an authentic Fuseli's strange and macabre
source of aesthetic
painting depicts a ravished
experience, placing new
woman, draped across a
emphasis on such
emotions as divan with a small, hairy
apprehension, horror and theartstory.org incubus sitting on top of her,
terror, and awe-especially staring out menacingly at the
that experienced in viewer.
confronting the new
aesthetic in confronting
the new aesthetic
categories of the
sublimity and beauty of
nature.

The Ancient of Days from

Europe a Prophecy copy B
(1794)
Artist: William Blake
The Ancient of Days served as
the frontispiece to Blake's
book, Europe a Prophecy
(1794), which contained 18
engravings.
Bonaparte Visits the Plague
Stricken in Jaffa (1804)
Artist: Antoine Jean Gros
This painting depicts
Napoleon I, not yet the
Emperor, visiting his ailing
soldiers in 1799 in Jaffa,
Syria, at the end of his
Egyptian Campaign.
 REALISM 1.GUSTAVE COURBET

In Realism it sought to
portray “real”
contemporary people and
situations with truth and
accuracy, including all the
unpleasant or sordid
aspects of life. Realist
works depicted people of
all classes in ordinary life
situations. Realism also
aimed to avoid artificiality
in the treatment of
human relations and
Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet, 1854.
emotions; treatments of
A realist painting by Gustave Gustave Courbet was the
subjects in a heroic or
Courbet undisputed leader of
sentimental manner were
rejected. Realism and the key figure
responsible for the rise of
This art movement is the movement. He rejected
sometimes called the predominant Romantic
naturalism. It is an art and Neoclassical schools
style which represent prevalent in Europe and
subject matter truthfully, instead shocked the art
without artificiality and world through bold images
avoiding artistic which challenged the
conventions, or boundaries of what was
implausible, exotic, and acceptable. Called a
supernatural elements. genius, a “terrible socialist”
and a “savage” during his
time, Gustave Courbet is
now considered one of the
most important artists who
not only led a prominent
movement but also widely
influenced future
generation of artists.

6. Impressionism, Post- Impressionism, Neo- Impressionism

Video Clips: A.) Impressionism Overview, B.) Post Impressionism Overview, and C.) History of
Modern Art/ Crash Course
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Art Styles Artworks Artist

IMPRESSIONISM Édouard Manet, Claude

Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-
19th Century (Modern Art) Auguste Renoir, and Camille
Pissarro are some of the
Impressionism is famous impressionist artists.
characterized by relatively Let us go into further details
small, thin, yet visible and notable works of them.
brush strokes, open （Music in the Tuileries,
composition, emphasis on 1862）www.parblo.com
accurate depiction of light
in its changing qualities
(often accentuating the
effects of the passage of
time), and ordinary subject
matter, inclusion of
movement as a crucial
element of human
perception and experience,
and unusual visual angles.

Impressionists rebelled
against classical subject
matter and embraced
modernity, desiring to
create works that reflected
the world in which they
lived.
(At the Races, 1877–1880, oil
on canvas, by Edgar Degas,
Musée d'Orsay, Paris)
www.parblo.com

Édouard Manet

As an impressionist artist,
Manet's predominantly
consisted of Parisian life.
Female nudes were often the
subjects of Manet and many a
time caused much
controversy.
 Claude Monet

Monet is considered to be one

of the founding fathers of
Impressionism. Monet loved
to paint in the open air and
capture in his paintings the
natural light.

Edgar
Degas

This impressionist painter's

work mostly consisted of
slices of the Parisian life. His
main subjects were human
figures, particularly female
bodies.

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Post-Impressionism is a
predominantly French art
movement that developed
roughly between 1886 and
1905, from the last
Impressionist Exhibition to
the birth of Fauvism. Post-
Impressionism emerged
as a reaction against Post
Impressionists’ concern Impressionism is a term
for the naturalistic coined in 1910 by the English
depiction of light and art critic and painter Roger Fry
colour.
 to describe the reaction
against the naturalistic
depiction of light and color in
different types of art
movements like
Impressionism. Led by Paul
Cezanne, Paul Gauguin,
Vincent Van Gogh, and
George Scurat, who all
developed a personal,
distinctive, style, were unified
by their interest in expressing
their emotional and
psychological responses to
the world through bold colors
and expressive, often
symbolic images.

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM

Followers of Neo-
Impressionism, in
particular, were drawn to
modern urban scenes as
well as landscapes and
seashores. Science based
interpretation of lines and
colors influenced Neo-
Impressionists’
characterization of their
own contemporary art.

The Neo-Impressionists
were able to create a
movement very quickly in A
the 19th century, partially term applied to an avant-
due to its strong garde art movement that
connection to anarchism, flourished principally in
which set a pace for later France from 1886 to 1906.
artistic manifestations. Led by the example of
The artists of the Georges Seurat and Paul
movement “promised to Signac, who also pioneered
employ optical and pointillism, the Neo-
psycho-biological theories Impressionists renounced the
in pursuit of a grand spontaneity of Impressionism
synthesis of the ideal and in favor of a measured and
the real, the fugitive and systematic painting technique
the essential, science and grounded in Science and the
temperament. study of optics.
 Vincent Van Gogh

Is also known Neo

Impressionist

Continuation on Part 3

3.2. Part 3
7. Symbolism, Art Nouveau.

Video Clips: A.) What is Symbolism Art Movements and Styles B.) Art Nouveau Overview

Play Video
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Art Styles Artworks Artists

SYMBOLISM

Symbolism, a loosely
organized literary and artistic
movement that originated
with a group of French poets
in the late 19th century,
spread to painting and the
theatre, and influenced the Gustave Moreau was a
European and American major figure in the French
literatures of the 20th Symbolist movement, whose
century to varying degrees. Delilah by Gustave Moreau main emphasis was the
illustration of biblical and
Symbolism was both an Pixels.com mythological figures.
artistic and a literary
Moreau's paintings appealed
movement that suggested
to the imaginations of some
ideas through symbols and
Symbolist writers and
emphasized the meaning
artists. Wikipedia
behind the forms, lines,
shapes, and colors.

Symbolism is the emphasis

on emotions, feelings, ideas,
and subjectivity rather than
realism. Their works are
personal and express their The complete Painting
own ideologies, particularly
the belief in the artist's power Courtesy of TASCHEN Books
Gustav Klimt was an
to reveal truth.
Austrian symbolist painter
and one of the most
prominent members of the
Vienna Secession
movement. Klimt is noted
for his paintings, murals,
sketches, and other objects
d'art. Klimt's primary subject
was the female body, and
his works are marked by a
frank eroticism. Wikipedia
 ART NOUVEAU

A decorative style that

flourished between 1890 and
1910 throughout Europe and
the U.S. Art Nouveau, also Beardsley, Aubrey: illustration
called Judendstil(Germany) for Le Morte Darthur
and Sezessionstil (Austria) is Aubrey Vincent Beardsley
characterized by sinuous, Art Nouveau illustration by was an English illustrator
asymmetrical lines based on Aubrey Beardsley for an 1893 and author. His black ink
organic forms. Although it edition of Sir Thomas drawings were influenced by
influenced painting and Japanese woodcuts, and
Malory's Le Morte Darthur.
sculpture, its chief emphasized the grotesque,
Ann Ronan Picture the decadent, and the erotic.
manifestations were in
Library/Heritage-Images He was a leading figure in
architecture and the
decorative and graphic arts, the aesthetic movement
aiming to create a new style, which also included Oscar
free of the imitative Wilde and James McNeill
historicism that dominated Whistler. Wikipedia
much of the 19th century art
movements and design.

René Lalique: dragonfly

corsage ornament

Dragonfly corsage ornament

made of gold, enamel, René Jules Lalique was a
chrysoprase, moonstones, French glass designer
and diamonds, designed by known for his creations of
René Lalique, 1897–98; in the glass art, perfume bottles,
Gulbenkian Museum, Lisbon. vases, jewelery, chandeliers,
clocks and automobile hood
© Art Media—Heritage-
ornaments. Wikipedia
Images/Imagestate

8. Fauvism and Expressionism

Video Clip: A.) Fauvism Overview

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Art Styles Artworks Artist

FAUVISM

It is derived from the French

“les fauves,” which means
“the wild beasts.” It is an
artistic movement of the
last part of the 19thcentury
which emphasized
spontaneity and use of Henri Émile Benoît Matisse was
extremely bright colors. To a a French artist, known for both
fauvist, for example, a tree his use of colour and his fluid
trunk need not be brown. It and original draughtsmanship.
could be bright red, purple He was a draughtsman,
or any other color. printmaker, and sculptor, but is
known primarily as a painter.

Periods: Expressionism, Post-

Impressionism, Fauvism

Wikipedia

3.3. Part 4
9. Abstract or non-objective, Dadaism, Surrealism, Constructivism, Abstract Expressionism,
Optical Art, Pop Art, Minimalism, Conceptual Art

Video Clip: History of Modern Art Crash Course

 Play Video

Art Styles Artworks Artist

ABSTRACT

Abstract art is
an art that does
not attempt to
represent an
accurate
depiction of a
Mark Rothko, born Markus Yakovlevich
visual reality
Rothkowitz, was an American abstract painter
but instead use
of Latvian Jewish descent. He is best known
shapes, colors,
Mark Rothko | No. 13 for his color field paintings which depicted
forms and
(White, Red on Yellow) | irregular and painterly rectangular regions of
gestural marks
The Metropolitan color, which he produced from 1949 to 1970.
to achieve its
Museum of Art
effect. Periods: Washington Color School, Abstract
(metmuseum.org)
expressionism, Surrealism, Minimalism, Color
The word
field, Expressionism, Modern art
abstract means
to separate or Wikipedia
withdraw
something
from
something else.

Art in a Minute: Jackson

Pollock - The KAZoART
Contemporary Art Blog Paul Jackson Pollock was an American painter
and a major figure in the abstract expressionist
movement. He was widely noticed for his
technique of pouring or splashing liquid
household paint onto a horizontal surface,
enabling him to view and paint his canvases
from all angles. Wikipedia

Periods: Abstract expressionism,

Expressionism, Modern art, Action painting

DADAISM

Dada was the

direct
antecedent to
the Conceptual
Art movement,
where the
focus of the
artists was not
on crafting
aesthetically
pleasing
objects but on
making works
Henri-Robert-Marcel
that often
upended
Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp was a French-
bourgeois American painter, sculptor, chess player, and
sensibilities writer whose work is associated with Cubism,
and that Dada
generated
difficult
questions
about society,
the role of the
artist, and the
purpose of art.

SURREALISM

Surrealism was
a means of
reuniting
conscious and
unconscious
realms of
experience so Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i
completely that Domènech, 1st Marquess of Dalí de Púbol was
the world of a Spanish surrealist artist renowned for his
dream and technical skill, precise draftsmanship and the
fantasy would striking and bizarre images in his work. Born in
be joined to the The Persistence of Figueres, Catalonia, Dalí received his formal
everyday Memory, Salvador Dali education in fine arts in Madrid. Wikipedia
rational world
in “an absolute
reality, a
surreality.”
CONSTRUCTIVI
SM

Developed by
the Russian www.tate.org.uk
avant-garde
around 1915,
constructivism
is a branch of
abstract art, Naum Gabo
rejecting the Spiral Theme 1941
idea of “art for Tate
art’s sake” in The Work of Naum Gabo © Nina & Graham
favor of art as a Williams / Tate, London 2020
practice
directed Constructivism was suppressed in Russia in the
towards social 1920s but was brought to the West by Naum
purpose. The Gabo and his brother Antoine Pevsner and has
movement’s Tatlin, 1913, Female been a major influence on modern sculpture.
work was Model / Натурщица, oil
mostly on canvas
geometric and
accurately
composed,
sometimes
through
mathematics
and measuring
tools.

Tatlin, 1919–20, Tatlin's

Tower, official title:
Monument to the Third
International, the design
was never built Vladimir Tatlin was a Russian and Soviet
painter, architect and stage-designer. Tatlin
Vladimir Tatlin - achieved fame as the architect who designed
Wikipedia The Monument to the Third International, more
commonly known as Tatlin's Tower, which he
began in 1919. Wikipedia

Periods: Post-Impressionism, Cubism,

Constructivism, Expressionism, Abstract art,
Modern art
ABSTRACT
EXPRESSIONIS
M

Abstract
Expressionism
encompasses a
wide variety of
American 20th
century art
movements,
and is usually
characterized
by large
abstract
painted
Paul Jackson Pollock was an American painter
canvasses.
and a major figure in the abstract expressionist
Also known as
movement. He was widely noticed for his
The New York
technique of pouring or splashing liquid
School, this
household paint onto a horizontal surface,
movement in
enabling him to view and paint his canvases
abstract art
from all angles.
includes
sculpture and
other media as
well. The term
Action painting
is associated
with Abstract
Expressionism,
describing a
direct and
highly dynamic
kind of art that
involves the
spontaneous
application of
vigorous,
sweeping
brushstrokes
and the effects
of dripping and
spilling paint
onto the
canvas.

OPTICAL ART Artists: Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard

Anuszkiewicz, etc.
Op art, short for
optical art, is a
style of visual
art that uses Victor Vasarely, was a Hungarian-French artist,
optical who is widely accepted as a "grandfather" and
illusions. Op leader of the Op art movement. His work
art works are entitled Zebra, created in the 1930s, is
abstract, with considered by some to be one of the earliest
many better examples of Op art. Wikipedia
known pieces
created in black
and white.

Typically, they
give the viewer
the impression
of movement,
hidden images,
flashing and
vibrating
patterns, or of
swelling or
warping.
POP ART

The pop art

movement
emerged in the
1950’s
composed of
British and
American Warhol in 1975
artists who
draw Born Andrew Warhola
inspiration from
‘popular’ August 6, 1928
imagery and
products from Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S
popular and
commercial Died February 22, 1987 (aged
culture, as 58)
opposed to
‘elitist’ fine art. New York, U.S.
Pop art reached
its peak of Education Carnegie Institute of Technology
activity in the (Carnegie mellon University)
1960’s,
Known For Printmaking, painting, cinema,
emphasizing
photography
the banal or
kitschy
Notable work Chelsea Girls (1966 film)
elements of
everyday life in Exploading Plastic Inevitable
such forms as (1966 event)
mechanically
reproduced Campbell’s Soup Cans (1962
silkscreens, painting
large-scale
facsimiles, and Marilyn Diptych (1962
soft pop art painting)
sculptures.

MINIMALISM

Another one of
the art Famous
movements Minimalist Art That
from the 1960’s Defined the Genre | The
and typified by Artling
works and
composed of Donald Clarence Judd
simple art, such
as geometric Born: 3 June 1928, Excelsior Springs,
shapes devoid Missouri, United States
of
representationa Frank Stella, Whitney Died: 12 February 1994, Manhattan, New York,
l content. The Museum, Gansevoort United States
minimal Street, New York City.
vocabulary of Image courtesy of John St Donald Judd remains one of the most
forms made John. significant artists of the twentieth century. His
from humble radical ideas and work continue to provoke and
industrial influence the fields of art, architecture, and
materials design.
challenged Donald Clarence Judd was born on June 3,
traditional 1928 in Excelsior Springs, Missouri. He served
notions of in the United States Army in Korea from June
craftsmanship,
1946 until November 1947. Upon his return to
the illusion of
spatial depth in the United States, Judd studied philosophy and
painting, and art history at Columbia University and painting
the idea that a at the Art Students League. From 1959 to 1965,
work of he worked as an art critic, often writing over a
abstract art dozen reviews a month. Judd was a painter
must be one of until the early 1960s, when he began making
a kind.
work in three dimensions which changed the
idea of art. Throughout his lifetime Judd advo-
cated for the importance of art and artistic
expression. He wrote extensively on the
importance of land preservation, empirical
knowledge, and engaged citizensh
CONCEPTUAL
ART

Sometimes
simply called
conceptualism, Hirst's famous
was one of conceptual art piece titled Damien Hirst (1965) is an
several 20th Mother and Child Divided English visual artist of international renown and
century art reportedly one of the Great Britain's richest
movements living artist, with an estimated wealth
that arose exceeding mind-boggling £200 million.
during 1960’s,
emphasizing Words in the
ideas and City at Night
theoretical
practices rather
than the
creation of
visual forms.
The termed Robert Montgomery (1972),
was coined in Source: London based Scottish artists, widely known
1967 by the www.widewalls.ch for his standout public intervention pieces that
artist Sol introduce poetry into urban and industrial
10 Conceptual Artists You landscapes through forms of captivating light
LeWitt, who
Need to Know | Widewalls installations, recycled sunlight pieces, fire
gave the new
genreits name poems, and billboards.
in his essay
“Paragraphs on
Conceptual
Art”, in which
he wrote, “The
idea itself, even
if not made
visual, is as
much a work of ArtAsiaPacific: Yoko Ono
art as any finish Work Controversy theartstory.org
product.”
Joseph Kosuth, an American conceptual artist,
lives in New York and London, after having
resided in various cities in Europe, including
Ghent and Rome. Wikipedia

Joseph Kosuth (1945) is one of the leading

American conceptual artists and a pioneer of
installation and conceptual art.

Source: www.widewall.ch

Born: 18 February 1933 (age 87 years), Tokyo,

Japan

On view: Modern Art Oxford, Asia Society

Periods: Conceptual art, Contemporary art,

Fluxus

Spouse: John Lennon (m. 1969–1980), MORE

10. Photo- realism

Video Clip: Photorealism

Play Video
Art Styles Artworks Artist
PHOTO REALISM Miguel Angel Nunez, an
artist from Uruguay, has
Photorealism is a genre of created an impressive array
art that encompasses of photorealistic art – using
painting, drawing and other oil on wood (as with this
graphic media, in which an lollipop) or canvas.
artist studies a photograph
and then attempts to Chuck Close is a well-known
reproduce the image as photorealistic artist who
realistically as possible in makes his artwork on an
another medium. Although Chuck Close is a stalwart of enormous scale. Though
the term can be used photorealism (Image credit: Close often uses close-shot
broadly to describe artworks Chuck Close) photographs in his work,
in many different media, it is many of his pieces are
also used to refer Photorealism: 27 astounding painted or drawn. Big Self-
specifically to a group of examples | Creative Bloq Portrait (above) is acrylic on
paintings and painters of the canvas.
American art movement that
began in the late 1960’s and Photorealism: 27 astounding
early 1970’s. examples | Creative Bloq

HMA's Friday Night Flick:

"Actually Iconic: Richard
Estes", Sept. 25, 7pm
(hamlethub.com)

Richard Estes

Born: May 14, 1932 (age 88)

Nationality: American

Education: Art Institution of

Chicago

Known for: Painting

Notable Work: “telephone

booths”

Movement: Photorealism

SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA
11. Installation Art, Body Art, Earth and Land, Performance Art

Video Clip: An Introduction to Performance Art

Play Video

Art Styles Artworks Artist

INSTALLATION ART

Installation art is a
movement in art,
developed at the same
time as pop art in the late Kurt Schwitters, The
1950’s which is Hannover Merzbau. Photo
characterized by large- by Wilhelm Redemann,
scale, mixed media 1933.
constructions, often
designed for a specific
place or for a temporary
period of time. Often,
Kurt
installation art involves
Hermann Eduard Karl Julius
the creation of an
Yayoi Kusama, Infinity Schwitters was a German artist who
enveloping aesthetic or
Mirrored Room – The was born in Hanover, Germany.
sensory experience in a
Souls of Millions of Light Schwitters worked in several genres
particular environment,
Years Away, 2013. and media, including dadaism,
often inviting active
Courtesy of David Zwirner, constructivism, surrealism, poetry,
engagement or
N.Y. ©Yayoi Kusama sound, painting, sculpture, graphic
immersion by the
design, typography, and what came
spectator.
to be known as installation art.
Wikipedia
 Yayoi Kusama is a
Japanese contemporary artist who
works primarily in sculpture and
installation, but is also active in
painting, performance, film, fashion,
poetry, fiction, and other arts.
Wikipedia

Yayoi Kusama’s (1929-) series of

Infinity Rooms has caught the
imagination of her audience since
1965 with her breakthrough Infinity
Mirror Room – Phalli’s Field.
BODY ART Chinese artist Liu Bolin has been
disappearing for years now. Using
Body art is an art made his own body as a canvas, painting
on, with, or consisting of, himself into the background, Bolin
the human body. The creates scenes that are statements
most common forms of about our relationship to our
body art are tattoos and surroundings, and reflections on
body piercings. Other Chinese artists and their status in
types include modern China.
scarification, branding,
subdermal implants,
scalpelling, shaping (for Liu Bolin, a Chinese artist,
example tight-lacing of waits for the finishing
corsets), full body tattoo touches to his
and body painting. camouflage, before being
completely blended into
Body art is also a sub- the background, in front of
category of performance a shelf lined with comic
art, in which artists use books, as part of a series
or abuse their own body of performances in
to make their particular Caracas, Venezuela, on
statements. More November 2, 2013. Liu,
extreme body art can known as "the invisible
involve mutilation or man" for using painted-on
pushing the body to its camouflage to blend into
physical limits. the backdrops of his
photographs, will be
performing in Caracas till
November 6.

Liu Bolin: The Invisible

Man - The Atlantic
EARTH AND LAND Robert Smithson

Land, also known as Smithson became best known for

Earth art, Environmental the earthworks Spiral Jetty (1970),
art and Earthworks, is a Broken Circle/Spiral Hill (1971), and
simple art movement Amarillo Ramp (1973). With these
that emerged in the monumental constructions he
1960’s and 1970’s, forever changed received notions of
characterized by works sculptural form in contemporary art
made directly in the Robert Smithson, Spiral by removing art from the gallery
landscape, sculpting the Jetty, 1970. Courtesy context altogether, moving it into,
land itself into Robert Smithson and part of, the uncultivated
earthworks or making Foundation.' landscape.
structures in the
landscape using natural Nancy Holt
materials such as as
rocks or twigs. It could Nancy Holt was an American artist
be seen as a natural most known for her public
version of installation art. sculpture, installation art and land
Land art is largely art. Throughout her career, Holt also
associated with Great produced works in other media,
Britain and the United including film and photography, and
States, but includes wrote books and articles about art.
examples from many
countries. Walter de Maria

Exploring the relationship between

relative and absolute, Walter de
Maria used geometric forms to
create a series of repetitions in his
sculptures, installations and land
works.
Nancy Holt, Sun Tunnels,
His most known land work, Lighting
1973–76. Courtesy Nancy
Field (1977), is a grid of one mile by
Holt.
one kilometer installed in a remote
area of the New Mexico desert.

Top 10 Land Art and Earthwork

Pioneers | Artland Magazine

Walter de Maria, Lighting

Field, 1977. Courtesy Dia
art Foundation.
PERFORMANCE ART

A term that emerged in

the 1960’s to describe
different types of art that
are created through
actions performed by the
artist or other
participants, which may
be live or recorded,
spontaneous or scripted. Born October 12, 1939
Performance challenges Fox Chase,
the conventions of Pennsylvania, U.S.
traditional forms of
visual art such as Died March 6, 2019 (aged
painting and sculpture by 79)
embracing a variety of New Paltz, New York,
styles such as
U.S.
happenings, body art, Conceptual work by Yves
actions, and events. Klein at Rue Gentil-
Education Bard College,
Bernard, Fontenay-aux-
Roses, October 1960. Le University of Illinois
Saut dans le Vide (Leap
into the Void).
Known for Visual art,
performance art

Movemen Feminist art, Neo-

t dada, Fluxus,
happening
Originally a painter in the Abstract
Expressionist tradition, Schneeman
was uninterested in the masculine
heroism of New York painters of the
time and turned to performance-
based work,[4] primarily
characterized by research into
visual traditions, taboos, and the
body of the individual in relation to
social bodies
Wikipedia.com