ST.
XAVIERS SCHOOL
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC: AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: [Your Name]
BOARD ROLL NO.: [Your Roll No.]
SESSION: 2023–2024
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that I, __________________________, of Class XII of St. Xavier's School, have
successfully completed the Chemistry Investigatory Project as prescribed by the
Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) for the academic year
2023–2024 on the topic "Air and Water Pollution", under the guidance of Mr. Manoj
Kumar.
Sign. of External Examiner
Sign. of Internal Examiner
Sign. of Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to thank our
Principal, Fr. Arun Minj, and the school for providing the facilities required for this
project. I am highly indebted to my Chemistry teacher, Mr. Manoj Kumar, for his
valuable guidance. I also thank my parents, classmates, and the laboratory assistant
for their constant support and help.
INDEX
1. Objectives
2. Introduction
3. Air Pollution
4. Water Pollution
5. Causes and Sources
6. Effects on Environment and Health
7. Case Studies (Delhi Air, Ganga Pollution)
8. Graphs and Charts
9. Prevention and Control
10. Conclusion
11. Bibliography
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the major types of pollution: air and water.
2. To understand the sources and harmful effects of these pollutants.
3. To explore real-life case studies and their impact.
4. To present statistical and scientific data on pollution levels.
5. To propose control measures and suggest sustainable solutions.
INTRODUCTION
Pollution is the undesirable introduction of harmful substances into the
environment. Among the most critical types are air pollution and water pollution,
which affect human health, biodiversity, and climate. With growing industrialization
and urbanization, these problems have intensified, calling for immediate attention.
AIR POLLUTION
Definition: Contamination of the atmosphere by harmful gases, dust, and smoke.
Major Pollutants: Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulfur dioxide
(SO₂), Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), Ozone (O₃)
Sources: Vehicle emissions, Industrial discharge, Burning fossil fuels, Deforestation,
Firecrackers and open waste burning
Effects: Respiratory diseases, Global warming, Acid rain, Smog formation, Damage to
crops
WATER POLLUTION
Definition: The contamination of water bodies (lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers) with
harmful substances.
Major Pollutants: Industrial waste, Sewage, Agricultural runoff (pesticides,
fertilizers), Plastic waste, Heavy metals (mercury, lead)
Sources: Factories dumping waste into rivers, Domestic sewage, Oil spills, Mining
and chemical plants
Effects: Waterborne diseases (cholera, typhoid), Aquatic life destruction,
Contamination of drinking water, Disruption of ecosystems
CASE STUDIES
1. Delhi's Air Pollution Crisis (2019–2023): AQI levels frequently cross 400
(hazardous). Primary causes: Stubble burning, traffic, Diwali crackers.
2. River Ganga Pollution: Over 3 billion liters of sewage flows into the river daily.
High levels of coliform bacteria from untreated human waste.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES
Air Pollution: Promote electric vehicles, Use public transport, Plant more trees, Ban
firecrackers, Strict emission norms for industries
Water Pollution: Wastewater treatment before discharge, Reduce plastic usage,
Afforestation near rivers, Awareness campaigns, Organic farming
CONCLUSION
Air and water pollution are serious threats to the environment and human health.
Immediate action is needed through technology, policy, and individual behavior.
With consistent efforts, we can restore balance and ensure a healthier planet.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. NCERT Chemistry Textbook (Class 12)
2. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Reports
3. www.unep.org
4. Times of India articles on Pollution
5. Wikipedia – Air and Water Pollution
6. Research journals and environment reports
