CHEMISTRY DAY 06
Matter is made up of one or different type of elements. A KOSSEL – LEWIS APPROACH TO CHEMICAL BONDING
group of atoms is found to exist together as one species Every atom has a tendency to complete its octet in
having characteristic properties. Such a group of atoms is outemostshell
called a molecule. Obviously there must be some force which
H has the tendency to complete its duplet.
holds these constituent atoms together in the molecules. The
attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, To acquire inert gas configuration atoms loose or gain
ions, etc.) together in different chemical species is called a electron or share electron.
chemical bond. The tendency of atoms to achieve eight electrons in their
It raises many questions. outer most shell is known as Lewis octet rule.
Why do atoms combine?
Why are only certain combinations possible?
Why do some atoms combine while certain others do not?
Why do molecules possess definite shapes?
To answer such questions different theories and concepts
Exception of Octet Rule
have been put forward from time to time.
The evolution of various theories of valence and the (a) Incomplete octet molecules: Compound in which octet is
interpretation of the nature of chemical bonds have closely not complete in outer most orbit of central atom.
been related to the developments in the understanding of the Example – Halides of IIIA groups, BF3, AICl3, etc
structure of atom, the electronic configuration of elements
and the periodic table. Every system tends to be more stable
and bonding is nature’s way of lowering the energy of the
system to attain stability.
CHEMICAL BONDING (b) Expansion of octet
A force that acts between two or more atoms to hold Compound in which central atom has more than 8 e- in
them together as a stable molecule. outermost orbits.
It is union of two or more atoms involving redistribution
of e- among them.
This process accompanied by decrease in energy.
Decrease in potential energy (P.E.) a strength of the
bond. COVALENT BOND
Therefore molecules are more stable than atoms. A covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of
Classification of Bonds electrons between two atoms of electro negative
elements to complete their octet. (Except H which
completes its duplet)
The Shared pair of electrons should have opposite spins,
and are localized between two atoms concerned.
Sharing of electrons may occurs in three ways –
Cause of Chemical combination No. of electrons Electron Bond
(A) Tendency to acquire minimum energy shared pair
between two atoms
(a) When two atoms approaches to each other Nucleus of one
2 1 Single bond (-)
atom attracts the electron of another atom and two nuclei
4 2 Double bond (=)
and electrons of both the atoms repels each other.
6 3 Triple bond (≡)
(c) If net result is attraction, the total energy of the system
(molecule) decreases and a chemical bond forms.
(d) Bond formation is an exothermic process
(B) Tendency to acquire noble gas configuration:
(a) Atom combines to acquire noble gas configuration. N ≡ N Triple bond. (not three single bonds) O = O Double
(b) Only outermost electrons participate in bond formation. bond (Not two single bonds) H –O-H (Two single bonds.)
Covalency: it is the number of covalent bond which an atom MCQ
makes in a molecule. 01. Which of the following is an example of expanded
If the outermost orbit has empty orbitals then covalent bonds (a) SF6 (b) PF5 (c) H2SO4 (d) All of these
are formed in excited state. 02. A sigma bond is formed by the overlapping of:-
Sigma Bond (a) s-s orbital alone (b) s and p orbitals alone
(a) Bond formed between two atoms by the overlapping of (c) s-s, s-p or p-p orbitals along intemuclear axis
half filled orbitals along their axis is called sigma bond. (d) All of these
(b) Maximum overlapping is possible between electron cluds 03. Which overlaing is involved in HCl molecule:
and hence it is strong bond. (a) s-s overlap (b) p-p overlap
(c) There can be only one sigma bond between two atoms. (c) s-d overlap (d) s-p overlap
Sigma bonds are formed by three types of overlapping 04. π bond is formed:-
(i) s – s overlapping – Two half filled s – orbitals overlap along (a) By overlapping of hybridized orbitals
the internuclear axis. Ex. H2 molecule. (b) Overlapping of s – s orbitals
(c) Head on overlapping of p – p orbitals
(d) By p – p sidewise overlapping
05. p-p overlapping will be observed in the molecules of:
(a) Hydrogen (b) Hydrogen bromide
(ii) s – p overlapping (Formation of HF) – When half fill s – (c) Hydrogen chloride (d) Chlorine
orbital of one atom overlap with half filled p – orbital of other 06. Which compound of xenon is not possible
atom. (a) XeF2 (b) XeF4 (c) XeF5 (d) XeF6
07. Weakest bond is
(a) Ionic bond (b) Covalent bond
(c) Coordinate bond (d) hydrogen bond
08. Number of ℴ and π bonds present in
CH3 – CH=CH-C≡CH are:
(iii) p – p overlapping – (Coaxial) – It involves the coaxial
(a) 10ℴ, 3π (b) 10 ℴ, 2π (c) 9ℴ, 2π (d)8ℴ,3π
overlapping between half filled p-orbitals of two different or
09. The octet rule is not obeyed in
same atoms.
(a) CO2 (b) BCl3 (c) PCl5 (d) Both b & c
10. Iron is harder than sodium because
(a) iron atoms are smaller
(b) iron atoms are more closely packed
Pi(π)-Bond (c) metallic bonds are stronger in sodium
(a) The bond formed by sidewise overlapping are known as π (d) metallic bonds are stronger in iron
bonds. 11. The number of lone pair in H2O is
(b) Sidewise overlapping is only partial, so formed are weaker (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
and hence more reactive than o bonds 9Repulsion between 12. Which one has coordinate bond
nucleusis more as orbitals have to come much close to each (a) CH3NC (b) CH3OH (c) CH3Cl (d) NH3
other for π bonds formation) 13. Which one does not have coordinate bond
(c) π bond is weaker than sigma bond (a) SO2 (b) HNO3 (c) H2SO4 (d) HNO2
(d) π bond formed by pure or unhybrid orbitals. 14. Which one has maximum number of lone pair electrons in
central atom
Example - Formation of O2 molecule – (a) NH3 (b) CO2 (c) XeF2 (d) SF4
15. Strongest bond is
(a) C-C (b) C=C
(c) C≡C (d) All equal
