DISEASES IN PLANTATION CROPS

OIL PALM RUBBER COCONUT

PINEAPPLE COCOA
DISEASES IN OIL PALM

BASAL STEM ALGAL LEAF

ROT SPOT
SYMPTOMS

LATER FOLIAR SYMPTOMS BASAL STEM BASIDIOMATA

Pale and necrotic leaf Basidiomata appear at Ganoderma basidiomata
canopy of oil palms the stem base when on base of oil palm.
attacked by G. disease has been long,
boninense; spear leaves and thus extensively,
remain unopened. established. Their position
usually reflects the
infected area within the
stem.
 SANITATION
CONTROL MANAGEMENT

• maintain sanitation by removing disease infected

trees and stumps source of inoculum

CHEMICAL CONTROL
 Treatment with a surgery to remove diseased tissue
and wipe with Coaltar + Triazole fungicides such as
Tridemorph, Tridimenol, Trimefon, with fumigants
such as granules dasomet.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 Antagonist fungus Trichoderma, Aspergillus and
Pennicilium species are also said to suppress the
growth of Ganoderma.
Algae leaf spot

 due to Phycopeltis sp. and Trentepholia sp.

 leaves cover the leaf surface is reddish brown and blocking the process of
photosynthesis.
 However, this phenomenon is rare and it decreases if the stem trimmed
regularly.
FEATURES

OIL PALM DISEASE IN NURSERY

Nursery diseases and disorders of oil palm, (a) Anthracnose, (b) Cercospora leaf spot,
(c) Curvularia leaf spot, (d) Pestalotiopsis leaf blight, (e-h) Genetically abnormal
seedlings, (e) Bifurcate, (f) Fertilizer burn at leaf tips, (g) Narrow leaf (grass leaf) and
(h) White stripe
LEAF DISEASE IN OIL PALM
Cercospora leaf spot: Curvularia leaf blight: Pestalotiopsis leaf blight:

Cercospora leaf spot of the Leaf blight caused by Curvularia Lesions associated with this
oil palm is caused oryzae is the most important disease disease are large, irregularly
by Cercospora elaeidis. The of oil palm during nursery stage. The shaped and orange-red in
disease on the leaves initially first symptom is spots on the inner whirl colour
presents small yellow spots and young leaves. The fungal spots
with a brown point in the grow with yellowing around them.
middle and purple in the During moist weather, these lesions
margins. The spots spread expand rapidly into large, dark brown
and merge. At a later stage or black lesions. Damage to foliage in
of the disease, the leaves advanced stages includes necrotic
become brownish-gray and lesions that kill leaflets and eventually
brittle the entire frond.
 COMMON DISEASES IN RUBBER

LEAF STEM ROOT

• Collectotrichum • Bark necrosis • White Root Disease

secondary leaf fall • Ustulina stem disease • Red Root Disease
• Oidium secondary leaf • Pink disease • Brown Root Disease
fall
• Bird’s eye spot
• Corynespora leaf fall
 Colletotrichum secondary leaf fall
• Cause – fungus colletotrichum gloesporiode
• Disease can occur leaves and green parts of
plants such as fruits and twigs rubber
• Factors influence to spread disease : High moisture
in the environment AND Genetic factors

Oidium secondary leaf fall

FEATURES • Fungus – oidium heveae (powdery mildew)
• Infects mostly to young shoots that refoliate after
Lorem ipsum dolor
sit amet,
wintering
consectetur • Sign of attack is presence of numerous leaflets on
adipiscing elit, the ground.
sed do eiusmod • Symptoms – leaf defoliation young leaves cover
tempor incididunt
ut labore et with powdery masses
dolore magna • Effect -reduces latex yield
aliqua.

Bird’s Eye Spot

• Causative Agent : Drechsiera heveae
• Occurrence : A hot weather disease serious &
damage in the nursery : Weaker plants & plants
growing under exposed situations
• Symptoms : Small necrotic spots with dark/brown
margin & pale centre : Premature defoliation &
Die back
 CONTROL MANAGEMENT

CHEMICAL CONTROL CULTURAL CONTROL

• Proper drainage at
• Bird’s eyes: Weekly
planted area
Spray With Dithane-M45
• Correct nutritious
with fully spray
for seedling/trees
• Antachnose: Vitigran
• Improve the plant
blue, daconil, Cupravit
conditions
at least 4 round weekly
(fertilization,sanita
interval
tion,drainage,reduce
• Poldery mildew: routine
the frequency of
dusting with Sulfur
tapping)
weekly
STEM DISEASES

BARK NECROSIS USTULINA STEM PINK DISEASE

DISEASE
PINK DISEASE / Corticium salmonicolor

1. Pink colour mycelial growth on bark

surface with streaks on latex oozing
out from the lesions

2. More damaging for plants in the age

group of 2 to 12 years

3. Main seat of infection is usually the fork

region

4. Rotting , Drying up and Cracking of

the affected bark.

5. Sprout develop from below the

affected portion.
 BARK NECROSIS / abnormal cause by stress
1. The necrosis of the rubber tree is an affection of the
stem.
2. It is expressed by a deterioration of the cortical tissues on
the level of which are located in the conducting latex
tissues.
3. starting right at the grafting point situated in the
transition zone between the trunk and the roots, the
collar.
4. It is leading to the cessation of latex production, showed
differences in latex biochemical characteristics, attacks
the tree vascular tissues.
5. The rubber trees hit by necrosis have poorer than normal
root development.
6. It results from the accumulation of climatic and human-
induced stresses and physiological malfunctions in the
grafted trees.
7. Chemical and biological methods can use for control
this disease.
DRY ROT/ Ustulina deusta

1. observed near the collar region, on the main trunk

of even on the branches during the rainy season.
2. The symptom appears as exudation of latex. Later
fruiting bodies of the fungus appear as soft circular
to irregular, grayish white ear lobe like structures
which later join together and became grey or black
and brittle .
3. The fungus penetrates the wood and spreads inside.
As a result the wood becomes soft and the trees
breakdown.
4. Black double lines formed by the fungus are seen
inside the wood.
5. The fungus penetrate the bark through wounds and
cracks and hence the disease incidence is more
following heavy wind
 01 BLACK STRIPE
•
•
•
•
•
Phytophthra palmivora
Occur during the rainy season
Renewed bark region
Small depression are formed due to localized rotting
During of bark which gets pressed to the wood
• When scraped vertical blank line running downward into
tapping bark & upward into the renew barked

02
• Reduce yield
• Renew bark highly uneven
PANEL DISEASES

MOULDY ROT
Ceratocystis fimbriata attacks the tapping panel
• Causing a pale-grey mould on the surface of the
panel
and dark discoloration in the wood under the
surface.
Affect-
•Commonly in high moisture and weedy conditions
especially on panels reaching the ground
 CONTROL MANAGEMENT

Cultural control Chemical control PINK DISEASE

Tapping is regularly done Fungicides can be used to CONTROL MEASUREMENT
during rainy season treat tapping panels
•Tapping panel should be Appling fungicide in two
disinfected at weekly method- • Mix fungicide solution and scrape on
intervals by •„ Spraying of fungicides fungal growth and apply on infected
brushing. using hand held sprayers area.
• Painting with brush • Apply organic foliar fertilizer which high in
potassium to stimulate bark regenerate
• Control weed development to suppress
disease development and reduce
humidity during rainfall season
• Prune out diseased twig or leaves
• Remove dead stumps and branches
• Proper distances planting
• Apply adequate fertilizer at pre-tapping
stage.
 01 ROOT DISEASES
WHITE ROOT ROT DISEASE

Infective fungal organism: Rigidoporus lignosus

• Symptoms : root infection, colonization within the
taproot & other parts of the root.
: foliage discoloration
: tree branches die back
: tree eventually dies

BROWN ROOT DISEASE

02
Causative agent is Phellinus noxius
• That disease occurrence often in replanted area &
sandy or light soils.
SYMPTOMS
• Growth retardation
• General yellowish discoloration of the foliage
• Honeycomb structrure on wood surface & inside wood
• A layer of soil/sand with brown spots
White root Red root Brown root
Treatment with fungicides

a) 1st step

 Recognize diseased infected plant by observation of the leaves at 3

months interval.
 Diagnose types of root disease by collect sample at basal stem and
observed the fungal mycelium.
b) 2nd step

Red and Brown Root Diseases

 Dig the soil to expose the taproots and sides, remove the infected parts of the
wood and roots.
 Cut the rotten parts of the wood and roots.
 Apply “tridemorph” fungicide (Calixin Collar Protectant) on the wrists, taproots
and lateral roots. iv)
 Backfill
 White root disease

i) Dig a shallow groove around the tree

ii) Pour fungicide in the groove.

iii) Use a fungicide such as "Bayleton" at a rate of

20g or "Tilt" at a rate of 20 ml in two liters of water
per tree for young trees aged between two to
five years.

iv) For trees less than two years old, the rate is
reduced by half (10g Bayleton or 10 ml Tilt) in one
liter of water.

v) Repeat treatment after six months

vi) Effective for non -severe root disease

infections.
 CONTROL MANAGEMENT

01
Pre planting correct land clear
02
• Mature rubber isolation
03
• Dried plants should be
procedure. trench. uprooted & destroyed
• During planting S application & • Completely killed & dried • Apply fungicide by painting
planting creeping legume as root , prune off & burnt or drenching
cover plant.
• Immature rubber chemical
control.
COCONUT DISEASES
Leaf Spot
(Pestalotiopsis palmarum & Helminthosporium sp.)
Damage Characteristic
• Leaf spot is caused by P. palmarum and Helminthosporium sp.
• Leaf spot of P. palmarum appear as small, yellowish brown, circular to
oblong spots on the leaflet and turning brown with ashen gray center
surrounded by dark brown bands. Leaf spot of Helminthosporium sp. are
small dark brown sunken necrotic observed on younger leaves and
gradually enlarge to form blights
• Infect both young and old palms; affects the leaves thereby reducing the
photosynthetic activity of palms
• During severe infection, seedlings become unfit for field planting
• Generally, the fungi are weak parasites that thrive on poorly nourished
palms which are physiologically weak to resist fungal infection.
• Disease Management
• In the nursery
• Practice proper cultural management to prevent leaf spot disease
incidences
• On Field planted
• Fertilize the palms with the right kind and amount of fertilizers.
• Potassium chloride (KCl) fertilization reduce leaf spot
COCONUT DISEASES
Bud and Nut Rots
(Phytophthora palmivora)

Damage Characteristic
• Bud rot is caused by a fungus called Phytophthora
palmivora. Spread through spores by water droplets, soil,
wind, insects and contaminated tools and equipment.
The MAWA hybrid is very susceptible to the disease but
local tall likewise get infected.
• Initial symptom of nut rot is the appearance of dark brown
sunken irregular patches with water soaked borders on
the equatorial portion on the surface of the nuts. Bud and
Nut rot disease can kill palms.
• Disease Management
• Farm sanitation, cutting & burning
• Practice good farm management
• Fungicide spraying
COCONUT DISEASES
Lethal yellowing (caused by CCCVd)
• Cadang-cadang is an infectious disease of
coconut, which is endemic in the Bicol Region
caused by a viroid named the Coconut Cadang-
cadang Viroid (CCCVd). Viroids are obligated
parasites that are closely associated with the
cellular components of the host. To date, viroids
are considered the smallest pathogens.
• The first serious outbreak occurred in 1931 at San
Miguel Island, Albay.
• No source of conventional resistance was found.
• The disease is usually observed avefter palms
reach 10 years of age and incidence increase
linearly up to 40 years.
• It has a scattered and random distribution.
• It has a slow and gradual rate of spread about
0.1% - 1% in low and high incidence areas,
respectively.
• Its outward advance is about 500m annually.
PINEAPPLE DISEASES
Penyakit reput akar (root rot)

caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora

keep killing the tree.
This fungus also causes heart disease which
continues to kill pineapple tree.
Diseased trees destroyed

Penyakit reput teras (heart rot)

This bacteria also causes heart rot disease (heart rot) in which
shoots soft rot rotten with gas bubbles, starting from the base
of the leaves. Destroy the trees.
• caused by the bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi, is endemic
in Malaysia makes up 40% of soft fruit harvest with signs like
liquid interrupted eye, rotting, slimy with gas bubbles 2-3
weeks before ripening, eventually softening foul.
• Destroy diseased plants. Sarawak pineapple and Cayenne
are resistant to the disease.
PINEAPPLE DISEASES

Pineapple Mealybug Wilt Virus (PMWV)

 Mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes carry diseases red wilt caused by a virus.

COCOA DISEASES
• Phytophthora palmivora
• infected at any age
• Significant loss if infected 2 months before ripening.
• Symptoms:
– Appearance of a small translucent spot on the
pod surface- normally appearing about 2 days
after infection under condition of high humidity.
– This spot soon turns to a chocolate brown colour,
then darkens and expand rapidly with a slightly
irregular margin so that the whole surface of the
pod is blackened within 14 days.
• Control:
– Good cultural practices- reduction of shade,
regular weeding and pruning.
– Chemical- copper fungicides, metalaxyl, fosetyl-
Aluminium, phosphonate.
COCOA DISEASES
• Oncobasidium theobromae (fungi)
• Common in cocoa nurseries (5 mnths) and immature stands.
• Generally refers to the condition of progressive desiccation of
the branches of a cocoa tree from the tip inwards.
• The severity of the damage can vary from a few twigs to
complete tree mortality.
• Symptoms:
– The 1st indication of infection is a yellowing of one or two
leaves in the second or third flush from the growing tip with
the development of a very characteristic pattern of green
spots scattered over the yellow background;
• Control:
– Use resistance planting materials. Eg KKM 25, PBC 123, PBC
159, ICS 95
– Cut back the infected branches
– Systematic and proper manuring system will reduce the
incidence of VSD.
– Reduce shading
– Fungicides (triademenol, flutiriafol and cyproconazole)-
nursery