Mn signee jhe. probobe lity dandy Heslop o pwgran to gure! f lena op —puncsion. {unetion 4 gqaumian didvibution Jol” (Cleon aut ; = Me Lope al ; mu =05 Digna = a= tingpate (- 9451000); fat = 1](597t (ox Pi x Sigma ) * exp (0-5 * (Cx-mU oy Sigma). Na); puot (x pdt )s tle (‘Probability cemity junction of ‘an olistribution 5 x dabdl (+x ; i Y tabu ("POF 4); =PCalp ). Uthat 4 Conditional pactability ? Prove shat e(6]a = PCAl p(e) /re) In probability Aheory (onditéonal probabil a o+ the probability 9 O° eunch oreuing » 9 Cunt [4 qbuady Howe fo hae ocaved. ty ig a meow at ano the? eee i. ncitioe ok Conditional proboosility i4 recguited in Cor a OcuuKan te 0 euent - Ub w aiune thot oP cup Fnuows oo wart A eB oa bilit / i Ti probit a B given that #& hos ocurvud spree by probat'lty a tCola)- e CD There oe mary aligjerent typo ot doce? hrequncy Von's ae cm 19 Common use inducing ge Ved uuing RC mnuttinibsotey “Hepe OAtUatoy oe Ta! cont wiled OW A cline 7°" 9° by an AG of 0G inpud Vou ge This VCo's haue, operating Opp vorimanety (mHz te tig oi 77 o. bio ofagriam Oo auidety umd OMe yeoistos Ri 14 Connect ed in wrient proousced a) 4ra inte rnal (ere Ce) than (liz 70 puton Nests eateinal umber 6 aett the Value 4 cewvunt dowrle - Pree Te count dourts Uneorty naeg € is oui Ca the coparlior ok pie number 7 lied ot pin 0. it is wed fn externa) Wwoltoug Vo Opp F a +o Vox the osnount 9 uvount produced by Cpe Doula wel 7 4 40) The dchmitt nigger cal 8 tad olatector that (onhel s the cuycun tb Pounce by autit chin g b[w chaxging & disttibubion shen the capacitor Chosuges oF oliachosege toa Apectiic Oe dow Th. tincar Aaurtooth 0; Wottouge if dausloped Q00m the capa. dior by he Cont Jour Tn 4 buyer by on amplifier mods aueltabl e of pins The othmitt trigger olp i} Aquoxe UloUe at the dome frequinay Ouinitable at pind yo dine wane Olp cluign the “Dionguton waus 74 Usunill fitered With tunned Civil TUonant to the clui reol ) Cosecier freq ven ] St Weme pion The oiereat tape noit vatio & 6 Detine rignal +0 : Bt extunad & snternat nose i ‘ind The signal to ovis (sin) yan aeaienaiic snk y incicaty ve in & COMMUN ‘the erative ptreng tha oy the signal a, the notte in UAL Ain, Ayton. " . The sronoer the Aignal € te weaker jhe ite» te higher the fri radio. te 4% nol uno 6 the nose 44 ptvong the SIN vosin. jill be oie TeGpuon eau 2 untelioble Aignaus fon be eapieeo! in terms 0, Uobeag oT poocr The. S/N r0Kto 4 Compwchiol. by using either Ubtage OF PouRy Valu. 5 eo oe ee N fo N Va luwthou , Vs = Signal updtege Vin = noise unttage = Siqnoi powet fo = nowe power. Externas noise : Extemol noise Comes [tom Aoi utter Quen which coe haue Littl € oF no control- jnouutticd , osmagpheric OF Space Noise 0 general On tain au peqsoas Voeuying Tondorly thy 4 ey Known an white ndise taternad ndise > Electronic Component in O Te abe Lich a1 AeAStOV , dindus 5 & > romistoy axe Major sour o internal noise Intemoask noid 14 A Oe EG i aw seit, i qpten great eraugh +o ites jou with ules gnats 22I> ~ a ee ee TET eel Ta a eau? Oxt The anal The. man dounces ntesna} Moise Aemiconduct or nove § intermodulation distortion Explain bandwidth recquirerent System? The Aignal 4owrnat \r the T Comin Aysterr that if used +0 MUU pl ex 24 indapendink Udi Ce input , based o an Sbit POM word « Lt wor shown that ‘the bit oumation Of Lt Vuutting Aime ciuisfon Mmutiiplered Signal. “Th = 0-644 ps Apsuming the Ue, of on yocod nyquist Chann dt, it A Loco that th Minimum ‘Hansmission bancuuicth Br of the Tr System 4s 4o1 (2 =0) Br=w= 1 = 742 Kin 2tb Hatin » & More sentintic Vou {oF the neclemi bancuuiath 13 obtained by using O 4ulh Cosine Jol | Choscaclnist tuuth a=! trammitsio BIT = wl tH) = 20 Seth ke Comparing, tht -tranomistion banouuui ath requisernent o the T Agstem vith the minimum banewictth Yeguitement oo Commpondting pequinay diuision muttipledng [Frm] Syitem. The une o dingle side band [356] m ion req itch te Minimum bandusteth pomible , Thus to accommoaat an FoM Aypler Uuing 598 mmodutation +0 Hrarymit 24 inclspendent Voice ‘inputs @ Orkiming a bancuidth of HKHz 407 ath uoice ilp crating & Wan BT = 24%4 =I6KHz This is more dhan an otdw of Boast 1H eh iement (O41 Gite eas Armollsy ncn10 {> qe Fais4 es eS Liustrate noise fo Conade stage uni Mention itr teima? NAb Wey Ne=8.5 Signal ip —)>>—_P>— p> « Ne Asst2 Asso 7 = 2. Ree NF = 3.26°6 Noise hos 1 t qyece at the input jo O Tecewer Amply becouse that 14 tu point ck uthich rhe gigi ee i ou t a teary if inthavciabl Ly ditermined ‘in The noise pejowmane 4 the Uvuy poutatogs Peaigo | the me Cicily mut en Components » taking Conricexatio? goin tiquows in the Circuit beyond ir ra & pecond tag v » nove iq bonival y no Jonger ‘a problem i yimon caioutone te ual nove ec) 0 D Mite Jorma. seo! 0 r catlod nt a yeceiver 01 nutiple atagu of fowmuto. is Nt NR tet Rg =! A a n= NK, +——— Ni u Wad Ay, a2 Aes yecoweT) UO On RF arnplijiet oy mia pues ‘The we ° tay Low nvis ¢ anuurt » Tenistanw » banc oth & RF amplification ? Whew , NK= noise sario NR, = NOE yCLtiD’ % input noise atin 4 Second Ompligicy or noise vation 1° amplifier NR. = WR3 = hoit yuo oy thisd aun plitiey paz power goin op VE ri fae Pour gain of 2°) ampli tc A3= Power oun oF S™amplificy(v) wi} i) oe Rz Signals | “ar: ee | Dy yi lin this Une (oot it une true empirbect uses Apes | +0,0,-0 , No pulse jor gev0 | | Man Chutes coc: : HH te iD Tu Ayrnbol 4 15 regraented ere jos tay eaganine pst of Sm pur being bal Ayrbel wiih « five pulse 2 amplitude 4 hana? cuidh 60 th Di jeverntio’ (wale = Original dota - Oo nolool ~01110010 ae ee ooorloll \ t J 40 ‘ain ° | _-->+tme(id (ity Unipoton NRZ owolool tae °h arplitude A” for o ouvuation } Seyrobol This line code 15 on |ore suittching [Link] NRz : Aste eect aT i" 8 Time ” In this Line code dynbol 1&0 au Teprepentid by ctranomitting pure 9 am plitude 4a %-O reppecively tt 79 mae poet aqyicant than js unipolar Uni poton Rz Signal: +a L fe OC ‘Time in thin Ure ode the aymbol 4 1S Tyre sented bit eC tanqular arnpaiudt AG holy Siymnbo! coidth , The ym bo! jer repre tranamitting no pulse 4s Wo this Line Code the Aymbat f 18 vepreoenteal by Taran tingd tw €xptoin TOM with blocs diagram? '~Lore + — 2—t Upp ~ Lo Apa = Sah aide tf 1 rodata toy ' 3p ~~ * Eee a: Connmuttator cock pulse pu : Hn jen portant ae ompling pwam 14 condewatror o le Sea time that ‘it the -frandmimion 0) menage Jamply engages the communication Channel jor any jraction % ate Gee for we by other incispencin t menouge deuvte on time 4 bovis. The input Agno panes through the tow pam pier HPT to eyouel Unuldane regione cortent prennt in the pee pine oY input Aignoh. Commutetoy whith accumataiy ou the menage 4iqneJ trom Ce Aouttur Pulre Modulator , tre pusspe%e Oo whith to A1an4) om mmubtt piusced dignal in +0 0 jo auittobl € [pv +10 mission aw the Channel For te dot Steam onojoo!. Ayaw fe ec line codw uae jose uni polar NRZ Gl) polon NR2 (ill) UNipolon RZ Bi poor RZ (man Chuyter Se qv Difjercat ial tetingf- Uthat 14 Quantization pow? capisin ty fe: 4 with thw ‘inmpottant Chaxcactevstias ? | LoniVineoW> signal a& Fontl 3 piece a qe Dammple ey 91g nak . a | Armpaltunc. quantizasion i“ mig ose pe rl ‘ 0 {ronajorming pomple Ompaituda mors) OF mens0.né ago) m6 ab tine (4120TS) in to aiscrete V (ats) es OF 4 Quantiget 1 0 morowy te unis 5 wa hou, HOF (| quan Hzaxton proceaa iy) mid 4 vead hy mid We | w usd {oun quandiger aa on quaotizey vise in origin origin Ui mid + |mntd ted quonti gers the Sampsing 9 ee doer not occu from origin 44 ocawu iP postive ot agar quosuzey «| mid tise quontiger » tu ponpling aignalr occws arora | origin 17\ hin the ~modutoding Aj 7 ianot ocann the NG Ma * te 4 th anom the Modurocis bith ay Aignak Oren dhe. RE unatarye ACArL 9 cally Scere oe from the 06 cauiecto¥ upp! Vattage Te wt fs with react tte » the Conept | ae Modulation uuth Ic veo. Recor NC a . ane heat, [ale " hi easy ‘ Sehr | lenin | 3h Je veo , NES 66 Vlo fig tei + Boric Fsequsn ay mocuuntoy wir g 15€x ‘ - i my petoin high tuul modulator with bioch [Link]: ] ot Final uom © | ] } RE focwe i ae an eee an ae " sa er ar ed j i medutating 4 T Signal a] 5 (7 fall Micxphons a . Frangpacor 4 +Vcc ([Link] modutator dhowon High su modutator Civait 14 in the above tiqwe. The olp Stage > trom title 7 high powner clam G amplify Conousct’ jo7 only a portion o hoy oycle 94 huis tlp aiqnot The Coiuctor Cupouunt pure (Cou rourcle O/AMOLLOP tris “tunic Cox pee ieg wt te Coniey aignod Thi modutoy i4 O Lineox peene? amplifier tow Jeu mocusiating ign a) G amples it power suuuel - The. moouLosing, olp al 14 (om through , a mo dufatioy 11000 owner T to a 4 amie ayes n ys vu ite, tund Uru to cut Teprodus the Ryne foot takics the to. high The oevorcioxy sind tn uuinding 0} Me rredutoLos Frangouner in connected tn AeA With O the com Ci onplife ouictor Supply MES ver 97T [Interpret the ConCept oy mixer with’ neo Ahem atic IB ? t | miner i Signal fet fe i 7 ned: pa, oP Se Ceteuit fo Loco! ontiLlasoT tig: Sthemolic diagram mixet arnpuituctt modulation * Frequency conuntion 14 O A 4 ahh . i vy vu 07 [Link] mautiplicatine coysuol ok Seals : 4 Or + | Tre guntion peyormed by TY aed eso GYyNing . he fal fF miner accept tw drom the Lovo osdtladoy dramlaucd dan be o dimple nocooue ng. the Aidt bonds . 0 ‘lp the dignas F> f the dime wour dy if applied Os & input + [Tf Aignol 40 be jo) Ompler Signo) containi * JoncstoLo7 ix the high penny contitn Jignal to, Tre olp contain not ool) the covotity signal buk otso dide bands own uthin the tocol Caciiasoy & i|p Agno) “5 mizect, x | Te olp 9 the riser contain 4s, fo» forts and to-4s for txomple i 10 tvonsaaie the ilp atgnal to 0 bo out Asequee oY (4o-45] Signed 44 Choosen To tromiote the ilp igre! 40 Fight requarey [Hots] fk Aignad i¢ Uhoonen x |The Weal oatillater requency Util be Uhooden such thos jhe injormatcon *fonoh 11 guirhacud from a digo ined with tu! clusised 1 frelBen oy 15 0 btm : Uunt (bla) = P(A8) pia) Pale) (ne). ay oink cunt | poobabiti 4 (6) €xptain Centro Lierirt theorem ? Central Umit theorem presi mathematical justiruauion ey Using qowsion protin [6¢] 0% 0 rrocil jor Jorige number henornenan in whith the Obseawed P, altjerent physical pl Fandom Yoxioble at a. pooticulon “fie ig “the toxge cumbor M inant duo yandom euerds. Jardom Vaxiables FTW x, fato,a-N bea set of (that Sobiyy fouccai ng ToCqui vernerds th] Xi ox pativticomy —inaepenauat diy | Xi haw. ame Far dennity [Po] with rreon [12 Onc Voxiabce 6” tr this Tandom Voxiable normasized ay [orioua Ms al (xr ~ px) ay urhow 742.3. 04 Ao ther we howe , é [=o , var [Yi] =) aiyine Tandon Vaxiol le Qw), ql eee Vw a lei 42