Trigonometry Formulae

1. 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1 2. 1 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 3. 1 + 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴

4. Sin(-A) = - Sin A 5. Cos(-A) = Cos A 6. Tan (-A) = - Tan A

7. Sin(2n𝜋 ±A) = ±SinA 8. Cos(2𝑛𝜋 ±A) = Cos A 9. Tan (2n𝜋 ± 𝐴) =± Tan A

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
10. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − 𝐴) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 11. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (2 − 𝐴) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 12. 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 2 − 𝐴) = 𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝐴
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
13. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝐴) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 14. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 𝐴) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 15. 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 2 + 𝐴) = −𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐴

16. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − 𝐴) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 17. Cos( 𝜋 − 𝐴) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 18. Tan(𝜋 − 𝐴) = −𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴

19. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜋 + 𝐴) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 20. 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜋 + 𝐴) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 21. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝜋 + 𝐴) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴

3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
22. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − 𝐴) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 23. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 2 − 𝐴) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 24. 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 2 − 𝐴) = 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐴
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
25. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 2 + 𝐴) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 26. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 2 + 𝐴) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 27. 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( 2 + 𝐴) = −𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐴

28. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋 − 𝐴) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 29. 𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 − 𝐴) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 30. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 − 𝐴) = −𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴

31. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(2𝜋 + 𝐴) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 32. 𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝜋 + 𝐴) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 33. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(2𝜋 + 𝐴) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴

34. 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 35.𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 ∓ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵

𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴±𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐵 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐵∓1
36. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 1∓𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐵 37. 𝐶𝑜𝑡(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐵±𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐴

2𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴
38. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝐴 = 2𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 1+𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

1−𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
39. 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1 − 2𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 2𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1 = 1+𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

2𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴−1

40. 𝑇𝑎𝑛2𝐴 = 1−𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 41. 𝐶𝑜𝑡2𝐴 = 2𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐴

42. 𝑆𝑖𝑛3𝐴 = 3𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 4𝑆𝑖𝑛3 𝐴 43. 𝐶𝑜𝑠3𝐴 = 4𝐶𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 − 3𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴

3𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴−𝑇𝑎𝑛3 𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴

44. 𝑇𝑎𝑛3𝐴 = 45. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 = √ 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 =
1−3𝑇𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 2 2

𝐴
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 2 𝑇𝑎𝑛
46. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 = √ 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 47. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 = 2
𝐴
2 2 1+𝑇𝑎𝑛2
2

𝐴
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 1−𝑇𝑎𝑛2
48. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛2 2 = 1− 2𝑆𝑖𝑛2 2 = 2𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 2 −1= 2
𝐴
1+𝑇𝑎𝑛2
2
 𝐴
2𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝐴 1−𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝐴 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝐴 1−Cos 𝐴
2
49. 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 𝐴 50. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 2 = √ 51. 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 = √ 52. 𝑇𝑎𝑛 2 = √ 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴
1−𝑇𝑎𝑛2 2 2
2

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵

52. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) 53. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2 2 2

𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵

54. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) 55. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = −2𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2 2 2

56. 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)

57. 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 (𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)

58. 2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)

59. −2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)

60. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.

𝜋
61. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝜃 = (2𝑛 + 1) 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.

62. 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.

63. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)𝑛 𝛼, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.

64. 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 ⟹ 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.

65. 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 ⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝛼, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍.

Ratio 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

Sin 0 ½ 1/√2 √3/2 1 0 -1 0
Cos 1 √3/2 1/√2 ½ 0 -1 0 1
Tan 0 1/ √3 1 √3 UD 0 UD 0
Cosec UD 2 √2 2/√3 1 UD -1 UD
Sec 1 2√3 √2 2 UD -1 UD 1
Cot UD √3 1 1/√3 0 UD 0 UD

: Principles of Logarithmic functions :

𝑚
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑚𝑛) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑛 2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑛
𝑛

3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑚𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚 4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1 5. log e = 1

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1
6. log 1 = 0 7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏
 1
9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑚
𝑛

10. 𝐼𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑥 and if 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑥

11.𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 12. 𝑒 log f( 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Chapter 1: Relations and Functions
Types of relations:
Let A be a non-empty set.
(a)Reflexive: If (x, x) ∈ 𝑅 for each element x ∈ A
(b)Symmetric: If (x, y) ∈ 𝑅 => (𝑦, 𝑥) ∈ 𝑅 for all x, y ∈ A
(c)Transitive:If (x, y), (y, z) ∈ 𝑅 => (𝑥, 𝑧) ∈ 𝑅 for all x, y, z ∈ A
(d)Equivalence relation:A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence
relation if R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Chapter 2:Inverse trigonometric functions
Function Domain Range (principal value)
sin−1 𝑥 [-1, 1] 𝜋 𝜋
[− , ]
2 2
cos −1 𝑥 [-1, 1] [0, 𝜋]
tan−1 𝑥 R 𝜋 𝜋
(− , )
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) 𝜋 𝜋
[− , ] - {0}
2 2
−1 𝜋
sec 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) [0, 𝜋] - { }
2
cot −1 𝑥 R (0, 𝜋)

Properties:
1.sin−1 (−𝑥) = − sin−1 𝑥 2.csc −1 (−𝑥) = − csc −1 𝑥
3.tan−1 (−𝑥) = − tan−1 𝑥 4.cos −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos −1 𝑥
5. sec −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − sec −1 𝑥 6. cot −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cot −1 𝑥
1 1
7. sin−1 (−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 8. cosec −1 (𝑥) = sin−1
𝑥 𝑥
 1 1
9. cos −1 (𝑥) = sec −1 ( ) 10. sec −1 (𝑥) = cos −1
𝑥 𝑥

2𝑥 2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
11.2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 ( ) = sin−1 (1+𝑥 2 ) = cos −1 (1+𝑥 2)
1−𝑥 2

12.2 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ) 13.2 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 (2𝑥 2 − 1)

14.3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 ) 15. 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 )
3𝑥−𝑥 3 𝑥+𝑦
16.3tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 ( ) 17.tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 ( )
1−3𝑥 2 1−𝑥𝑦

𝑥−𝑦
18. tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 ( )
1+𝑥𝑦

19. sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 {𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 }

20. sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 {𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 }

21. sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 {𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 }

22.cos −1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑦 = cos −1 {𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 }

23. cos −1 𝑥 − cos −1 𝑦 = cos −1 {𝑥𝑦 + √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 }

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
24.sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = 25. sec −1 𝑥 + cosec −1 𝑥 = 26.tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 =
2 2 2

Chapter 3: Matrices
Properties of Transpose:
Let A, B be suitable matrices, then
(i)(𝐴′ )′ = 𝐴 (ii) (𝑘𝐴)′ = 𝑘𝐴′ (iii) (𝐴 ± 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ± 𝐵′ (iv) (𝐴𝐵)′ = 𝐵′ 𝐴′
Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix is called symmetric iff A’ = A
Skew-symmetric matrix:
A square matrix is called skew-symmetric iff A’ = -A
 Chapter 4: Determinants
1.Properties:
(i) |𝒌𝑨| = 𝒌𝒏 |𝑨| where k is a constant and n is order of the matrix
(ii) |AB| = |A||B| (iii) |A’| = |A|
(iv) |𝑨𝒌 | = |𝑨|𝒌 , where k is a constant
(v) A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A|I
(vi) |𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨| = |𝑨|𝒏−𝟏 , where n is order of the matrix
𝟏
(vii) |𝑨−𝟏 | = (viii) adj AB = (adj B)(adj A)
|𝑨|

(ix) 𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨′ = (𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨)′ (x) adj (adj A) = |𝑨|𝒏−𝟐 𝑨

𝟐
(xi) |𝒂𝒅𝒋(𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨)| = |𝑨|(𝒏−𝟏)
𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨
(xii) 𝑨−𝟏 =
|𝑨|

2.Adjoint matrix: Transpose of cofactor matrix is called adjoint matrix.

3.Singular matrix: |A| = 0
4.Non-singular matrix: |𝐴| ≠ 0
5.Matrix inversion method: To find the unique solution of system of linear
equations, we use the following formula.
𝑿 = 𝑨−𝟏 𝑩
6.Area of a triangle whose vertices are 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) is
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
|𝑥
2 2
𝑦2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
7.Condition of collinearity of three points: |𝑥2 𝑦2 1| =0
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
 Chapters 5 & 7:Continuity and differentiability and Integration
Continuous and discontinuous functions:A function f(x) is said to be continuous
at a point ‘a’ if lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) otherwise it is discontinuous.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Differentiability:A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if

𝑓(𝑎−ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
lim = lim
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

Note: Every differentiable function is continuous but need not be vice-versa.

Derivatives Integrals
𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1
1. (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑑
2. (𝑥) = 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. (𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
4. (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥) = −𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∫ 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
5. (𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
6. (𝐶𝑜𝑡𝑥) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
7. (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
8. (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = −𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝐶𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥
9. (sin−1 𝑥) = ∫ √1−𝑥 2 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥
10. (cos −1 𝑥) = − ∫ − √1−𝑥 2 = cos −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥
11. (tan−1 𝑥) = ∫ 1+𝑥 2 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 −1 −𝑑𝑥
12. (cot −1 𝑥) = ∫ 1+𝑥 2 = cot −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑥
13. (sec −1 𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2−1 = sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑 −1 −𝑑𝑥
14. (cosec −1 𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 2−1 = cosec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝑑
15. (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1
16. (log|𝑥|) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
 𝑑
17. (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 ………..
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
18. (
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
) = 𝑎𝑥 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
+𝑐
19.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥| + 𝑐 (or) − log|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝑐
20. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐
𝜋 𝑥
21. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐 (or) log | tan ( + ) | + 𝑐
4 2
𝑥
22. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥| + 𝑐 (or) log | tan ( ) | + 𝑐
2
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
23. ∫ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐 24. ∫ = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |+𝑐
𝑥 2 −𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
25. ∫ = tan−1 + 𝑐 26. ∫ = log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
27. ∫ = log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 28. ∫ = sin−1 + 𝑐
√𝑥 2 +𝑎2 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎

𝑥 𝑎2
29. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
2 2
𝑥 𝑎2
30. ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
2 2
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
31. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 + 𝑐
2 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
32. Integrals of the types ∫ 𝑜𝑟 ∫ can be transformed into
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

one of the standard forms given above by completing square method.

(𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥
33. Integrals of the types ∫ 𝑜𝑟 ∫ can be transformed into
𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑑
one of the standard forms by expressing 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝐴 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝐵.
𝑑𝑥

34. Integration by parts

∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫{ 𝑢′ ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 }𝑑𝑥

(OR) ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

Note: To determine f(x) and g(x) follow ILATE.

 𝑃(𝑥)
35. Expressing as the sum of partial fractions of the following type:
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
1. = + ,𝑎 ≠ 𝑏
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝐴 𝐵
2. = +
(𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑎) (𝑥−𝑎)2

𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3. = + +
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥−𝑏)(𝑥−𝑐) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏 𝑥−𝑐

𝑃𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
4. (𝑥−𝑎)2 = + +
(𝑥−𝑏) 𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥−𝑎)2 𝑥−𝑏

𝑃𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
5. = +
(𝑥−𝑎)(𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐) 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

Where 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 cannot be factorized further.

36. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑏 𝑎
Properties of definite integrals:1.∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
2.∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , where a < c < b
𝑏 𝑏
3.∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
4.∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
5. ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
6. ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Chapter 6: Application of derivatives
1.Tangents and Normals:
Let y = f(x) represents a curve.
𝑑𝑦
(i) Slope of the tangent to the curve at some point (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1, 𝑦1 )
 𝑑𝑦
(ii) Equation of tangent at (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = ( ) (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1, 𝑦1 )

1
(iii) Slope of the normal to the curve at some point (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) = − 𝑑𝑦
( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1, 𝑦1 )

1
(iv) Equation of normal at (𝑥1, 𝑦1 ) is 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − 𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
( )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1, 𝑦1 )

(v) If the tangent is parallel to X-axis, then its slope is 0.

(vi) If the tangent is parallel to Y-axis, then its slope is undefined ( 1/0 )

2.Increasing and Decreasing functions: Let f(x) be a function, then

(i)If f’(x) > 0, f(x) is said to be strictly increasing function
(ii)If f’(x)<0, f(x) is said to be strictly decreasing function
(iii) If f’(x) ≥ 0, f(x) is said to be increasing function
(iv)If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 0, 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3.Maxima and Minima: Let f(x) be a function, then
(i)If f’(c)=0 and f’’(c)>0, then f has local minimum value at c
(ii)If f’(c)=0 and f’’(c)<0, then f has local maximum value at c
(iii)If f’(c)=0, f’’(c)=0 and f’’’(c)≠0, then f has a point of inflexion at x = c

Chapter 8: Application of integrals

Formulae to remember while solving problems:
1.General equation of circle:(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Here Centre = (h, k) and radius = r
2.Equation of circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
Here Centre = (0, 0) and radius = r
3.Equation of parabola whose axis is X-axis: 𝑦 2 = ±4𝑎𝑥
4.Equation of parabola whose axis is Y-axis: 𝑥 2 = ±4𝑎𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦2
5.Equation of ellipse whose foci lies on X-axis: 2
+ = 1, Here a > b
𝑎 𝑏2
𝑦2 𝑥2
6. Equation of ellipse whose foci lies on Y-axis: 2
+ = 1, Here a > b
𝑎 𝑏2

Chapter 9: Differential equations

1.Order:The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest derivative
occurring in the differential equation.
2.Degree:The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order
derivative occurring in the equation, when the differential coefficients are made
free from radicals, fractions and it is written as a polynomial in differential
coefficients.
3.Solution of differential equations:
𝑑𝑦
(a)Variables separable form: Consider the equation = 𝑋. 𝑌, where X is a
𝑑𝑥
function of x only and Y is a function of y only.
1
Write the equation in the form 𝑑𝑦 = X dx and integrate to get the required
𝑌
solution.
(b)Homogeneous differential equation: (i) A differential equation of the form
𝑑𝑦
= 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is called homogeneous differential equation, if F(x, y) is a
𝑑𝑥
homogeneous function of degree zero i.e., 𝐹(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆0 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦).
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
To solve let y = vx and =𝑣+𝑥 is substituted in given equation and can be
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
solved.
𝑑𝑥
(ii)If the homogeneous differential equation is in the form = 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) then
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
substitute x = vy and =𝑣+𝑦 in given equation and solve it.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

(c)Linear differential equation:

 𝑑𝑦
(i) If the given equation is in the form + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, where P and Q are
𝑑𝑥
functions of x or constants.

Solution is given by: y.(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄. (𝐼. 𝐹) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶, where 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
(ii) If the given equation is in the form + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄, where P and Q are
𝑑𝑦
functions of y or constants.

Solution is given by: x.(𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄. (𝐼. 𝐹) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶, where 𝐼. 𝐹 = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑦

Chapter 10: Vector Algebra

Dot product (scalar product) of two vectors is 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Vector product (cross product) of two vectors is 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. 𝑛̂

𝑎⃗2 = |𝑎⃗|2
𝑖̂2 = 𝑗̂2 = 𝑘̂ 2 = 1
Section formula: The position vector of a point C, which divides the line joining
two points A and B in the ratio m:n is

𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑛𝑎⃗
𝑟⃗ = (𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦)
𝑚+𝑛
𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑛𝑎⃗
𝑟⃗ = (𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦)
𝑚−𝑛
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Let 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑖̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
1 + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑘
⃗⃗
𝑐1 and 𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑖̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑘 ⃗⃗
𝑐2 then 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 =|𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ is given by 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗

1
Area of ∆ 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
2

Area of ∕∕𝒈𝒎 = |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|, when adjacent sides are given

1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= |𝑑 𝑑2 |, when diagonals are given
2
Relation: 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 , where l, m, n are d.cs of a given vector
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Direction cosines: 𝑙 = ,𝑚 = ,𝑛 = where a, b, c
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
are d.rs of a given vector

𝑎1 𝑖̂ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Magnitude of a vector: If 𝑎⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐1 ̂ then |𝑎⃗| = √𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2
𝑏1 𝑗̂ + ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑘

𝑎⃗⃗
Unit vector: If 𝑎⃗ is any vector, then unit vector in its direction, 𝑎̂ =
|𝑎⃗⃗|

Collinear vectors: Two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ are collinear if 𝑎⃗ = 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗

Two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ are perpendicular iff 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0

𝑖̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑘̂ = 𝑘̂ . 𝑖̂ = 0
Chapter 11: Three dimensional geometry
1.Direction ratios of a line joining the points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
2. Angle between 2 lines whose d.rs are 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 is given by
𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
√𝑎1 2 +𝑏1 2 +𝑐1 2 .√𝑎2 2 +𝑏2 2 +𝑐2 2

3.If 2 lines are ⊥, 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 0

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑙1 𝑚1 𝑛1
4. If 2 lines are ∥, = = (𝑜𝑟) = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑛2

Equation of line:
Cartesian form
(i)passing through(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and having d.rs a, b, c is given by
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝐶

(ii)passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) is given by

 𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
= =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

Vector form

(i)passing through a point whose position vector 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠

𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗

(ii)passing through two points whose position vectors are 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑖𝑠

𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆(𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗)

Angle between two straight lines: whose vector equations are 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 .𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 is 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = | 1
𝑎2 + 𝜆𝑏 2
|
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝑏1 ||𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2|

Shortest distance between two skew lines: whose vector equations are

⃗⃗⃗⃗1 and 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 is given by |

(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗).(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 ×𝑏 2)
𝑟⃗ = 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝜆𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|
|𝑏 1 ×𝑏 2|

Shortest distance between two parallel lines: whose vector equations are

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−𝑎
(𝑎 ⃗⃗
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)×𝑏
1
𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 + 𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ is given by | ⃗⃗|
|
|𝑏

𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
Two lines are coplanar if | 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 | = 0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1 𝑥−𝑥2 𝑦−𝑦2 𝑧−𝑧2
Where = = and = = are coplanar lines.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
 Chapter 12: Probability
1.𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛(𝜇) = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝑥𝑖
2.𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝜎 2 ) = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝑥 2 𝑖 − (∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝑥𝑖 )2

3.𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝜎) = √𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

4.When the events are not mutually exclusive: P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
5. When the events are mutually exclusive: P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)
6.When events A and B are independent: P(A ∩ B) = P(A).P(B)
7.If A and B are mutually exclusive and exhaustive: P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) = 1
P(A ∩ B)
8.Conditional probability: P(A|B) =
𝑃(𝐵)

9.Baye’s theorem:𝐼𝑓 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , … … . 𝐵𝑛 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive

events and A is any event that occurs with 𝐵1 𝑜𝑟 𝐵2 𝑜𝑟 𝐵3 , … … . 𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑛 then

𝐵 𝑃(𝐵𝑖 )𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵 )
𝑃 ( 𝑖⁄𝐴) = 𝐴
𝑖
, i = 1, 2, 3, …… n
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑃(𝐵𝑖 ).𝑃( ⁄𝐵 ) 𝑖